During the construction process, dead loads "can be accurately calculated," (Brannigan: 15). Yet, live loads are much harder to plan for. Carefully planning for the planning of these types of considerations in building design has been crucial. ecent fire codes have begun to implement live load constrictions. All of these elements can have an effect on the health of a structure during a disaster like a fire.
Constructing smart means preventing disaster and maintaining structure quality through a multitude of disasters. Through proper adherence to fire codes, which have been created in order to prevent disasters, and intelligent design practices, buildings have a chance against the harmful disasters which plague cities and towns everywhere.
eferences
Brannigan, Frances L. (2007). Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. Jones & Barlett
Carr, obert F. (2009). Health care facilities. Whole Building Design Guide. etrieved August 23, 2009 at http://www.wbdg.org/design/health_care.php.
Conway, Brian. (2009). Office building. The Planning Site,…...
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References
Brannigan, Frances L. (2007). Brannigan's Building Construction for the Fire Service. Jones & Barlett
Conway, Brian. (2009). Office building. The Planning Site, LLC. National Institute of Building Sciences. Retrieved August 23, 2009 at http://www.wbdg.org/design/office.php .
The fires burned "out of control" on six of the lower floors at #7 which seriously damaged the floor framing on several floors. hen a main girder on the 13th floor "lost its connection to a critical interior column that provided support for the long floor spans" on the east side of #7, that caused the 13th floor to collapse and from there on down it was like a domino effect down to the 5th floor (Stein).
In 2005 NIST published its research on 22 collapses of buildings resulting from fires. Looking specifically at the building materials used on those 22 collapses, the NIST research revealed: 7 buildings were built with concrete; 6 were built using structural steel; 5 were built with brick/masonry; 2 buildings were built using wood; and in the remaining 2 buildings it was unknown as to what materials were used (Beitel, 2005). .
Thirteen of those collapsed…...
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Works Cited
Beitel, Jesse, and Iwankiw, Nestor. (2005). Historical Survey of Multistory Building
Collapses Due to Fire. Fire Protection Engineering, 158(6).
Post, Nadine M. (2003). Experts Debate Using Structure to Resist Fire Loads. ENR:
Building Codes
In modern building construction, there are numerous codes and regulations that contractors and builders are compelled by law to follow. Though different states and municipalities have variation in their particular regulatory regimes, there are some standard guidelines that all state and local governments must abide. First, regulations require buildings to be structurally sound; that is, in the case of fire or disaster, buildings and homes must be able to withstand the shock of a sudden fire or destructive event. A sound foundation and frame can aid rescue workers by giving them the security that the building will better hold up while firefighters engage in rescue operations. Second, most regulations require that building and interior materials meet fire retardation standards. Many contemporary building materials are made with new plastics and polymers that do not, or are resistant, to burning. Fire retardant materials can help prevent a building from burning too…...
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Each of these codes and regulations can have a considerable impact on building construction. First, abiding by the codes can increase the cost of construction, since builders must seek and use the latest in both structurally sound and fire retardant material -- as technologies such as nanotechnology go public, each succeeding generation of fire retardant building material may be required for not only building, but for renovation of existing structures as well. Also, there may be increased costs to architectural firms as they must alter plans and designs to incorporate features such as fire escapes and clear pathways to meet building codes. As a building is being designed, there has to be a foundation to support its structure, and this can increase the cost of seeking the appropriate location for the building -- i.e., the land must be able to support the relevant structure.
It is obvious that it is in the public's interest to ensure that new structures (and renovated older buildings as well) are subject to numerous codes and regulations. History is replete with examples of catastrophic fires and mass death due to fires and natural disasters; take for example what happened to San Francisco during the earthquake and resulting fire in 1906 or in the 2003 Rhode Island Station nightclub fire in which ninety-six patrons were killed. And of course, in the age of terrorism, fire and building safety become paramount in protecting the public's well-being and security. But in order for there to be safety and security, builders and contractors must be held to account for shoddy or inferior workmanship, and the only way to ensure that homes and buildings are safe and secure, is to use the force of law through regulations and codes to oblige builders to design and build safe and secure structures.
