Body Mass Index nowledge of Older Adults and Motivation to Change
This article is authored by Wills, Fehin, and Callen and published in the British Journal of Community Nursing, 16:3. It was selected as an example of a quasi-experimental design. This is a summary of a quasi-experimental design in which multiple measures were used. This study found that older people did not know their own body mass or the fact they were at risk for multiple health consequences.

"Worldwide, 1.6 billion adults are overweight and 400 million are obese" (Wills).

Statement of Purpose

"The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge of older adults in Ireland and the U.S.A. about their body mass index (BMI) category and motivation to change" (Wills).

Study Methods

This was a quantitative descriptive research design with detailed and informed consent with a sample of older community dwellers. The data collection was height and weight measurements compared to self-reported measurements.…...

mla

Key Findings

Older patients feel the family doctor needs to promote specific health behaviors that include physical activity, diet, stress and mental health, screening, prescription of medication, and social activity as well as alcohol, tobacco, and personal hygeine.

Marcinowicz, L.P. (2013). Perceptions of an older patient on the role of the family doctor in health promotion: a qualitative case study. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 7:57, retrieved from  http://www.jmedicalcasereports.com/content/7/1/57

Obesity, or having a body mass index (BMI) above the normal range has been linked to serious illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, some cancers, and type II diabetes, which are among the leading causes of death nation-wide (Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity, 2011, DHHS). "Doctors call people obese if their weight in kilograms is more than 30 times bigger than their height in meters squared" (Herper 2006). Obesity can be socially as well as physically limiting, and prevent individuals from engaging in heath-promoting physical activities because of joint pain (obese individuals are more likely to develop arthritis) and other mobility issues. It can also be socially limiting, because of its impact on the sufferer's self-esteem.
Q 2. "Approximately 1 in 3 adults (34.0%) and 1 in 6 children and adolescents (16.2%) are obese" (Nutrition, physical activity, and obesity, 2011, DHHS). At least 100,000 additional deaths occur every year as a…...

mla

References

Genomics: Resources. (2011). CDC. Retrieved March 30, 2012 from  http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/resources/diseases/obesity/index.htm 

Calorie Count Recipe Analysis. (2012). Retrieved March 30, 2012 from  http://caloriecount.about.com/cc/recipe_analysis.php 

Herper, Matthew. (2006). The hidden cost of obesity. Forbes. Retrieved March 30, 2012 from  http://www.forbes.com/2006/07/19/obesity-fat-costs_cx_mh_0720obesity.htmlNutrition ,

Mississippi is fattest state. (2011). Calorie Lab. Retrieved March 30, 2012 from  http://calorielab.com/news/2011/06/30/fattest-states-2011/

Measurement Agreement Between Estimates of Aerobic Fitness in Youth: The Impact of Body Mass Index
Pedro F. Saint-Maurice, Gregory J. Welk, Kelly R. Laurson and Dale D. Brown

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 85(1): 59=

Despite the potential for body mass and/or body composition to have an adverse effect on endurance test performance, there remains a lack of timely and relevant research in the exercise science field that warrants additional, systematic study. While it is known that Progressive Aerobic Cardiorespiratory Endurance Run (PACER) equations and the Mile Run Test are reliable and valid, recent health-related Fitnessgram standards were introduced in an effort to improve the usefulness of these measures for school assessment applications.

Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate the effects of body mass index (BMI) on the congruence between the aerobic capacity estimates derived from the application of the Progressive Aerobic Cardiorespiratory Endurance Run (PACER) equations and the…...

Creatine treatment started at 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age, analogous to early, middle, and late stages of human HD, significantly extended survival at both the 6- and 8-week starting points. Significantly improved motor performance was present in both the 6- and 8-week treatment paradigms, while reduced body weight loss was only observed in creatine-supplemented R6/2 mice started at 6 weeks." (Dedeoglu, et al., 2003) Specifically it is stated that the "...Neuropathological sequelae of gross brain and neuronal atrophy and huntington aggregates were delayed in creatine-treated R6/2 mice started at 6 weeks. We show significantly reduced brain levels of both creatine and ATP in R6/2 mice, consistent with a bioenergetic defect. Oral creatine supplementation significantly increased brain concentrations of creatine and ATP to wild-type control levels, exerting a neuroprotective effect. These findings have important therapeutic implications, suggesting that creatine therapy initiated after diagnosis may provide significant clinical benefits…...

