Aig Essays (Examples)

The second recommendation I would make with respect to external communications is that Liddy adopt more stringent measures than the government has insisted upon with respect to spending controls. The government has set out some measures, but AIG should be tougher than that. This would demonstrate a sense of culpability on the part of the company for the fact that the situation it is in is of its own making. A major component of the public's offense is that it feels cheated in the deal. Taxpayers, many of whom are feeling the sting of economic hardship themselves, are insulted that they have been called upon to bailout a company that then pays six and seven-figure bonuses to its executives. Most of the people contributing tax dollars to those bonuses will never see money like that in their lives. Liddy has the luxurious advantage of not being directly responsible for the…

Works Cited:

Karnitschnig, Matthew; Solomon, Deborah; Pleven, Liam & Hilsenrath, Jon E. (2008). U.S. To Take over AIG in $85 Billion Bailout. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122156561931242905.html 

No author. (2008). Cheque Mate. The Economist. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from  http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12607251 

Tuggle, Elizabeth. (2009). AIG's Bonus Payout Just the Latest Source of Outrage. Fox News. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from  http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/government/aig-hearing  -- million-bonuses-employees/

Kuykendall, Lavonne & Murti, Bhattiprolu. (2009). AIG Gets Aid, Minus Bonus Pay. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 25, 2009 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124022481818534555.html

American International Group Inc. (AIG) is a world leader in insurance as well as, financial services that serves more than 70 million clients across the world. The company for many years has managed to remain confident in their strategy to leverage their financial strength and global franchise that continue to enable growth in both emerging and developing markets. The vision of the company is to be the world's first choice provider of insurance and financial services, in every corner of the world, whereas its mission is achieved through innovation, world citizenship, partnership and integrity (AIG, 2007).

AIG Kenya Insurance Co. Ltd. has custom made products and serves commercial, institutional, and individual customers through widespread international property-casualty networks of its kind. In addition, AIG companies are principal providers of life insurance and retirement services in the United States. Its products and services are divided into Individual products and Business products.

For…

References

AIG, (2007). AIG 2007 Annual Report. Retrieved September 24, 2014 from  http://www.ezodproxy.com/aig/2008/ar2007/images/AIG_AR2007.pdf 

American International Group, (2014). Asset Management. Retrieved September 24, 2014 from http://www.aig.com/asset-management_3171_441984.html

Buhayar N., (2013). AIG Sets Bonus Plan to Reward Executives After Repaying Bailout. Retrieved September 24, 2014 from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-27/aig-sets-bonus-plan-to-reward-executives-after-repaying-bailout.html 

Glassdoor, (2014). AIG Salaries. Retrieved September 24, 2014 from  http://www.glassdoor.com/Salary/AIG-Salaries-E40.htm

Conclusion
If AIG would not have been helped by the Federal eserve, it is more
than obvious that the financial group would have declared bankruptcy.
Although the bailout reached an enormous sum, the action was justified.
Given the current market conditions, an eventual collapse of AIG would
contribute even more to the fragility of the financial market. Also, it
would have led to a reduction of public wealth, and it would have reduced
economic performance.
The opinion of U.S. taxpayers is that the AIG bailout was not
justified. For them, it did not seem fair that they should pay for the
mistakes made by financial corporations' CEOs and by the defective policies
and strategies practiced by financial groups.
There are two sides to this issue, one opposing the other. U.S.
citizens have strongly declared themselves against the bailout. Their
pressure determined the country's officials to reject financial saving
plans initially.…

Reference list:
1. Chronology: Financial Crisis Spreads from U.S. to World
Markets (2008). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved November 7, 2008
from http:www.dw-world.dedwarticle0,2144,3689713,00.html.

2. Subprime mortgage crisis (2008). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved November 7, 2008 from
http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiSubprimemortgagecrisis.
3. DiMartino, D. & Duca, J. V. (2007). The Rise and Fall of

Aspiring Intern

Current PAC-10 Consulting Management

REF.: The AIG Rescue

As the global financial crisis began to unveil, all of the financial institutions with positions on the market that exposed them to the crash began to feel under pressure. AIG was one such company, where a combination of credit swaps and other esoteric financial instruments weakened its position and its capacity to remain competitive on the market in the face of the financial losses such instruments generated. As of the that point, the U.S. Administration, usually in the form of the Federal Reserve or the Treasury Department, intervened with significant bailouts for many of these companies, including AIG, which received $85 billion in exchange for a 79.9% stake in the company

This memo will aim to briefly analyze the pros and cons of the governmental intervention, briefly analyze the future implications of this intervention and determine whether or not this…

Bibliography

1. Luhby, Tami. Fed in AIG rescue - $85B loan. CNN Money. September 2008. On the Internet at  http://money.cnn.com/2008/09/16/news/companies/AIG/index.htm . Last retrieved on November 26, 2009

2. AIG Bailout. On the Internet at http://www.homebiz.bukiki.com/aig-bailout/. Last retrieved on November 26, 2009

3. Solomon, Deborah. AIG's Rescue Bedevils U.S. The Wall Street Journal. November 2009. On the Internet at  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703819904574554241356640428.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTWhatsNewsCollection . Last retrieved on November 26, 2009

Luhby, Tami. Fed in AIG rescue - $85B loan. CNN Money. September 2008. On the Internet at

Many subprime mortgages were made with little documentation of income or ability to repay, or other elements that typically safeguard loans of all types and mortgages especially. There have even been cases of widespread fraud, where documents were falsified in order to approve loans. The reason many lenders were so eager to make these bad loans is that they weren't ultimately going to be responsible for them -- the loans were bundled into groups and sold as "mortgage backed securities," so instead of dealing with many individual loans worth an average of a few hundred thousand dollars, banks and other institutions were dealing with bundled groups of these bad loans worth millions of dollars apiece. Companies like AIG made money in the short-term by providing insurance policies for these mortgage backed securities, as well. Eventually, however, people with loans they couldn't really afford began to default, either because they simply…

Japanese-Americans in the West Coast lived peacefully before President Roosevelt issued the Executive Order 9066 in February 1942 that condemned them to misery in internment camps in the deserts of California. Those who owned property had to sell them. Some had to give up their belongings. The Japanese-Americans could not wage any form of resistance because this would be suppressed by brute military force. Nobody would be foolhardy enough to contemplate that. The 20-year-olds were adversely affected despite the fact that some of them were later allowed to go to college, work in factories, and serve in the United States military. Life in the camps was heart-wrenching.

The young Japanese-Americans conscripted into the military had divided loyalty especially after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour. America was their country of birth and Japan was the country of their parents and ancestors. The anti-Japanese sentiments that were aired after the Pearl Harbour…

Conclusions -- Was TAP Necessary -- A five member Congressional committee echoed a number of criticisms regarding TAP that many consumers, academics, and fiscal analysts were considering. What exactly was the Treasury's strategy with the $700 billion dollars for the supposed bail out? How can Treasury explain the significant gaps in their ability to find hundreds of billions of taxpayer money? In a nutshell, it appears that the departments that control the money given by the Congress (from the American people) have no ability to ensure that the bailed out banks will do what was needed and lend money; have no real standards of measuring success of failure of the program; and for ignoring pointed and specific questions from Congress about their performance (M. Crittenden).

The fact that many of the institutions bailed out with TAP funds, funds from the American taxpayer, did not distribute these funds back into the…

REFERENCES and WORKS CONSULTED

"2007 Public Company Bankruptcies Surpassed, According to BankruptcyData.com." 17 September 2008. AllBusiness.Com. 11 April 2010  http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/financial-performance/11564300-1.html 

Andrews, E., et.al. "Fed's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer." The New York Times 16 September 2008:  http://www.nytimes.com /2008/09/17/business/17insure.html?_r=1&hp.