Codes and building standards are very important for firefighter and rescuer safety. Through the use of codes and regulations, buildings and structures can be designed to ensure maximum rescuer "safer" access and exit, thus facilitating the timely rescue of persons and property. Also, fire safe building design can aid in the quick exit of occupants, thus giving firefighters "less to do," so to speak, thus both limiting the amount of time a firefighter must remain in a burning structure and the number of trips a rescuer must enter the disaster area. Also, by requiring features such as sprinklers, fire extinguishers and numerous and easy emergency exits can aid fire fighters by ensuring that occupants themselves have the ability to limit or forestall the spreading of a fire while giving them the ability to quickly exit the burning structure as the fire spreads. All this can limit the danger a firefighter can potentially face.
Within the project management process, there are monetary values that stakeholders allot to manage the risks in order to enhance the successful completion of the project. Suppose, stakeholders allot $250,000 to manage the project risks and after completion of the project, a project manager will calculate all the costs used in the risk management. The total costs used to manage the risks will determine the risks management outcome of completed projects. If the planned costs to manage the risks are higher than the actual costs, the risk management carried out for the project is not effective. However, if the planned costs for the risk management are equal or less than the actual costs, there is an effectiveness procedure used in the risk management for the completed projects.
Moreover, overall project costs are another determinant to assess the risk management outcomes of completed projects. The planned costs of a project vs.…...
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References
Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010). Features Article: A Statistical Overview of the Construction Industry. Australia.
Barber, R.B. (2004). Systemic issues in risk management in projects; why the as/NZS 4360 approach is not enough. Australian Project Manager 24 (1), 24-27.
Project Management Institute (2004) a Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (3rd Edition). PMBOK Guides.
Richard, a.U. (2009). Documentation and Monitoring of Construction Projects. A Research Project in Partial Fulfillment of B. sc in Building. Nnamdi Azikiwe University. Nigeria.
Codes and egulations
Building rules are applicable in situations whereby the property owners decide to modify, demolish or establish heir buildings according to the jurisdiction of the building codes and conducts. According to Ching and Winkel (2012), structures and construction projects are governed by various codes and regulations during the construction of new houses, refurbishments and changes in the use of building among other construction activities. These building codes and regulations are to assist in maintenance of building sanity since the construction activities require no federal permits. Building plans are subjected to reviews for adherence with the laws and building codes.
The first code governing the construction of buildings requires the buildings to have fire protection systems installed. Fire protection systems such as automatic fire sprinklers are major requirement for constructors establishing buildings for commercial or public use. Legislations have been passed to make buildings comply with codes such as installation of…...
Inexcusable delay - these postponements outcome from a contractor's own fault or his subcontractors or substantial dealers
Table 3-1 the Most Important Delay Factors According to Contractors
Type
Delay factor
ank
Scheduling
Preparation and approval of shop drawings
1
Financing
Delays in contractors progress payment by owner
2
Changes
Design change by owner during construction
2
Material
Delay in the special manufacture out side of Saudi Arabia
4
Financing
Owners cash problems during construction
5
Contractual
relationship
Slowness of owner's decision making process
6
Material
Slow delivery of construction material
7
Changes
Design errors made by designers
7
Scheduling
Waiting for sample materials to be approved
7
Table 3-2 the Most Significant Delay Issues Conferring to Architectural Engineers
Type
Delay factor
ank
Financing
Owners cash problem during construction
1
Financing
Financing by contractors during construction
2
Contractual
relationships
elationship between different subcontractors schedules
2
Contractual
relationships
Slowness of owner's decision making process
2
Financing
Delays in contractors progress payments by owner
5
Materials
Changes in type of construction materials
6
Scheduling
Poor judgment of involved people in estimating time
6
Contractual
relationships
Controlling subcontractors by general contractors
6
Table 3-3 the Most Important Delay Factors According to Owners
Type
Delay factor
ank
Changes
Design errors made by designers
1
Government
relationships
Excessive bureaucracy in project owner operation
2
Manpower
Shortage of manpower
3
Manpower
Labor skill
3
Financing
Financing by contractor during…...
