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Developmental Stages
Developmental Stage/Age Group: Infancy and toddlerhood (0 - 3 years)
Erickson maintains that the first human developmental stage involves an individual’s interactions with his/her surroundings, normally the baby’s immediate social and physical environment, which is made up of home and family (Levinson, 1986). Especially important at this point (i.e. infancy) is the mother- baby relationship – the very first social bond one forms. Receptive mothers sensitive to the distinctive requirements of their baby will help cultivate a sound sense of self- worth within the baby, facilitating the development of a sound, all- round physical, emotional and psychological constitution, which happens between 0 and 18 months (Thomas et.al 2000).
Babies experience a feeling of uncertainty/insecurity when it comes to the world they are born into. For resolving this insecurity, they rely on their mother (primary caregiver) to acquire stable, consistent care. Hope arises from success at this point. The development of trust gives rise to hope within the baby that with the advent of novel crises, they can turn to others for support. Fear develops if the baby doesn’t attain this feeling of hope (Thomas et.al 2000). In such instances, the baby will have problems with developing independence and personal control. With increased physical, mental and emotional maturity, the baby – now a growing toddler – will attempt, to some extent, to become independent of his/her caregivers...
These skills are reflective of the toddler’s developing sense of autonomy and independence (Austrian, 2008).
Between one and three years of age, if the toddler has overly controlling or criticizing parents who don’t accord him/her a chance at self- assertion, the toddler will start doubting his/her ability of surviving independently, not trust his/her abilities, and start becoming over- reliant on other people (Thomas et.al 2000).
Piaget believes an individual’s first exposure to language comes when still in fetal form, during the initial few months – babies typically familiarize themselves with their parents’ voices at this point. According to researchers, the most preferred sound for a fetus is human voices. They get used to spoken language and it is evident that babies are particularly attracted to the voice of their mommy, which they are able to differentiate from strangers’ voices (Levinson, 1986).
The first and chief means of communicating after birth is through crying, since the baby has still not learned to make any other sound. Pre- linguistic communication (crying, smiling, etc.) predominantly occurs in the infant’s initial months. At first, such actions are involuntary but subsequently become voluntary and are…
Integrating the Field of Developmental Psychology: A Review of the Literature Developmental Stage/Age Group: Infancy and toddlerhood (0 - 3 years) In the development stage of infancy to toddlerhood, the child is changing and responding to its environment and social setting. As Levinson (1986) notes, the home is the child’s immediate social and physical environment. The mother tends to be the child’s source of security and the child grows in confidence through
Adolescence (13-18 Years) Different age groups/development stages have distinct social, cognitive, physical and emotional features. Particularly, the adolescents have a lot of distinct changes and this paper gives an in-depth detail on adolescence. The paper also discusses theories that explain the development features of adolescents, with a preference to Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory. Physical Features A number of puberty-related physical changes are apparent in adolescents by the time they reach fifteen years of
Erik Erikson: The Eight Stages of Development Biography Although not as famous as Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson was no less influential in the development of 20th century psychology. Like Freud, Erikson viewed human beings as developing through a series of 'stages,' but he broke with Freud in terms of his emphasis on social development, versus sexual development. Erikson was the first major theorist to question Freud's emphasis on the Oedipus Complex and
.....theoretical perspectives to understand human development is stage theories, which postulate that human development takes place in different stages and change throughout the life span (Lerner et al., 2013, p.466). Erikson's Psychosocial Theory is an example of a theory under this perspective, which state that there are eight stages of psychosocial development that are biologically developed to manifest in a pre-determined, sequential way. Through this theory, Erikson effectively demonstrates that
This study determined that the amount of time spent in full-time daycare was positively correlated with the number of friends children had as well as their participation in extracurricular activities. Also, more time spent in daycare was positively correlated to parents' ratings of popularity, leadership, the children's emotional well-being, and assertiveness, and was negatively correlated to ratings of aggressiveness. Based on these findings, it could be concluded that participation
S., experts estimate the genuine number of incidents of abuse and neglect ranges three times higher than reported. (National Child Abuse Statistics, 2006) in light of these critical contemporary concerns for youth, this researcher chose to document the application of Object Relation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology to clinical practice, specifically focusing on a patient who experienced abuse when a child. Consequently, this researcher contends this clinical case study dissertation proves