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¶ … Modality and Frequency on Serial Recall
As noted by Ari & Faith (2012), individuals studying written texts show superior recall of material, versus subjects who have the same texts read to them aloud. This is true on tests of free recall, matching, comprehension, and spatial recall. Perceptual resources are more channeled when studying a text in written form. The results of the experiment performed by Ari & Faith confirmed this, noting that the recall of the subjects was substantially enhanced when the material was presented to them in written form. This is true not only of adults but also of children, despite previous studies which have indicated that children have a preference for auditory dominance in mnemonics. In a recent study by Gelman & Noles (2011): "Preschool-age children did not exhibit auditory dominance. Instead, children and adults flexibly shifted their preferences as a function of the degree of contrast within each modality, with high contrast leading to greater use." The results of their experiments performed on children, similar to that of Ari & Faith's on adults once again, suggested the benefits of visual reinforcement on memory.
As well as the mode via which information is transmitted, frequency can also affect the ability to remember data. In serial...
However, "it has been suggested that high-frequency words are better recalled because of their better long-term associative links, and not because of the intrinsic properties of their long-term representations" (LeBlanc & Saint-Aubin 2005). Still, even in an experiment designed to test this hypothesis, although "the usual advantage of high-frequency words was found with pure lists and this advantage was reduced" the results indicated that frequency enhancement was "still significant with mixed lists composed of five low-frequency words" (LeBlanc & Saint-Aubin 2005). This finding of the experiment suggested an associative effect for low-frequency words in lists when paired with high frequency words although frequency still had a significant impact on all forms of mnemonic recall. Another study further suggested based upon its results that frequency enhanced memory but "that an item-to-item effect is clearly present for early but not late list items, and they implicate an additional factor, perhaps the availability of resources at output, in the recall of late list items" (Miller & Roodenrys 2012).
In the experiment performed in class, one group of subjects was presented with 15 commonly-used words on flash cards…
references for auditory vs. visual modalities but do not exhibit auditory dominance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112(2012) 338-350
LeBlanc, Jacinthe & Saint-Aubin, Jean (2005). Word Frequency Effects in Immediate Serial Recall of Pure and Mixed Lists: Tests of the Associative Link Hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2005, 59-4, 219-227.
Miller, Leonie M. & Roodenrys (2012). Conditional recall and the frequency effect in the serial recall task: an examination of item-to-item associativity. Psychonomic Society, Inc. (2012) 40: 1246-1256
Results The results of the experiment were that performance remained consistently good in all subjects until they reached the 8-digit sequence. All four of the subjects successfully remembered the 4-digit, 5-digit, 6-digit, and 7-digit sequences accurately. Three of four subjects remembered the 8-digit sequence and none of the subjects was able to remember the 9-digit or 10-digit numerical sequence. 57214 359721 9254638 28371569 732496851 6547893217 David X X X Arlene X X X Karen X X X Steve X X Discussion The results seemed to confirm the experimental hypotheses. Moreover each of the subjects
Hearing the sound of a large truck that sounds similar to a garbage truck will also remind me. Some cues make remembering easier as well, by being a specific reminder. If someone asked me if I had done everything I needed to do today, I might remember that I need to take out the trash. However, if someone asked me if I had taken out the trash, I would almost
In the end of the nineteenth century, research experiments were carried out on memory. In this period, the memory dominated by the symbol of evolutionary development in nature. In nineteenth century, many new technologies were developed such as radiography, photography and cinema cameras to recall and preserve memory. "Memorializing the achievements of individuals considered as members of families is the earliest popular use of photography" (Sontag, 2001, p. 43). These
The other group of participants was asked to identify the same words with missing letters, but without having first been primed by viewing the list of words spelled out completely. Each individual's response time in recognizing the incomplete words was then measured, to develop a comparison of response time between the primed and unprimed groups. Both groups of participants in the study were given the same incomplete words to
Though Kellogg developed a study with significant findings, working memory can effect more than just sentence generation. Because "heavy loads" on working memory do affect sentence generation, it is reasonable to assume that they might also affect simple mathematical processes. Do "heavy loads" placed on working memory affect just sentence generation or writing skills, or do they also affect left-brained skills like simple math calculation? Because of the effect
267266 correct context of schema, 2.016461 correct no context of schema, 2.12909 correct context to List B. And 2.353001 correct no context. Free recall refers to remembering unrelated items in any order immediately following presentation. Delayed recall occurs between hearing the words and writing them down. Recognition is the identification of items previously learned. Primacy effect occurs after the enhanced recall of items presented at the beginning of the list, while