Bardeesy, Karim. "Bailout Baloney." 2 October 2008. The Big Money from Slate. 11 April 2010  http://www.thebigmoney.com/articles/juicy-bits/2008/10/02/bailout-baloney 

Bucznski, Richard. "Economic Crisis: When Will It End?" 2010. IBIS World. 9 April 2010  http://www.ibisworld.com/recession2009/

Leadership played a substantial role in the recent economic troubles. The banking industry suffered from leadership that was incentivized to pursue high-risk short-term policies that resulted in high levels of return but subjected the entire economy to substantial risk. In the automobile industry, leaders failed because they did not adequately anticipate industry trends and did not adjust the corporate culture soon enough to respond to changes in the external environment (Davis, 2009). The insurance industry suffered as the banks did from taking on too much risk, the result of leadership more concerned with short-term results that with long-term growth.

In order to select leaders to guide them out of the abyss, these companies must find leaders with different traits -- in the case of banking and insurance a more conservative mindset and in the case of automobiles a more progressive one. The shareholders should ultimately take responsibility for their investments,…

Works Cited:

Davis, S. (2009). Obama blames failure of leadership for auto crisis. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 27, 2010 from  http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2009/03/30/obama-blames-failure-of-leadership-for-auto-crisis/

hat is less certain is the benefits of the bailout -- those can only flow from taking advantage of the bailout to restore credit markets and prevent a repeat of this financial crisis in the future.

orks Cited:

Baker, Dean. "Subprime Rescue Plans: Backdoor Bank Bailouts." (2008): 9 pages. EconLit. EBSCO. 10 May 2009

Mishkin, Frederic S. "How Big a Problem is Too Big to Fail?" (2006). 18 pages. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XLIV (December 2006) pp.988-1004.

Glasberg, Davita Silfen, and Dan Skidmore.. "The Dialectics of hite-Collar Crime: The Anatomy of the Savings and Loan Crisis and the Case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57.4 (Oct. 1998): 423-449. EconLit. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 May 2009 .

Manchester, Joyce, and arwick J. McKibbin.. "The Macroeconomic Consequences of the Savings and Loan Debacle." Review of Economics and Statistics 76.3 (Aug.…

Works Cited:

Baker, Dean. "Subprime Rescue Plans: Backdoor Bank Bailouts." (2008): 9 pages. EconLit. EBSCO. 10 May 2009

Mishkin, Frederic S. "How Big a Problem is Too Big to Fail?" (2006). 18 pages. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XLIV (December 2006) pp.988-1004.

Glasberg, Davita Silfen, and Dan Skidmore.. "The Dialectics of White-Collar Crime: The Anatomy of the Savings and Loan Crisis and the Case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57.4 (Oct. 1998): 423-449. EconLit. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 May 2009 .

Manchester, Joyce, and Warwick J. McKibbin.. "The Macroeconomic Consequences of the Savings and Loan Debacle." Review of Economics and Statistics 76.3 (Aug. 1994): 579-584. EconLit. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 May 2009 .

This was because they were seeing one of their primary competitors (Travelers) merging with Citicorp (which created a juggernaut of: insurance, banking and brokerage activities). At which point, executives at AIG felt that in order to: maintain their dominance in the industry and offer new products they should become involved in similar activities. The difference was that they would grow the company by expanding into areas that were considered to be speculative to include: commodities, stocks, options and credit default swaps. The way that this was accomplished is by purchasing a host of businesses that were involved in these activities. This is significant, because it meant that a shift would take place in: how managers were accounting for risks and the kinds of activities that they were becoming involved in. With the newly acquired companies; bringing over executives that did not practice the same kind of strategies for dealing with…

Bibliography

Travelers, Citigroup Unite. (1998). CNN. Retrieved from:  http://money.cnn.com/1998/04/06/deals/travelers/ 

US saw 13 Bank Failures Every Month in 2010. (2011). Economic Times. Retrieved from: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-02/news/28424370_1_medium-banks-bank-failures-problem-banks

Baum, C. (2009). The Impact of Macro Economic Uncertainty. Boston College, Boston, MA.

Byoun, S. (2007). Financial Flexibility. Baylor University, Waco, TX.

At the core of the economic argument is Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction. In his seminal economic work, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter (1942) argued that innovation is the process by which economic growth occurs. At times, this means that old, established technologies and companies must be destroyed, but that the net effect will be beneficial. This sentiment runs counter to the theory that the economy would be better off if GM were saved. The economic costs might be high today -- the $150 billion or more figure is not disputed -- but that in the long-run the benefits would outweigh these costs.

In a later elaboration, it was demonstrated that big business turnover specifically resulted in smaller government, stronger rule of law, less bank dependence, stronger shareholder rights and greater transparency (Fogel et al., 2008). Bailing out General Motors therefore harms the economy because it stifles growth and innovation,…

Works Cited:

Krisher, Tom & Thomas, Ken. (2008). Advocates: Automaker bailout essential. Associated Press. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2008/11/12/20081112biz-automakers1113-ON.html 

Langfitt, Frank. (2008). Automakers Lobby Pelosi for Bailout Cash. NPR. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96713932 

Ross, Brian & Rhee, Joseph. (2008). Big Three CEOs Flew Private Jets to Plead for Public Funds. ABC News. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/WallStreet/story?id=6285739&page=1 

Karnitschnig, Matthew; Solomon, Deborah; Pleven, Liam & Hilsenrath, Jon E. (2008). U.S. To take over AIG in $85 Billion Bailout. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122156561931242905.html

Financial Derivatives

This study emphasized the importance roles of financial derivatives, which has been known for the last decade and its effects on the Global financial crisis. It further analyzes the impact of financial derivatives and how it can be controlled to prevent corporations from incurring a lot of risks. It also explains the existence of financial derivatives since 1970, to the recent Global Financial Crisis which occurred in the 2006.

Risk is a feature associated with all productivity. As a result, financial markets adjust themselves to the fluctuation of exchange and interest rates. Hedging risk, these corporations highlight the importance of risk management tools known as Derivatives. Derivatives are defined as financial tools providing investors with effective solutions when avoiding risk caused from market volatility (Dodd, 2006). Financial derivatives are considered to be an effective risk management tool associated with Financial Engineering creating solutions to financial problems (Marks, 2010).…

Works Cited

Angel, James, and Douglas McCabe. "The Business Ethics Of Short Selling And Naked

Short Selling." Journal Of Business Ethics 85.(2009): 239-249. Business

Source Elite. Web. 1 Apr. 2012.

Barth, Mary E., and Wayne R. Landsman. "How Did Financial Reporting Contribute To

In such case the risk sharing is beneficial. This is one of the benefits of credit default swap. However, under circumstances where there is rising connectivity between institutions because of the dense nature of the webs of CDS, attempts to share risk increase the likelihood that a bank will go under. International banks making loans to banks or corporations are in order to protect themselves from systematic economic turmoil by buying swaps on sovereign debt but there are limits to this because what reduces risks for individual institutions in small quantities spells doom for larger institutions when pushed too far. This can be detrimental considering that the number of CDS contracts outstanding on European sovereign debt doubled in the past three years after the AIG setback. Actions have unanticipated consequences

. The financial deregulation in 2000 led to the mushrooming of unregulated and largely hidden CDS contracts. This had made…

References

Buchanan, M. (2011, Oct. 31). Credit Default Swap Risk Bomb Is Wired to Explode.

