False confessions are an unfortunate part of the criminal justice system. False confessions are often extracted in order to gain a quick conviction without careful consideration for the facts of the case. This can lead to major problems for the defendant and the court system as defendants try to convince juries of unethically extracted confessions. While many in the criminal justice system believe, a false confession is a rare occurrence, research suggests it is a far more pervasive problem than imagined.If one were to look at false confessions via the lens of cognitive dissonance, one can see that certain perceptions may lead one to attempt to maintain a belief regardless of potential evidence going against such a perspective. That can often lead to actions committed to 'catch the culprit' without considering the entire picture from evidence and testimony. The recommendation then consists of raising awareness of false confessions by demonstrating the kinds of reasons behind false confessions, the rate of occurrence of false confessions, and the aftermath after extracting false confessions through examination of various articles. This is to show that false confessions do exist and occur more often than believed.

The first article is "An empirical basis for the admission of expert testimony on false confessions" and discusses the actions that occur after a false confession has been acquired. The researchers offer an examination of modern interrogation techniques and the effect it causes of inducing false confessions. These false confessions represent the research question's main focus and the hypothesis is then to determine the overall common knowledge of jury-eligible citizens concerning false confessions. While the study did not have any participants as it was a review, it did implicate that jury-eligible citizens have very, little knowledge on false confessions and that expert testimony may be needed to keep jury members from dismissing potential false confessions due to preconceived notions. Since there was no participant group to gain primary information from, this presents as a main limitation.

However, when discussing opposing sides, it can be noted that many defendants may lie in order to avoid a conviction. Regardless of a jury member's beliefs, a confession dictates the defendant agreed to reveal his or her implication in the crime. Compared to the other studies that were more recent, the information presented here only paints one part of a picture, however, still provides a reasonable introduction to the issue of false confessions, making it relevant to the recommendation by raising awareness of the topic. Because it does not contain primary information, nor uses detailed cases, nor provides enough background information on false confessions, it can be discounted from recommendation. The article is also almost 10 years old and therefore has a gap in information in relation...

The article looks further into the content of investigations and aims to shed light on how false confessions occur, creating a potentially more detailed examination of the occurrence and why it may be more pervasive than believed. This leads to the research question of: How could an innocent confess to a crime? The researcher believes the psychological techniques implant detailed information of the crime to make it easier to gain a believable confession. Thus, this article highlights confession contamination and provides a more thorough explanation of why false confessions occur through offering an understanding behind the actions in a false confession.
The article was not a study and was a review and so therefore, there were no participants. The findings suggest confession contamination exists and to prevent them from happening, police must be videotaped when interrogating the suspect and so forth. This is a highly relevant article because it serves as a basis for better understanding the mechanisms behind false confessions and serves as a means of identifying implications of combating confession contamination to eliminate occurrence of false confessions. It could be discounted from the recommendation based on its publication date and lack of statistical information. The statistical information presents a gap information that could help discredit the researcher's hypothesis and findings.

While the last two article discussed false confession awareness and the mechanisms behind false confessions, the third article, "Suspect interviews and false confessions", discusses the exact influential methods of police interviewing practice as well as their own correlation with false confessions. What the researchers' research question centered on is the Reid technique and the PEACE model. These models make up the hypothesis that suggests the confrontational and guilt-presumptive aspects of Reid Technique should be replaced with what the UK uses, the PEACE model. This is because the Reid technique uses more coercion and manipulation leading to a higher rate of false confessions. The article notes that again, false confessions were thought to be of low occurrence when in reality the degree of false confessions is high due to these techniques.

The article is highly relevant as it suggests the specific kind of interrogation method that can lead to false confessions. It also shows the interrogation method that could potentially lead to a higher number of real confessions and a lower number of false confessions. Until then, the findings suggest because of the high occurrence of false confessions, interviews with suspects should be electronically recorded. The article was also a review and…