mla

Bibliography

NINDS Huntington's Disease Information Page (2009) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Online available at  http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/huntington/huntington.htm 

Hamilton, J.M., et al. (2004) Rate and Correlates of Weight Change in Huntington's Disease. Journal of Neurology Neuroscience and Psychiatry 2004; 75:209-212. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Online available at  http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/75/2/209 

Gaba, Ann M. et al. (2005) Energy Balance in Early-Stage Huntington Disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 81, No. 6. June 2005.

Djousse, L. (2002) Weight Loss in Early Stage of Huntington's Disease. Journal of Neurology 2002. Nov. 12:59(9): 1325-30.

In addition, it may be helpful in treating diabetes and heart disease.
Lactose intolerance is the body's inability to digest lactose, which is a dairy sugar. It's caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, in the small intestines. Treatment includes eliminating dairy products from the diet, yet, milk substitutes are necessary, to ensure that enough calcium, vitamin D, riboflavin, and protein are consumed.

Diabetes and hypoglycemia relate to the amount of blood sugar in the body, too much and too little, respectively. A healthy level of glucose in the body, via the consumption of carbohydrates, is critical to the treatment of these two diseases. Add to this the risk factors of obese people of contracting these diseases, and the dietary benefits of carbohydrates, and one can see why carbohydrates should be a part of everyone's reasonable daily caloric intake.

eferences

Bowman SA, Spence JT. A comparison of low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate diets: Energy…...

mla

References

Bowman SA, Spence JT. A comparison of low-carbohydrate vs. high-carbohydrate diets: Energy restriction, nutrient quality and correlation to body mass index. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 21(3): 2002; 268-274.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is thought to be an indicator of overall health. Quite frequently, health researchers choose to include the measure as a possible predictor of specific outcomes of interest, such as death or incidence of a particular disease. Studies that have established an association between BMI and the incidence of cardio-vascular disease, for example, are quite common in the current literature; however, such studies do not always account for other possible contributors to cardio-vascular disease, such as smoking or other latent disease. In the study, Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults, researchers were interested in determining the existence of an optimal BMI level. The investigators pooled 19 prospective trials, which were initially designed to specifically address cancer related inquiries, in order to arrive at a better understanding of the association of all-cause mortality and BMI. In specific, the researchers' primary interest was, "to assess the…...

mla

References

de Gonzalez, A.B., Hartge, P., Cerhan, J.R., et al. (2010). Body-Mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J. Med; 363:2211-9.

Gordis, L. (2004). Epidemiology. (3rd ed.). USA: Elsevier Inc.

There are remedies (albeit not easy ones for the individuals involved), as suggested by the research. However, and this is very important, the current public health approaches that the Saudi government has taken, as Mabrey et al. (2010) note, have focused fairly narrowly on medical approaches. This focus includes research that has been conducted on metabolic syndrome (which is caused primarily by being overweight). This is caused by clear-cut factors and has a number of possible poor consequences.

Mabrey et al. (2010) note that metabolic syndrome is on average 10 to 15% higher in the GCC states than in the rest of world and that females are disproportionately affected by metabolic syndrome. These researchers are among those who note that a strictly medical approach to such medical problems is far from sufficient. For while metabolic syndrome itself can be identified and described in purely medical terms, such an approach does nothing…...

mla

References

Abraham, S. & Nordsieck, M. (1960). Relationship of excess weight in children and adults. Public Health 75: 263-273.

Alghamdi, K.M. (2010). The use of topical bleaching agents among women: A cross-sectional study of knowledge, attitude and practices. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 24(10): 1214-1219.

Al-Qahtani, D.A., Imtiaz, M.L., Saad, O.S., & Hussein, N.M. (2006). A comparison of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Saudi adult females using two definitions. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 4(3): 204-214.

Al Qauhiz, N.M. (2010). Obesity among Saudi Female University Students: Dietary Habits and Health Behaviors. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 85(1-2):45-59.