Bloomberg.  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-30/credit-default-swap-risk-bomb-is-wired-to-explode-mark-buchanan.html 

Gilani, S. (2008, Sept. 18). The Real Reason for the Global Financial Crisis…the Story No One's

Talking About. Money Morning.

hen he, representing the de facto shareholders the American taxpayers, found the executive compensation plans were out of line with the objectives of said shareholders, he acted.

In the free market system, this is the only response. Shareholders have rights and duties as the owners of companies. The executive team acts as their agents. The shareholders have not only the right but the capability to fire boards of directors and by extension executives whose compensation does not match their performance. The public outcry with respect to excessive compensation typically occurs when shareholders neglect their duty. Yet, there are examples where the shareholders have upheld their duty. These firms -- the majority -- do not make headlines, giving the impression that executive compensation is a rampant problem in society. If a company dares to pay bonuses will laying off workers or reducing their wages, the outcry hits the front page. However,…

Works Cited:

Quijano, E. (2009). Obama tries to stop AIG bonuses. CNN. Retrieved December 3, 2009 from  http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/16/AIG.bonuses/index.html 

Mehran, H. (1995). Executive compensation structure, ownership and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics. Vol. 38 (2), 163-184.

Mullen. E. & Guigliano, G. (2009). Recoverability of equity-based compensation deferred tax assets. Journal of Accountancy. Retrieved December 3, 2009 from  http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2009/Jan/JanTPC.htm 

Lagace, M. & Khurana, R. (2002). The irrational quest for charismatic CEOs. Harvard Business School. Retrieved December 3, 2009 from  http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3095.html

The use of Web 2.0-based technologies to enable higher levels of collaboration throughout an organization is called Enterprise 2.0 (McAfee, 2006). Implicit in Enterprise 2.0 is authenticity, transparency, and trust anchoring the Web as the platform for sharing information. The Web 2.0 Meme Map (O'eilly, 2006), which is serving as the blueprint for many of the social networking applications in use today, illustrates the key factors changing the social responsibilities, ethical issues and implications for human resources departments.

Knowledge has also had a great deal of political power associated with it in organizations (Parise, 2009). Social networks are forcing a more egalitarian-based approach to the distribution of knowledge. Only by doing this can organizations and governments become more trusted. Only through trust can any company or organization growth and prosper.

Conclusion

The politics of information and knowledge need to be more carefully managed by human resources than ever before. It…

References

Bernoff, J., & Li, C.. (2008). Harnessing the Power of the Oh-So-Social Web. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(3), 36-42.

Andrew P. McAfee. (2006). Enterprise 2.0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(3), 21-28.

Tim O'Reilly. (2006, July). Web 2.0: Stuck on a Name or Hooked on Value? Dr. Dobb's Journal, 31(7), 10.

Parise, S. (2009). Social Media Networks: What Do They Mean for Knowledge Management? Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 11(2), 1-11.

Big Fail" title a recent book a movie HBO. It refers bailout major financial institutions began 2008, time concern,, United States fall a depression aid. For purpose discussion I include bailout General Motors Chrysler.

Too big to fail

In the second half of 2007, the real estate sector in the United States of America showed the first signs of weakness. Devaluations were gradually observed and the investments made in the field came to lose value. The problem was mainly represented by the fact that the population did not afford the properties, but the financial institutions had traded in money as it had already been reimbursed. The bubble eventually burst and the financial institutions were the first to suffer the major hit.

In Too big to fail, the focus falls on the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, based on the recurrent assumption that it was this bankruptcy which onset the unfolding of…

References:

Maggs, J., 2010, Criticism of TARP persists, Politico,  http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1010/42995.html  last accessed on November 14, 2011

Weiner, M., 2009, Biggest mistake of the financial crisis: Lehman Bros. Bankruptcy, Politics Daily,  http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/09/15/biggest-mistake-of-the-financial-crisis-lehman-bros-bankruptcy  / last accessed on November 14, 2011

2011, Troubled Asset Relief Program, Investopedia,  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/ t/troubled-asset-relief-program-tarp.asp' target='_blank' REL='NOFOLLOW'>

Siemens AG Scandal

Siemens AG had over one hundred fifty years of experience making business deals internationally by the time it became embroiled in several bribery scandals in 2006. Beginning in the mid-1800s, the company set up products such as telegraph networks and maintenance and initiated business practices such as fixed-hour workdays and employee career training that helped it get ahead. ith a long and solid history as a leading company in Germany and internationally, the accusations against it might seem surprising, but investigators turned up plenty of evidence that Siemens AG had made frequent bribes of foreign officials and businessmen in order to turn business its way. It was also accused of embezzlement and tax evasion. The resulting scandal, which involved authorities in Germany, Switzerland, Greece, the U.S., and other countries, cost Siemens billions of dollars, landed some managers in legal trouble, and harmed Siemens AG's reputation. The Siemens…

Works Cited

Agence France-Presse. (July 30, 2008). Siemens Posts Strong Results. Retrieved from the IndustryWeek.com website:  http://www.industryweek.com/articles/siemens_posts_strong_results_16938.aspx 

Deresky, Helen. (2010). International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures, 7th edition. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.

Kaylan, Merlik. (March 24, 2009). Fork Over That Bonus Money. Retrieved from  http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/23/aig-taxpayers-outrage-opinions-columnists-bonus-payments.html 

Vanhonacker, Wilfried R. (2004). Guanxi Networks in China. The China Business Review, May-June, 2004, 48-53. Retrieved from:  http://www.lombardglobal.com/attachments/Guanxi_Networks_in_China.pdf

Economic Globalization

Has the 2008 financial meltdown in the U.S. And the ongoing economic crisis in Europe have practically ended the era of economic globalization?

Following the financial crisis that marred the U.S. economy along with other global economies as well as the ongoing Eurozone debt crisis, there have been projected concerns that this predicament would end economic globalization. The purpose of this paper is to assess this claim. Going by Immanuel Wallenstein's World Systems Theory, the political economy of Third World economies and developed economies of the West are mutually dependent. Wallenstein's conjecture is that the growth and expansion of Third World economies relies on constant interaction with Western developed economies seeing as the world is characterized by a structural division of labor where the developing nations of the Third World provide cheap labor and raw materials while the developed economies are the holders of capital and controllers of…

References

Ebrahimi, H, 2012, "John Lewis warns Amazon's tax avoidance 'will drive UK companies out of business" The Telegraph

Held, David; The Open University, eds. (2004). A Globalizing World?: Culture, Economics, Politics (2nd ed.). London; New York: Routledge, in association with the Open University. p. 84.

Katz, I & Christie, R (2011) "Geithner Called Housing Giants Biggest 'Moral Hazard'" Bloomberg

Lynch, Katherine (2003). The Forces of Economic Globalization. Kluwer Law International

SWOT Analysis and Portfolio Analysis

Every organization must have a business strategy. The main goal of any business is to be profitable. Companies adapt strategies that will separate them from the competitors, creating success for the organization. It is important that the leaders of any company understand the operation, the strategies, the motto, the goal and every other aspect of the business. Metropolitan Life Insurance (Metlife) is global insurance provider, which is a publicly traded company. This is a big corporation that is viewed publicly daily. The leaders of this organization would benefit from both a SWOT analysis and a Portfolio Analysis.

SWOT Analysis

One of the biggest strengths that MetLife has to offer today is the brand. MetLife brand is a known brand and recognizable brand. The company has been around for over 140 years and operates in over 60 countries (Metlife, 2010). The company is known for selling…

References

Dubie, D (2007). Watchguard pulls outsourcing business out of India; Security Company cites attriton, lack of qualified candidates, language barriers as drivers. Network World.