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Reference:
Acharya, N.K., Young, D.L., & Im, H.M. (2006). Conflicting factors in construction projects: Korean perspective. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 13(6), 543-566.
Alaghbari, W., Mohd, R.A., Salim, a., & Ernawati. (2007). The significant factors causing delay of building construction projects in malaysia. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(2), 192-206.
Al-Kharashi, a., & Skitmore, M. (2009). Causes of delays in saudi arabian public sector construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 27(1), 3.
Arditi, D., & Robinson, M.A. (1995). Concurrent delays in construction litigation. Cost Engineering, 37(7), 20-20.
project leader for the office building construction project, formulate a vision statement for the team project.
According to Gray and Larson (2008) a vision is unlike a project scope statement, which includes: budget, end dates, and performance requirements, a vision involve the less tangible aspects of project performance. It refers to an image a project team holds in common about how the project will look upon completion, how they will work together and/or how customers will accept the project (p. 361-362). A simple level of a shared vision will answer the question, what do we want to create? Not everyone will have the same vision, but the images should be comparable. Additionally, vision comes in a variety of shapes and forms such as: in a slogan, a symbol and/or written as a formal vision statement (p.362).
A vision can also inspire members to give their best effort. However, shared visions bring…...
(CPA News, 2008)
It is related in the CPA News article that brand and marketing strategy should involve making clients aware of the green building services of the firm prior to beginning construction on a new green building or in the case in which they are thinking about "retrofitting an existing one. There are substantial tax deductions available..." (2008) for both.
FINDINGS & CONCLUSION
It has been indicated in this study that the role of accounting and financial management in the green building construction is one that is vital and determinative of project success and is a role that requires the individual take the initiative in addressing construction design and development and the associated costs, initiative funding, and even marketing and sales. This study has found that 'green construction' holds great financial promise for many years to come.
ibliography
Miller, Stephani I. (2008) Green uilding Regulations Proliferating. Residential Architect. 23 Jul 2008. Online available…...
Craft not art?
a. Though it is undeniable that manufacturers of objects not generally esteemed as art such as fabric and dishes are still artists, the fact that their contribution to cultural aesthetic is not valued similarly or at least regarded similarly to that of a sculptor is fundamentally incorrect.
b. This shift in regard of "craft" as either an art or not an art has occurred as the world modernizes and more distinct lines are drawn between objects and pieces of art. Historically, earthen ware jugs, rugs, dishware all these things which now would not be regarded as are were in the past regarded as such and given great care and detail
c. The devaluation of craft objects as simple objects not objects to be admired or appreciated beyond their functionality and superficial connection to an overall aesthetic has resulted in a paradox for individuals who make craft. They are artists,…...
Technical Information Research & Building Construction AnalysisTask 1i. Construction StagesSite preparationIn all construction and building projects, site clearing is the initial phase and it involves the removal of trees, vegetation, and old or unwanted structures that sit on the prospective site, as was the case in the observed project. In accordance with the statements of Wilkie (2011), all services including water, gas, and power were disconnected from the structure before the demolition work began. Other services like drainage and stormwater were also sealed off, and the necessary steps are taken to ensure that the nearby properties are protected. One of these strategies was to fence the site and ensure appropriate barricading to prevent unauthorized access to the construction site (Wilkie 2011). After demolition, the rubble was cleared and excavation work began.Figure 1. Site preparation - demolition of the previous structureVarious equipment can be used in the excavation phase. The choice…...
Building Design Construction Methods and Collapse
General building design and construction methods
Contemporary building regulations are effective in ensuring the safety of occupants throughout the life cycle of the structure. Government agencies have the responsibility of inspection to ensure safety and enforcing compliance to regulations and codes during constructions. Building design and construction methods evolve in response to emerging trends and demands in the industry. Advancements within the design and construction industries transform the demands and orientation of structures as per the consumer demand.
Building designs and construction methods have associated types of collapse. Designs and construction methods determine the gravity resistance system of buildings. Different building designs and construction methods have related hazards from the collapse of structures.
