¶ … run average cost curves steeper downward side. Discuss fully. Discuss why some long-run average cost curves are steeper on the downward side than others. Discuss fully.

The Long Run Average Cost (LRAC) curve of a firm "shows the minimum or lowest average total cost at which a firm can produce any given level of output in the long run (when all inputs are variable)" (A firm's long run average cost curve, 2001, Think Economics). A firm desires to maximize its profits and minimize its input costs, and thus strives to find the most profitable point of equilibrium on the curve. Unlike in a short-run cost curve, in which a firm is assumed to be constrained in its choices to minimize the costs of production, over the long-term a firm has more discretion to make better choices regarding its input costs. Costs such as labor can also vary over time, so the LRAC gives a more complete picture of the firm's ability to be profitable.

In the short run, because of the firm's limited ability to alter the...

For example, it is very difficult to build a new production facility in the short run, or to hire and train new workers, so existing equipment will eventually become too expensive to operate or overtime pay will become too burdensome. The value gained from producing more will not result in more profits for the firm.
But in the long run, the firm is assumed to not be subject to the law of marginal utility. "Instead long-run average cost is affected by increasing and decreasing returns to scale, which translates into economies of scale and diseconomies of scale" (LRAC, 2011, Amos Web). Larger firms can make more of a product, while expending similar costs as a smaller firm on maintain factory equipment. "Any firm that fails to exploit economies of scale will have higher average costs than…