InformationWeek. (2002). MetLife weighs offshore options; its IS chief sees offshore outsourcing of business processes as almost inevitable. Information Week.

Metlife (2010). MetLife History. Retrieved on January 27, 2011 from  http://www.metlife.com/about/corporate-profile/metlife-history/index.html 

Yahoo Finance. (2010). Form 10-Q for MetLife Inc. Retrieved on January 26, 2011 from  http://biz.yahoo.com/e/101104/met10-q.html

Derivative Securities

Derivatives

(Black Tuesday)

Derivative Securities

Derivative Securities

It is difficult to understand or explain why throughout history some negative investor philosophies continually repeat themselves. Far too often investors miss blatant signs that lead to major collapses in the free markets. The purpose of this report is to discuss derivative securities in detail and how they affect those investor philosophies. Even unsophisticated investors understand that the stock and commodities markets are supposed to fluctuate on a daily basis. A key in the minds of investors is to avoid overly large swings in either direction and to also take advantage of those market swings that are heading in the right direction. To solve this ageless dilemma, investment bankers and individual investors themselves have historically created new and unique systems, methods and processes that help avoid those big swings. But what happens when the new and unique systems, methods and processes…

References

Black Tuesday.(n.d.) lowrisk.com. Retrieved on October 23, 2009, from .

Forbes Digital. (2009.). Investapedia. Retrieved on October 23, 2009, from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/ 

Goatzmann, William. (n.d.). An Introduction to Investment Theory. Retrieved on October 23, 2009, from  http://viking.som.yale.edu/will/finman540/classnotes/notes.html 

Hoadly Training and Investment Tools. (2009). Option Pricing Models and the "Greeks." Retrieved on October 23, 2009, from  http://www.hoadley.net/options/bs.htm

Hesitant to Pursue a Career in Business

Whom it May Concern

Re: Why I Am Hesitant to Pursue a Career in Business

In a tough economy, most people would probably take any job they can get after they graduate from college. However, as it comes closer to graduation, I find I'm becoming more and more hesitant when I think about launching a career in business. That's because it seems there are so many unethical companies out there, that will do anything to make money, even if it kills people in the process. I'm not talking just about Enron and AIG here, who preyed on their customers and ruined the lives of many of their investors and employees. I'm talking about companies that knowingly engage in unethical business practices, just because they can. Look at the Chinese company that included melamine in its pet food, and killed hundreds of innocent pets.…

Sorkin's book does a good job of giving the details on what happened among Lehman Brothers, Barclays, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, the Fed, and Big Gov following the collapse. Essentially, everyone had egg on his face -- but some of the bigger powers had the muscle to save face -- and sink competitors at the same time: which is exactly what Goldman Sachs did to Lehman. Goldman had been placing its cronies in the hite House for years -- and it would now go through the hite House to see who got bailed out and who did not. AIG got one -- because it owed a large chunk to Goldman (who had figured out the game ahead of time and started betting against itself by buying insurance through AIG). Sorkin's work is a work full of the kind of details that other writer's like Taibbi and Lewis do not take…

Works Cited

Lewis, Michael M. The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine. New York, NY: W.

W. Norton & Company, 2010. Print.

Sorkin, Andrew. Too Big to Fail: the inside story of how Wall Street and Washington

fought save the financial system -- and themselves. New York, NY: Penguin, 2010. Print.

Economic Crisis Policies

US current economic crisis is considered to be started from real estate sector. The real sector started to decline in 2006 and it accelerated in 2007 and 2008. Housing prices have fallen from the peak from about 25% so far. The decline in prices left homeowners with no option and they were unable to refinance their mortgages and causes default of mortgages. This default of mortgages and loans swallowed the banks and financial markets such as falling of Lehman's brothers and other anks and blow to rest of economy happened as the whole economy was relying on banks and ultimately it slows down investment in the country and capital flows to other parts of the world like China and India. ank losses cause reduction of bank capital which in turn requires capital reduction thus saving bank from lending. It is estimated that every $100 loss and reduction…

Bibliography

ISR international socialist review. (2009, april). Retrieved from The U.S. economic crisis:causes and solutions:  http://www.isreview.org/issues/64/feat-moseley.shtml 

Journal of accountancy. (2009, october). Retrieved from The U.S. economic crisis: root causes and road to recovery: www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2009/Oct/20091781

Eyes on wall street. (2011, april). Retrieved from Levin coburn investigates casues of financial crisis:  http://www.eyesonwallstreet.com/2011/04/articles/financial-crisis/levincoburn-report-investigates-causes-of-the-financial-crisis/ 

Rude, C. (2009). World Economic Crisis and Fed Reserve Response to it. Studies in Political Economy.

Economic Crisis 2008-2009

This report focuses on the events that took place in the Great crash of 2008-2009. It aims to highlight the events that took place and what the basic factors and events were that eventually led to the economy crashing. It is also a point of focus to determine what effects came about and how different parties were to be blamed for the deregulation that led to the catastrophic events of the crash. It is linked with the policies present at that time i.e. The Monetary Policies outlining the control of money supply and interest rates as well as the Fiscal Policy that focus on the government spending and taxation policies.

The financial crisis refers to a situation whereby there is a contraction of money supply and the amount of wealth in the economy. This is also known as a "credit crunch" whereby participants of the economy lose…

References:

Minkiw, Mc Gregory. (2009). The Financial Crisis and the Economic Downturn of 2008 and

2009. Macro Economics (7th Edition).

Ryan (2008). The 2008-2009 Financial Crisis-Causes and Effects. Cash, Money, Life.

 http://cashmoneylife.com/economic-financial-crisis-2008-causes/

For example, AIG got into a lot of trouble during the Great ecession because it was paying retention bonuses so that people about to be laid off would stay on but this was controversial because AIG got bailed out by the federal government. Even though the bonuses were contractually obligated and evne though they served a specific purpose, the vitriol and invective was toxic. This despite the fact that government-serviced entities that were ALSO bailed out the government (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) did the same exact payouts for the same exact reason and the outrage for those firms was a lot less even though they cost the taxpayers a whole hell of a lot more money than AIG ever has or probably ever will. In short, businesses operating within the law should not be harassed or treated unfairly but it can happen.

Conclusion

In short, Mackey made some good…

References

Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits. New York Times Magazine, 1, 1-5.

Mackey, J. (2005). Rethinking the Social Responsibility of Business. Reason, 1(1), 1-4.