Women's Biology
Review and critique of a current article relating to women's biology

How Emergency Contraception Works to Prevent Pregnancy

Emergency contraceptives are drugs used to prevent pregnancy after women indulges in unprotected sex. There is a slight difference between birth control methods and use of contraceptives in preventing unplanned pregnancy. It is significant for women and men to learn and choose the appropriate method that guarantees their well-being. Use of contraceptives prevent fertilization of the ovum, while as birth control pills prevents pregnancy, and includes use of contraceptives such as, IUDs, sterilization, and abortion. This article reviews the health effects of various emergency contraceptives on female reproductive functions. The author argues that limited knowledge about Emergency contraceptive contributes to its overuse or its underuse and enhanced knowledge could trigger development of new ways, maximize use of current methods and increase acceptability of emergency contraceptives (Berger, 2012).

Review of the Emergency Contraceptive Methods

The EC…...

mla

From:  http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/population-groups/women/reviews/our-review 

Ries, N.M. & Tigerstrom, B. (2010). Roadblocks to laws for healthy eating and activity,"

Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 182, no. 7, pp. 687 -- 692

Nursing elated Case Study
Tom's vitals, in the emergency department, revealed an elevated respiratory rate, heart rate and blood pressure. His oxygen saturation was also considerably low. Tom's Body Mass Index (BMI) falls in the overweight category. He was also a-febrile, at presentation, indicating that infection was not a precipitating cause.

Initially the ABGs were normal, indicating an acute severe exacerbation or life threatening asthma. Later, when the ABGs were repeated, carbon dioxide levels were above normal. A raised carbon dioxide level is the differentiating bench mark between life threatening and near fatal asthma. The ABG analysis also reveals acidemia which cannot be solely attributed to a respiratory or metabolic cause alone, and hence can be safely classified as a mixed disorder.

Tom's history is typical of atopic asthma which usually begins in childhood and is triggered by antigens from the environment, such as pollen, animal dander or dust. Upper respiratory tract infections…...

mla

REFERENCES:

Brandis, K. (n.d.). The physiology viva. Retrieved from  http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/downloads/odc.pdf 

Guyton, A., & Hall, J. (2011). Guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology. (12 ed.). Mississippi: Elsevier.

Kumar Abbas, & Robbins, (2007). Basic pathology. (8 ed.). London: Saunders Company.

Myron, K. (2005, May 10). Is obesity a risk factor for asthma. Retrieved from  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/24118.php

Pattern of Development: COMPAE AND CONTAST
Sick Society

Is it even a mystery how we have become the fattest country in the world (Sturm 2007)? Why do we have such poor choices for food? Enter Derrick. Derrick is a 15-year-old male from Jackson, Mississippi who has been clinically diagnosed as being "Class II Obese" or "Morbidly Obese" with a BMI of 37. His poor food choices at any given time during the day, along with his extremely low-level of activity, can be easily sighted as the determining factors regarding his alarming condition (Whitlock et al. 2009). Why does he make such unhealthy choices? Enter Dino. Dino is also a 15-year-old male, but he is from Zurich, Switzerland. Dino has a BMI of only 8 and is not obese, nor is he even overweight. Is this simply due to the relative abundance of healthier food choices and having a non-sedentary lifestyle, the cultural…...

mla

Rosenheck R (November 2008). "Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk." Obes Rev 9 (6): 535 -- 47.

Sturm R (2007). "Increases in morbid obesity in the U.S.A.: 2000 -- 2005." Public Health 121 (7): 492 -- 6.

Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, et al. (March 2009). "Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900-000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies." Lancet 373 (9669): 1083 -- 96.

A recent article shows that such an approach "brings the company direct economic benefits" (Zwetsloot, p. 115).
The program can also provide educational information for the employees to further prod them in their efforts to become healthy. Such information can include items on illnesses, diseases and the effects of ill-health that being obese or overweight exacerbates.

A recent study shows that "chronic exposure to stressful situations such as work overload, poor supervisory support and low input into decision-making have been cross-sectionally and prospectively linked to a range of debilitating health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, immune deficiency disorders and cardiovascular disease" (Noblet, p. 347). A program such as the one being proposed can help to alleviate such outcomes.