Fire resistive buildings
Fire resistive building designs integrate the application non-combustible materials in construction. This prevents the construction materials from adding to the fire load and smoke within and spread from the building. Construction materials used…...
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References
Bukowski, R., Jensen, R. & Laurel, A. (2012). Addressing the Needs of People Using Elevators for Emergency Evacuation. Fire Technology, 48: 127 -- 136.
Ling, F. & Soh, L. (2005). Improving the design of tall buildings after 9/11. Structural Survey, 23 (4): 265-281.
Mohammad, H. (2009). On the challenges of evacuation and rescue operations in high-rise buildings. Structural Survey, 27 (2): 109-118.
Randall, M. (2005). OSHA to the Rescue: Roofing industry benefits from agency's efforts. Professional Safety, 50 (2): 38-40.
Decision
As the general contractor of a medium size, one of the most important decision points in construction is a go no-go decision. Go no-go decisions have become common in the modern construction industry because of the changing marketplace that has in turn generated complex procurement choices. In light of the changing marketplace in the construction industry, construction companies face new challenges in identifying the most suitable project proposals to adopt and develop vetting measures that help in making the appropriate go no-go decision (Illia & ubin, 2014). Despite the complexities of such decisions, go no-go decisions remain very crucial choices in this sector because of their significance in weighing costs for the most appropriate project fit.
Contractors need to conduct a go no-go analysis in order to determine the best project fit depending on project specifications and needs. The analysis helps in several aspects including serving as a process of…...
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References
Bagies, A and Fortune, C (2006) Bid/ no-bid decision modelling for construction projects. In: Boyd, D (Ed) Procs 22nd Annual ARCOM Conference, 4-6 September 2006, Birmingham, UK, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 511-521.
building industry. The building industry is a cyclical business based on residential and business construction. The industry has faced several years of constrained demand, despite low interest rates. Two firms within the industry are Eagle Materials (EXP) and Apogee Enterprises (APOG). These two firms will be compared with one another in terms of their finances and their recent news in this paper. First, Eagle will be studied including its key financial ratios and recent news, and then the same treatment will be given to Apogee. The conclusion of the paper will discuss the future of the industry and which of the two firms would make a better investment for someone looking to put money in the building industry today.
The Building Industry
The building industry is a cyclical business based on construction. Both construction firms and their suppliers are part of this industry. The two companies being studied are industry suppliers.…...
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Works Cited:
Apogee Enterprises Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended 2012.
Building surveying assessmentTask 11. Building construction stagesWallsThe buildings timber-framed walls have been erected compliant with the Australian Standard 1684. High-tech manufacturing devices are utilized to produce prefabricated frames within an off-site industrial unit. These frames are then transported to the construction site in a ready-to-use state with explicit instructions for installation.The timber frames are non-load as well as load bearing, with synthetic erection and construction material to ground slab and sub-floor frames. Frame components include plates, trimmers, studs, blocking, noggings, and lentils.Figure 1. Wall -timber-frameExternal walls utilized a brick veneer, constructed using clay bricks which are produced in strict compliance with AS/NZS 4455:1997, Masonry units and segmental pavers; AS 3700-2001, Masonry structures; and AS/NZS 4456:2003, Masonry units and segmental pavers and flags methods of test. According to traditional brick-veneer construction rules, the brickwork is largely placed on the edifices exterior (Page 1996).Figure 2. External brick veneer wallA vapor barrier…...
Justifying the Running Cost Savings of Commercial Green Buildings
The initial capital investment required for a commercial green building can be significantly higher than that of a conventional building. However, the long-term running cost savings associated with green buildings can justify this initial investment. Here's a detailed analysis:
1. Reduced Energy Consumption:
Green buildings incorporate energy-efficient design strategies and technologies, such as:
Improved insulation and sealing High-performance windows Efficient lighting systems Renewable energy sources (e.g., solar panels)
These measures reduce energy consumption and lower utility bills. Studies have shown that green buildings can consume 20-50% less energy than conventional buildings.
2. Lower Water Usage:
Green buildings....
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