Goldman Case

hat is up with all Street? The Goldman Standard and shaded of Gray

The Goldman Standard and Shades of Gray was a case study which was focused on Goldman Sachs and their impact on the economic system. Goldman has grown large enough in which their operation were capable of affecting the economic structure of our banking system, stock shares, as well as the government to a large extent. The company is obviously profit driven, but to an extent that borders on being ruthless and perpetually greedy for more money and success. Furthermore, Goldman's culture is more "toxic" today than it was in 2005, when they were involved in inflating a housing bubble that would help crash the global economy, or in 2007 and 2008, when they began desperately offloading their housing-related assets to investors who hadn't yet realized the market was going to crash; if there was a…

Works Cited

Antilla, S. (2013, January 8). A case of Wall Street greed gone too far. Retrieved from CNN:  http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/08/opinion/antilla-goldman-stock 

Hamilton, W. (2012, March 14). Exiting Goldman Sachs exec blasts firm's 'toxic,' greedy culture. Retrieved from LA Times:  http://articles.latimes.com/2012/mar/14/business/la-fi-mo-goldman-greedy-20120314 

Keltner, D., & Piff, P. (2012, March 16). Greed Prevents Good. Retrieved from The New York Times:  http://www.nytimes.com /roomfordebate/2012/03/15/does-morality-have-a-place-on-wall-street/greed-on-wall-street-prevents-good-from-happening

Klein, e. (2012, March 15). At Goldman, short-term greed vs. long-term greed. Retrieved from The Washington Post:  http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/post/at-goldman-short-term-greed-vs.-long-term-greed/2011/08/25/gIQAxFhhES_blog.html

Banks

Improper Foreclosure and Mortgage Practices in the Banking Industry

Efficient Market Hypothesis

Real Estate Bubble

Sub-Prime Mortgages

Overview on the Value of Banks

Arguments against Financial Intermediaries

Ethical Violations

This research paper aims to shed light into what led to the global financial collapse that, for the most part, began in the U.S. housing market and the ethical implications that followed. Many researchers agree that the primary drivers that led to the real estate crisis was the lifting of the Glass Steagall Act, the fostering of sub-prime lending, and the creation of derivatives and credit default swaps which were used as complex financial instruments. This offered the big five banks an entire new range of operating opportunities. All of these financial tools were justified by the efficient market hypothesis and as a consequence provide evidence for the lack of a truly efficient market. As a result of the financial…

Works Cited

Ball, R. "The Global Financial Crisis and the Efficient Market Hypothesis." CFA Digest (2010): 44-45. Web.

Bauman, S., M. Conover and R. Miller. "Growth vs. value and large-cap vs. small-cap stocks in international markets." Financial Analysis Journal 54.2 (1998): 75-89.

Beers, B. "End the Fed, Save the Dollar: Ron Paul." 7 September 2009. CNBC. Web. 19 March 2012.

Chen, B. And F. Kaboub. The Repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. 8 February 2012. Web. 19 March 2012.

But amid the celebration, crucial opportunities have been lost: In September 2009, the "inspector general for the Troubled Asset Relief Program, a k a, the bank bailout fund, released his report on the 2008 rescue of the American International Group, the insurer. The gist of the report is that government officials made no serious attempt to extract concessions from bankers, even though these bankers received huge benefits from the rescue. And more than money was lost. By making what was in effect a multibillion-dollar gift to all Street, policy makers undermined their own credibility -- and put the broader economy at risk" (Krugman 2009). Many banks have given back their TARP funds, in exchange for the ability to once again engage in risky activities, to pay traders the bonuses they desire, and to pay executives what seems to be overinflated compensation. In June ten of the largest recipients of aid,…

Works Cited

Cohan, William. "A tsunami of greed." The New York Times. March 11, 2009.

December 8, 2009.

 http://www.nytimes.com /2009/03/12/opinion/12cohan.html

"Credit Crisis." Special feature. The New York Times. Last September 22, 2009.

The second purpose of the $700 purchase of troubled assets is to create a market for the securitized versions of these assets. As a result of the crisis, the market for these assets became illiquid. The value of securitized debt obligations became near zero, which severely impacted the balance sheet of all banks that held these assets. By creating a secondary market for these products, the government hopes to increase their value. This will improve the balance sheets of the banks.

The second key clause in TARP is that banks selling troubled assets to the government are required to give the government warrants. This, in theory, protects the government from losses. The theory is that the banks will see an increase in value as a result of the government's efforts, allowing the government to profit from the warrants.

Ancillary to TARP was the FDIC's excusing of troubled assets in its…

Works Cited:

Dash, E. & Sorkin, a. (2008). Government seizes WaMu and sells some assets. New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2009 from  http://www.nytimes.com /2008/09/26/business/26wamu.html

Smith, a. & Yandle, B. (2009). Too big to fail, read, count or stop. Cato Institute. Retrieved November 3, 2009 from  http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv32n2/v32n2-11.pdf 

McIntire, M. (2009). Bailout is a windfall to banks, if not to borrowers. New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2009 from

This mindset was made possible by their intensive investments in new technologies that made transactions inherently unauditable and untraceable by the Securities and Exchange Commission and other governance entities. Given the automation of these complex trading workflows and the inability of governance bodies to keep pace with technological advances, coupled with banker's unwillingness to assist governments in tracking increasingly intricate transactions, the bankers could literally make their own rules up as they went along. What has differentiated this global economic downturn from others is how pervasive this attitude has become of offloading risk by aggregating toxic and bad loans together, using technologies to increase speed of transactions while alleviating accountability (Corden, 2009).

An aversion to risk has been replaced by a consolidating, aggregating and re-selling of completely worthless and often called "toxic" loans, with accountability of the performance of investments left by the wayside. Bankers had the most to gain…

References

John C. Bogle. (2009, April 21). A Crisis of Ethic Proportions. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. A.19.

Corden, W. (2009). The World Credit Crisis: Understanding It, and What to Do. The World Economy, 32(3), 385.

John Dobson. (2003). Why Ethics Codes Don't Work. Financial Analysts Journal, 59(6), 29-34.

Jeffrey C. Gerrish. (2002). Ten new commandments for corporate governance. American Bankers Association. ABA Banking Journal, 94(11), 16-20.

It has been shown that the acquisition of talent not an area specific to each individual position at top companies. The highest-performing companies build pools of talent from which they can draw as needed (Michaels et al., 2001). Thus, there will inevitably be talented people who are at times underutilized. Their higher-order needs are not being met and thus they must be generously compensated. Otherwise, when the time comes to move someone from the organization to a fulfilling, higher-order executive position, the talent will not be there.

CEO pay proponents also point out that the bulk of the "excessive" executive compensation comes in the form of stock or options. These instruments were brought into executive compensation packages specifically to align the interests of management with those of the shareholders. It was the shareholders and the boards of directors who initiated this, as a means to protect shareholder wealth. There have…

Works Cited:

Taub, Stephen. (2006). CEO Pay is Too High, Directors Say. CNN. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/8027003/c_8027107 

FASB Statement 123 (1995). Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://www.fasb.org/st/summary/stsum123.shtml 

FASB Statement 123R (2004). Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://www.fasb.org/st/summary/stsum123r.shtml 

Case: Compensation and Governance at WorldCom. (2002) NYU Stern. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~lcabral/teaching/worldcom.pdf

Banks in one country are able to invest their dollars rather than sell them. In this case, the investments were of poor quality. Compounding the issue is that other investments backed by U.S. institutions began to lose worth as the ability of those financial institutions to meet their obligations became compromised by subprime exposure. This is one of the main reasons why the government bailed out AIG. Banks around the world owned AIG-backed securities and if those securities were subject to default the global financial system could have collapsed.

The rise in international trade is intended to create more wealth more quickly that what has been achieved before. The international trade in goods has created substantial wealth transfers, resulting in countries around the world having significant exposure to the U.S. economy. Nations like China have essentially built their wealth on American credit. Increased exposure, however, results in increased risk. Freedom…

Works Cited:

Roach, Stephen S. (2006). Save More! Save Less! CNN Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/03/20/8371823/index.htm 

Padgham, Jane. (2007). Sub-prime crisis could spread to other markets, IMF warns. The Independent. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/subprime-crisis-could-spread-to-other-markets-imf-warns-444214.html 

Frank, Nathaniel. (2008). New Channels Spread U.S. Subprime Crisis to Other Markets. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from  http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/RES092308A.htm

Toward the end of the decade, Wall Street investment firms began hiring PhDs in mathematics and physics to create incredibly complex algorithms capable of modeling elements of the stock and futures markets. In most cases, the creators of these algorithms knew next to nothing about the financial industry, and the executives who employed them knew (literally) nothing about the mechanisms their firms had begun to rely on for their trading strategy. Destabilization of the Home Mortgage Industry:

In the early 1970s, stock analysts at Salomon Brothers, another Wall Street investment firm, developed a new kind of security based on home mortgages, called mortgage-backed securities. In principle, this allowed the conversion of illiquid (i.e. non- tradable) assets like the debt represented by home mortgages to be converted into a tradable commodity for profit. This new form of commercial transaction evolved into incredible levels of complexity after the widespread incorporation of mathematical…

References

Phillips, Kevin. "Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism" New York: Viking (2008).