The opportunity exists for the company to expand its intranet services, using the provided services not only to track the individual employee's progress, but provide each of them a personalized report that allows…...

mla

Works Cited

Noblet, a., LaMontagne, a.D., (2006) the role of workplace health promotion in addressing job stress, Health Promotion International, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 346-353

Zwetsloot, G., Pot, F., (2004) the Business Value of Health Management, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 115-124

Treating Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is an eating confusion described by a terror of fatness experienced during the adolescence period that leads to them to starving themselves leading to harmful low body weight, a moody fear of being fat and compulsive hunt for thinness. Though not limited to a certain age or sex, it mostly affects the female. The eating disorder affects both the physical appearance; thin appearance and psychological health. Though the origin of anorexia nervosa is blurred, severe fasting and weight loss are regularly linked with efforts to manage the increasing psychological and social burden of adolescence, the disorder leads to a reported death rate of 6-10% of the adolescent who do not seek medication in time Berkman et al., 2006.

The worry among most clinicians is whether to focus on anxieties the adolescence have during this period of growth or addressing the rigorous dieting and weight loss.…...

mla

Reference

Berkman, N.D., Bulik, C., Lohr, K., Brownley, K., J., S., Rooks, A., & Gartlehner, G. (2006). Management of Eating Disorders. North Carolina: AHRQ Publication.

Cachelin, M., & Rebeck, R. (2000). Barriers to Treatment for Eating Disorders among Ethnically Diverse Women. California: Wesleyan press.

Lock, J., Couturier, J., & A., S.W. (2006). Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes in Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa Treated With Family Therapy. Ontario: DOI press.

Shepphird, S.F. (2010). 100 questions & answers about anorexia nervosa. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

In addition, the Marines have a much smaller force than the army.
On the other hand, the army cannot be as selective as the marines because it needs to maintain a much higher number of troops. The article explains that the army "needs 80,000 new soldiers this year and must find them in a populace that is in many ways less willing and less able to serve than earlier generations were (Mockenhaupt, 2007, pg.86)." The article explains that teenagers and young adults are overweight and less fit than any previous generation. In addition, this generation of young Americans eats more unhealthy foods, watches more television, and engages in less physical activity than previous generations. The article further asserts that this generation is "more individualistic and less inclined to join the military. And with the unemployment rate hovering near historic lows, they have other choices (Mockenhaupt, 2007, pg.86)."

Overall it is apparent…...

mla

References

Anderson, P.M., & Butcher, K.F. (2006). Childhood Obesity: Trends and Potential Causes. The Future of Children, 16(1), 19+.

Body Mass Index. http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi/

Belkin D. (February 20, 2006) Struggling for recruits, Army relaxes its rules: Fitness, education, age criteria change. The Boston Globe Retrieved March 16, 2008 from;  http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/02/20/struggling_for_recruits_army_relaxes_its_rules/?page=1 

Daniels, S.R. (2006). The Consequences of Childhood Overweight and Obesity. The Future of Children, 16(1), 47+.

Food Served in Public Schools
he school nutrition environment, consisting of school meals and competitive meals, has actually properly gotten terrific attention due to the fact that kids eat, usually, one-third of their everyday calorie consumption at school (Briefel et al., 2009).

Improving the dietary consumption of our country's kids is of crucial value given that one-third of school-age kids are obese or overweight (Ogden et al., 2010).

Paper's Scope and significant areas:.

his research will clarify Kid Nutrition Reauthorization from FRAC. he research addresses school meal quality and gain access to (Hartline-Grafton, 2010). Moreover, the present research concentrates on competitive meals, which are extensively readily available in schools, mostly exempt from federal nutrition criteria, and have an unfavourable influence on the wellness and health of all pupils, particularly pupils from low-income households.

Research Methods:.

he semi-structured type of interview is utilized in the research in addition to the standardized type, as these 2 kinds of…...

mla

Terry-McElrath, Y.M., O'Malley, P.M., Delva, J., & Johnston, L.D. (2009). The school food environment and student body mass index and food consumption: 2004 to 2007 national data. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3 Supplement), S45-S56.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and U.S. Department of Education. (2005). Making It Happen! School Nutrition Success Stories. FNS-374. Available at:   Accessed April 20, 2013.http://www.fns.usda.gov/TN/Resources/makingithappen.html .