Big to Fail by Andrew Ross Sorkin

Andrew Ross Sorkin's book Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of How Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System -- and Themselves (Viking, 2009) presents a dramatic and informative account of the disastrous collapse of some of the nation's largest, wealthiest, and oldest financial firms on Wall Street. The book details the complex negotiations involving the heads of Lehman Brothers, Goldman Sachs, and officials in the federal government, some of whom had long previous relationships with those firms before assuming public-sector positions of trust. In some respects, that aspect of the story told by Sorkin may be the most significant as well as the least thoroughly investigated.

Specifically, U.S. Treasury Secretary at the time was Henry "Hank" Paulson, previously the CEO at Goldman Sachs was legally obligated to limit any involvement with his old firm after taking office in…

Mr. Taubman had other worries. Maybe they were being used to help Lehman goose its stock price? "If I were their guys, I'd want to put my own spin on this."

In combination, those passages (and other hints throughout the book) leave wide open the question about whether or to what degree the Treasury Secretary honored his legal obligation.

If there is a weakness to Sorkin's work, it might be that it fails to provide a more detailed explanation of the underlying problems throughout the financial derivatives market that gave rise to the problems responsible for Lehman's and Goldman Sach's and AIG's predicaments. By contrast, Michael Lewis's The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine (W.W. Norton, 2010) and Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (W.W. Norton, 2011) both do a better job of explaining how mechanisms devised in those firms (such as so-called "credit default swaps") that were designed very specifically to circumvent regulatory policies prohibiting taking out insurance on certain kinds of investment outcome losses (Lewis, 2010; 2011). It was precisely those decisions that laid the groundwork for the risk environment exploited by Goldman Sachs and AIG that ultimately triggered their collapse and that almost took down the entire American economy when the housing bubble burst, virtually instantaneously obligating the issuers of those non-insurance types of insurance policies against the drop in mortgage derivatives to make good on those agreements (Lewis, 2010; 2011). While Sorkin presents a dramatic look into the interpersonal exchanges and relationships at the center of the circumstances leading up to the infamous Wall Street bailout, works such as those by Lewis do a better of job helping lay readers actually understand how those events actually occurred.

What the world needs today is an effective global banking system and a strong and sustainable trade relationship. The recent world recession reflects the collapse of the global banking system. This was the result of heavy advancement of loans and cumulative rates of interest that were collected on those loans, which led to economic growth in the short-term but economic collapse in the long-run. It is the time for the global powers to take the world economists and political leaders on board and make an effective decision on the creation of a banking system that offers loans to nations which are in urgent need of financial assistance such as Nigeria, Uganda and other African countries. The authority that looks after such banking system should ensure a balance between the First world and the third world in order to ensure that the world economy grows smoothly.

Cutting down public spending is…

References

World Trade Organization (1999). The WTO as the basic free trade institution: Ministerial Conference 1999. Retrieved from  http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/state_e/d5325e.pdf 

World Trade Organization (n.d.). About the WTO. Retrieved from  http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/wto_dg_stat_e.htm 

International Monetary Fund (2010). How the IMF promotes global economic stability. Retrieved from  http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/globstab.htm

Economic crash can be viewed from a number of perspectives ranging from causes and effects to the 2008 Crash's resemblance to the Crash of 1929, which began the Great Depression. This paper will consider the 2008 recession from the standpoint of the financial banking industry, which, according to economic journalists like Matt Taibbi (2010), played a major and significant role in the crumbling of the nation's economy -- just like it did in the Lawless Decade also known as the oaring Twenties.

Big Banking Meets Big Government

What has now become known as the Era of De-egulation actually had its beginnings in the 80s decade known just as much for its rampant excess as the early 20s were known for their unbridled lawlessness. Yet, while the latter enjoyed the snubs-to-the-law bootlegging speakeasies, the former enjoyed the merging of the financial sector with the political -- which began during eagan's tenure…

Reference List

AP/HuffPost. (2011). Charles Ferguson's Oscar Speech Rips Wall Street: 'Inside Job'

Director Levels Criticism During Acceptance. HuffPost Business. Retrieved from  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/charles-ferguson-oscar-speech-inside-job_n_828963.html 

Sann, P. (n.d.). The Lawless Decade: A Pictorial History of the Roaring Twenties.

Retrieved from  http://lawlessdecade.net/

" China's undeveloped market limits investment returns potential and express insurance to a risk in investment. (eijing Review, 2005) A plan for compulsory malpractice insurance was stated by the eijing Insurance Regulatory Committee in June 2005 under a directive requiring all state-owned non-profit making medical organizations to have coverage under medical mal-practice insurance.

Interim rules were also reported to be set for allowing insurance funds to enter the stock market. Those were stated to be: (1) The specific proportion for insurance institutional investors to invest in stocks; (2) The basic criteria for measuring the performance of the stocks to be invested before insurance organizations invest in the stocks; (3) The contents of related statements and reports for stock investment and the way for being reported to the authorities; (4) And the administrative rules on independent seats for stock trading, as well as a guide for custody of stock assets of…

Bibliography

Li, Ling (1999) Family Insurance of Social Insurance Policy Options for China's Social Security Reform International Journal of Economic Development, 1(4), 1999: pp. 431-450.

China Insurance Regulatory Commission, 1998 Almanac of China's Insurance, 1999. China Insurance Regulatory Commission, 1999 Almanac of China's Insurance, 2000.

China Statistical Publishing House, China Statistical Year Book, 1996-1999.

Lu, Weili, "Pension Plan for China: Application of Dynamic Modeling," Ph.D. Dissertation, 1996

Genesis of the Bible is the sovereignty of God throughout the four events described in the first 11 chapters: the creation, the fall, the flood and the Babel dispersion. In the next chapters, up to chapter 50, there is presented God's relationship to four outstanding people; Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph.

Throughout centuries, skeptics developed theories that sustained the idea that especially the first eleven chapters of the Genesis are to be considered as series of legends and myths rather than actual historical facts. Let us have a look first at the reasons that could make us believe the contrary: the sources. There are two main literary sources: the priestly source and the Yahwist narrative.

The myths of the Creation and destruction of the world can be viewed in a much larger sense as attempts to explain a culture's believes and practices, as a reflection of that culture's own view.…

Kaiser, Walter, 2001-2005, Challenging Believers to think and Thinker to Believe available from  http://www.apologetics.com/default.jsp?bodycontent=/articles/historical_apologetics/kaiser-gen1-4.html ; Internet, accessed 17 October 2005.

Grigg, Russell, M.Sc. (Hons.), ?  http://www.answersingenesis.org  ?Creation Ex-Nihilo? Dec 93 - Feb 1994, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 38-41, available from  http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c024.html ; Internet; accessed on 17 October 2005

Idem

462). It is small wonder that some insurance companies understand the risks of insuring lives and the accompanying cash surrender values of a life insurance policy.

In a prime example of how some insurance companies were caught up in the evaluation game is the case of AIG, the company that forgot that the value of its stock, or the value of the company was based primarily on a fair value, that might not have been fair at all. The harbinger of disaster was when the financial marketplace placed a fair value on AIG that was far below what the company believed it should be. This scarcity could be one of the primary reasons why the financial industries around the world are in the torrents they are currently swimming.

Some of the literature available touched on the primary causes of the current financial crisis before it took place. One recent study…

References

Bacinello, a.R.; (2003) Fair valuation of a guaranteed life insurance participating contract embedding a surrender option, the Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 461-487

Cho, H.; Shilling, J.D.; (2007) Valuing retail shopping center lease contracts, Real Estate Economics, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 623-649

Gang-Zhi, F.; Tien, F.S.; Seow, E.O.; Simans, C.F.; (2004) Governance and optimal financing for asset-backed securitization, Journal of Property Investment and Finance, Vol. 22, Issue 4/5, pg. 414

Gilbert, R.J.; Klemperer, P.; (2000) an equilibrium theory of rationing, the Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 1-21

global branding of Stella Artois

Porter's 5-forces analysis of the beer industry

Bargaining power of buyers

The bargaining power of buyers is very high in the beer industry. Consumers have many choices, spanning from other alcoholic beverages to other brands of beer, including smaller labels as well as the major brands. Also, beer is not strictly a necessity. Consumers can conceivably 'do without' if the price is too high.

Bargaining power of suppliers

The bargaining power of suppliers is also very high in the beer industry. Beer companies are critically dependent upon obtaining specific input goods to create their brews. They need a high volume of input goods to produce their product, and they need a timely and steady supply. Good relationships with bottlers and distributors are also required to take the product to market.

Competitive rivalry

Competitive rivalry is extremely high. All of the major beer brands are fighting…

References

Caves, R.E. & M.E. Porter. (1977). From entry barriers to mobility barriers: Conjectural decisions and contrived deterrence to new competition. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91 (2): 241-262. Retrieved: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1885416

Sinha, S.K. & Zaid Ahmad. (2009). Global financial crisis - with special reference to insurance industry. African Journal of Marketing Management, 1(8): 184-189,

Retrieved at:

 http://www.academicjournals.org/ajmm/PDF/Pdf2009/Nov/Sinha%20and%20Ahmad.pdf

The article concedes, however, that declining business confidence is an absolute danger that must be dealt with and the government not being an active partner with businesses and in favor of the recovery will just make things worse (Pollin, 2010).

A similar point is made in a different article that states that the role of fiscal policy in pushing an economy towards recovery cannot be over-estimated or over-analyzed because of the vital role fiscal policy plays in said recovery. The article notes that the impact (or lack thereof) of programs like Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Medicare, tax credits, Social Security, direct subsidies, unemployment insurance and such are often included in any analysis of fiscal policy but it also noted that many parties that look at this topic glaringly omit are transfer payments and other assistance paid directly to financial institutions (Tcherneva, 2012).

This perhaps became a much less…

References

2012 Forecast: Recovery…or Recession?. (2012). Financial Executive, 28(1), 21-23.

Auerbach, a., Gale, W., & Harris, B. (2010). Activist Fiscal Policy. Journal of Economic

Perspectives, 24(4), 141-164. doi:10.1257/jep.24.4.141

Baily, M., & Lawrence, R.Z. (2004). What Happened to the Great U.S. Job Machine?

Intellectual Capital

The author of this report is asked to answer a series of questions relating to intellectual capital (IC), both in general and in relation to Apple Corporation. The first question asks whether the organizational structure of Apple considers intellectual capital an asset. The second question asks how have ethical policies and practices affected the organization's intellectual capital and its value. The third question asks what strengths and weaknesses exist in structure and ethics. The fourth item asks the author to offer recommendations relating to increasing the value of the organization's intellectual capital based on structure and ethics (Apple, 2013).

Questions Answered

As for the first question, Apple's intellectual capital is absolutely an asset. Their structure and especially their brand names and patents are the core (pardon the pun) of Apple's strength and resilience. Their innovation and brand presence allow them to sell MP3 players for far high price…

References

Apple. (2013, September 2). Apple. Apple. Retrieved September 2, 2013, from  http://www.apple.com/ 

Bouys, G. (2009, April 11). Peasants, pitchforks and AIG | NJ.com. Blogs - NJ.com.

Retrieved September 2, 2013, from  http://blog.nj.com/njv_guest_blog/2009/04/peasants_pitchforks_and_aig.html 

Kanter, J. (2013, March 6). Europe Fines Microsoft $732 Million Over Antitrust Law

Desirable Leadership Approach

My Leadership Approach, Case study Apple Mac Legal Center

The quality of organizational culture and output depends on the nature leadership approach instituted by the leader. Ideally, a good leadership approach that seeks to energize various departments with intent steer a collective productivity. I realized these things during my stay at the Apple Mac Legal Center. During my pursuit for a desired organization culture, I realized that the Apple Mac Legal Center was facing two core problems, one related to communication and the other on sustainability. While developing a leadership approach, I realized that there were decisive considerations one position, charisma, influence, and situation. This reflection will attempt to prove that my leadership approach would mitigate Apple Mac Legal Center organizational culture problems.

My Leadership Approaches

Positional Power

When it comes to leadership schemes, position is a crucial element since this negotiates the control. During my stay…

References

Grieves, J. (2010). Organizational change: Themes & issues. New York: Oxford University

Press.

Laasch, O., Conaway, R. (2014).Principles of Responsible Management: Global Sustainability,

Responsibility, and Ethics. New York: Cengage Learning

Aggregate demand is something that is a topic of interest. The Obama Administration bailed out banks in the United States and Wolff mentions Great Britain in a sense bailed out their banks by continuously printing and borrowing money. Banks are the reason for shift in aggregate supply and thus aggregate demand. The United States government as Wolff remarks, gives limitless credit and almost zero interest on banks, supplying them with an endless source of money to do as they will. They took risks because of this endless source and it led to the aforementioned bailout.
From this risk emerged ‘credit default swamps’ that served as insurance for loans but were not regulated as insurance. The biggest one, AIG, had banks come to them to ask for reimbursement for defaulted loans. Companies like AIG could not pay and thus the banking crisis occurred. Although banks like Goldman Sachs emerged unscathed, from…

On the other hand, the need to promote productivity exerts pressure in favor of incentive schemes that have the foreseen consequence of material inequality (Ibid., 8). Yet, none of these policies exist in a vacuum -- instead, the synthesis of economic tendrils and market fluctuations act in congruence to a larger paradigm of causality -- one that takes on an almost philosophical regimine.

his ideology would be little more than rhetoric for Secretary Paulson and the Bush Administration, who would operate with a much clearer intent to benefit the irresponsibility of bank owners and administrators. his would be initiated during Paulson's tenure with Goldman-Sachs, when he would help to broker the conditions by which America's banks could lend frivolously to high-risk loan candidates. Simultaneously, banks were being allowed to voluntarily abide or resist reasury oversight requiring such firms to demonstrate the reserve funds to back up these loans. (ong, 1)…

This ideology would be little more than rhetoric for Secretary Paulson and the Bush Administration, who would operate with a much clearer intent to benefit the irresponsibility of bank owners and administrators. This would be initiated during Paulson's tenure with Goldman-Sachs, when he would help to broker the conditions by which America's banks could lend frivolously to high-risk loan candidates. Simultaneously, banks were being allowed to voluntarily abide or resist Treasury oversight requiring such firms to demonstrate the reserve funds to back up these loans. (Tong, 1) With the initiation of the sub-prime mortgage crisis, where countless home and business owners found themselves unable to contend with skyrocketing interest rate terms, the banking system collapsed. (Brinsley, 1)