Wharton, C.M., Long, M., & Schwartz, M.B. (2008). Changing nutrition standards in schools: the emerging impact on school revenue. Journal of School Health, 78(5), 245-251.

Childhood Obesity and Its Affects on Self-Esteem, Learning and Development
Childhood obesity has reached alarming proportions in developed nations of the world and its prevalence is continuously rising from 1971. In the Scandinavian countries, childhood obesity is less than compared to the Mediterranean countries; yet, the amount of obese children is increasing in both cases. Even though the highest rates of childhood obesity have been seen in developed countries, and at the same time, obesity is increasing in developing countries as well. Childhood obesity is at increased levels in the Middle East and Central and Eastern Europe as well. As an example, in 1998, The World Health Organization project assessing of cardiovascular diseases had showed that Iran was one among the seven countries, which had the highest rates of childhood obesity. (Dehghan; Akhtar-Danesh; Merchant, 2005, p. 1485)

In UK, observations state that there has been a noticeable enhancement in obesity levels, and…...

mla

References

Abell, Steven C; Richards, Maryse H. 1996. The relationship between body shape satisfaction and self-esteem: an investigation of gender and class differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. Vol: 25; No: 1; pp: 61-64

Boyles, Salynn; Smith, Michael. 2003. Mental Illness Common in Childhood Obesity; Defiance, Depression Cited in Study. April, 7. WebMD Medical News. Retrieved October 17, 2005, from the World Wide Web:

 http://my.webmd.com/content/article/63/71937.htm?z=1728_00000_1000_ln_03 

Bullying and Overweight and Obese Children. Retrieved October 18, 2005, from the World Wide Web:  http://kidshealth.org/research/bullying_overweight.html

Lifestyle Changes and Nutrition in Infertility Management

Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse, affects approximately 10-15% of couples worldwide. While medical interventions like assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) often take center stage in infertility treatment, lifestyle modifications and proper nutrition play a crucial role in improving fertility outcomes.

### Lifestyle Changes

1. Maintain a Healthy Weight:
Obesity and underweight can impair hormonal balance and ovulation. Maintaining a healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) can improve fertility in both men and women.

2. Regular Exercise:
Moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking or swimming, for 30 minutes most days of the week, can....

Dietary Strategies for Optimizing Nutrition in Dialysis Patients

Dialysis treatment, a life-sustaining therapy for individuals with advanced kidney disease, necessitates significant dietary modifications to manage fluid and electrolyte imbalances, prevent malnutrition, and support overall well-being. Here are comprehensive dietary strategies to help optimize the nutrition of individuals undergoing dialysis treatment:

1. Calorie Management:

Dialysis patients often experience decreased appetite, nausea, and vomiting, leading to reduced calorie intake. Aim for a daily calorie intake of 30-35 kcal/kg of body weight to maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI). Consult with a registered dietitian to determine individualized calorie needs.

2. Protein Management:

Protein intake is crucial for....

Does Regular Practice of Yoga Lead to Better Physical Fitness Compared to Non-Practitioners?
Yoga has become increasingly popular worldwide, with millions of people practicing it for various reasons, including improving physical fitness. While some anecdotal evidence suggests that yoga can enhance physical health, scientific research is needed to determine the actual effects of regular yoga practice on physical fitness. This paper will examine the existing literature to assess whether regular yoga practice leads to better physical fitness compared to non-practitioners.
Flexibility and Range of Motion
One of the most well-established benefits of yoga is its ability to improve flexibility and range of motion.....

1. Peanut butter sandwiches contribute to childhood obesity due to their high calorie and fat content, which can lead to excessive weight gain in children.

2. The accessibility and convenience of peanut butter sandwiches make them a popular choice for busy parents, but the lack of nutritional value in these sandwiches can increase the risk of childhood obesity.

3. Studies have shown that children who consume peanut butter sandwiches regularly tend to have a higher body mass index (BMI) and are more likely to be overweight or obese.

4. Peanut butter sandwiches are often paired with sugary spreads like jelly....