After helping drive these destructive policies, Paulson was appointed to the Secretary of Treasury office, where he adapted a new position in support of massive government interventionism. To some accusers, Paulson may be said to have authored independent of oversight the largest 'bailout' in U.S. history. The Wall Street Journal would report a price tag on the Emergency Economic Stimulation Act as totaling over $700 billion, much of it going through the Troubled Assets Relief Program [TARP] and into the coffers of the banks and financial firms which have created the current turmoil. (Shindelar, 7). Paulson's commitment to the procedure he used to sell all his stocks at Goldman's and his effort to reach some outcomes states the uneasiness about the ethical misconduct which is evident due to the fact that Paulson was a senior member of the government and also his former company was collapsing. Paulson assisted both Bear Sterns and Lehman Brothers - direct the competitors of Goldman Sachs. Indeed, the choice to let Lehman collapse and bail out American International Group trading associates was baffling to members of congress and the market affiliates (Clemmens, 2009). Although Paulson had no financial gain in Goldman Sachs the company had to excel. Paulson was questioned about the part he played in making Goldman Sachs get $13 billion in taxpayer funds as an outcome of bailout of the American International Group (Gretchen, et.al., 2009).

When AIG collapsed, for instance, it would cost billions of dollars to its attendant relationship

The reality was that a company which aspired to be "the No. 1 stock on all Street" was instead steadily bleeding money while claim growth in the billions.

The pressure placed upon accountants at ordCom was reflective of the pressure facing accountants throughout the economy during this period of widely absence securities oversight. Indeed, the relationship between regulation and accounting is essential, and this diminished link would have catastrophic implications for the profession as a whole. Such is shown by the Scott text, which tells that "efficient securities market theory has major implications for financial accounting. One of these is that supplementary information in financial statement notes or elsewhere is just as useful as information in the financial statements proper. Another is that efficiency is defined relative to a stock of publicly known information. Financial reporting has a role to play in improving the amount, timing, and accuracy of this…

Works Cited:

Kaplan, R.S. & Kiron, D. (2007). Accounting Fraud at WorldCom. Harvard Business School.

Scott, W.R. (2006). Financial Accounting Theory, 4th Ed. Pearson-Prentice Hall.

Skeel, D. (2005). Icarus in the Boardroom: The Fundamental Flaws in Corporate America and Where They Came From. Oxford University Press.

The effectiveness of promotional strategies is highly dependent on their ability to resonate and be relevant to the target audiences over time (Reference). This is the basis of the research being undertaken; to determine which promotional tools and strategies are the most effective in attracting, training and retaining the most talented and motivated volunteers for the London 2012 Olympic Games.

The following are the aims and objectives of this analysis. The primary objective of this study is to determine which promotional tools are the most effective in recruiting and retaining volunteers. In support of this objective, the following goals are defined:

a. To understand and segment the volunteer population in westernized nations including the UK, and determine the characteristics of these markets as they relate to volunteering for events.

b. To determine the psychographic attributes of each group as they relate to propensity to participate, contribute and assist in keeping…

Bibliography / references

Gary Adamson, Joe Pine, Tom Van Steenhoven, and Jodi Kroupa. 2006. How storytelling can drive strategic change. Strategy & Leadership 34, no. 1, (January 1): 36-41.

Armstrong, G., & Kotler, P., 2005. Marketing: An Introduction (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

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Belch, G.A., & Belch, M.A.., 2004. Advertising and Promotion; An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective (6th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin.

With them saying in their first quarter 2008 earnings report that they had: a liquidity pool of $34 billion, unencumbered assets of $64 billion and $99 billion in regulated assets. At the same time they affirmed the Moody's credit rating of A1, on the basis of the company's capital basis and liquidity. (Kuhlengisa, 2008) This is problematic, because when looking at this statement and considering what would happen a few months later, it was obvious that managers / executives knew something was wrong. Instead of disclosing this fact to investors, they continued to play down the effects on its overall bottom line, until it could no longer be hidden. The way the accounting industry would help to perpetuate the collapse, is by having independent auditors making conservative estimates on those assets that were frozen. Using the Lehman rothers statement, the $64 billion in unencumbered assets was more than likely a…

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Brown, B. (2009). The Wider Picture in the U.S.A. The Decline and Fall of Banking. (pp. 401 -- 431). Liecester: Matador.

Francis, J. (2000). Federal Investment Regulations. Shaums Outline of Investments. (pp. 86 -- 94). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Kuhlengisa, M (2008). Leham Brother Holdings First Quarter Conference Call. 123 Jump. Retrieved from  http://www.123jump.com/earnings-calls/Lehman-Brothers-Holdings-First-Quarter-Earnings-Call/26998/61 

Reed, D. (2010). What Happened and How did We get here? Decoding the New Mortgage Market. (pp. 1 -- 10). New York, NY: Abamacom.

To become a senator, a person has to be at least 30 years of age and should have been a citizen of the U.S. For a minimum period of nine years at the time of election. Also, he or she has to be a resident of the state from which he or she is elected so that the state can be well-represented. In the case of representative, he or she should be at least 25 years old and must be a citizen of the U.S. For at least seven years at the time of election. Also, he or she has to be a resident of the state, but there is no mandatory rule that the representative should be a resident of the district that he or she represents.

Major steps in the process of a bill becoming a law

The first step is a member of the congress should introduce…

As Taibbi shows, it is not easy: "I'm going to say something radical about the Tea Partiers. They're not all crazy. They're not even always wrong. hat they are, and they don't realize it, is an anachronism. They're fighting a 1960s battle in a world run by twenty-first-century crooks" (Griftopia 16-17). Taibbi makes clear that the Tea Party is not even homogenous: it is made up of a broad spectrum of individuals (some of whom do not even want to be called Tea Partiers) who are angry and looking for someway to focus their anger.

In conclusion, recouping the losses is not an easy thing to do. hen a company like Lehman Brothers can be allowed to collapse while their competition (Goldman Sachs) can be bailed out by tax payer dollars, citizens are going to start wondering how their country got to such a point in the first place. Taibbi…

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Levels Criticism During Acceptance. HuffPost Business. Web. 8 Apr 2011.

Campbell, Andrea Louise. "Is the Economic Crisis Driving Wedges Between Young and Old? Rich and Poor?" Generations 33.3, Fall 2009: 47-53. Print.

Espo, David. "Deadline nears: Shutdown looms without agreement." Yahoo! News, 8

George W. Bush

George Walker Bush is the second man in the history of the United States to have followed in his father footsteps and become the President. Bush served two consecutive terms as President, starting with January 2001. He was born in 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut, but most of his childhood, he spent in Midland, and then his teenage years in Huston, Texas. George W. Bush was the first child born in George and Barbara Bush's family. At the time of his birth, his father was an undergraduate at Yale (Bush, A Charge to Keep, 15). George W. Bush enrolled at the same university where his father studied and received a BA in history there. ater, he graduated from Harvard, receiving a MBA at Harvard Business School, in 1975. Between his studies at Yale and Harvard, Bush activated as a pilot in the Texas Air National Guard (The…

Lobe, Jim. The Bush Team Reloaded. Middle East Report, No. 234 (Spring, 2005), pp. 10-16 Published by: Middle East Research and Information Project

King, D.S. Edwards III, G.C. The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush. Oxford University Press, 2007

Hamilton, W. Bush Began to Plan War Three Months After 9/11. Washington Post. April 17, 2004; Page A01