Childhood Development
Factors Influencing Early Childhood Development

Darling and Steinberg (1993) proposed a model of parenting that integrated several prior models. They discriminated between parenting practice and parenting style, with the former representing domain-specific parenting habits and the latter domain-independent social interactions between parent and child. A critical distinction between parenting practice and style, based on their model, is that style communicates to the child how the parent feels about the child rather than the child's behavior. The natural extension of this model is that a child's sense of self-worth is directly influenced by parenting style.

The parenting styles reviewed by Darling and Steinberg (1993) included authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, and neglectful. Of these parenting styles, authoritative was viewed as producing the best developmental outcomes in terms of socialization, academic achievement, and emotional maturation. Using the model proposed by Maccoby and Martin in 1983, parenting styles could be described empirically along two dimensions: (1)…...

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References

Burger, Kaspar. (2010). How does early childhood care and education affect cognitive development? An international review of the effects of early interventions for children from different social backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 25, 140-165.

Darling, Nancy and Steinberg, Laurence. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487-496.

Tong, Lian, Shinohara, Ryoji, Sugisawa, Yuka, Tanaka, Emiko, Maruyama, Akiko, Sawada, Yuko et al. (2009). Relationship of working mothers' parenting style and consistency to early childhood development: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(10), 2067-2076.

Childhood Development
Cognitive behavioral analysis paper on child 2 years old

Analyzing play situations: Applying Piaget's theories to toddlers

The developmental psychologist Jean Piaget, "emphasized the importance of schemas in cognitive development, and described how they were developed or acquired. A schema can be defined as a set of linked mental representations of the world, which we use both to understand and to respond to situations. The assumption is that we store these mental representations and apply them when needed" (McLeod 2009). A good example in the life of an adult is when he or she knows how to order a meal in a restaurant, following a particular social script or schema. Children acquire more and more 'scripts' as they age and become capable of processing scripts of greater and greater complexity.

In the first observational situation, the child is seen enacting a script she likely saw a parent or other adult embody. She…...

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References

McLeod, S.A. (2009). Jean Piaget -- Cognitive theory. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from  http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html 

Hill, Patrick & Daniel Lapsley. (2009). Egocentrism. Education. com. Retrieved from:

 http://www.education.com/reference/article/egocentrism/

Early Childhood Development
esearch on the brain and early childhood development indicates that the first four years of life are a period of particularly rapid development of brain structures and function. According to Larissa Scott (2004) the potential of the brain can be enhanced by presenting the right experiences at the right times, in the right amounts. In the initial stages of life, children's brains can be compared to a sponge soaking up liquids. As the newborn's five senses are stimulated the information gathered causes brain activity. This activity leads to the development of motor, emotional, behavioral, cognitive and social functioning.

Influence of Family and Environment

As the brain collects more information it begins to make connections between old and new knowledge, discarding information that does not sustain relevance to the environment. This sorting and learning process can be regarded as a function of the elimination of unnecessary associations and maintenance of those…...

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References

National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2007). The timing and quality of early experiences combine to shape brain architecture: Working paper no. 5. Retrieved August 1, 2012, from  http://developingchild.harvard.edu/ 

Perry, B.D. (2000 Nov./Dec.). The developmental hot zone. Early childhood today. Vol. 15, Issue 3, 30-32. Retrieved August 1, 2012, from  http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=122&sid=535cc3b2-26a5-4a67-a8ba-c00b86f75f28%40sessionmgr115&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=3797110 

Pong, S., Hao, L., & Gardner, E. (2005, December). The roles of parenting styles and social capital in the school performance of immigrant Asian and Hispanic adolescents. Social science quarterly. Vol. 86, Issue 4, 928-950. Retrieved August 1, 2012 from  http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7&hid=105&sid=92b749c0-92df-464c-8283-2bf54a532c10%40sessionmgr113 

Scott, L.K. (2004, Fall). Early childhood brain development and elementary music curricula: Are they in tune? General music today. Vol. 18, Issue 1, 20-27. Retrieved August1, 2012, from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=72452c9d-8a7d-4372-9623-1d0ec01f6946%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=122&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=15855764

The primary caregiver during the very early years of the child's life is the mother. Men play a fairly minor part in the early developmental years of the child. "In Malawi most men are traditionally distanced from their children; they rarely hold and play with them. (ibid)
However this situation changes as the child grows up, and there is later more interaction between father and child.

Overall, however, men are generally associated with the provision of financial support while women are seen as the ones responsible for nurturing." (ibid) Early childhood education is largely the responsibility of the mother and community and takes place mostly at home. It is essential non-formal in the rural areas, with the child being taught by the mother and siblings.

However, many of these cultural practices are being modernized. " Most traditional childrearing practices persist to date in some form, although they have been influenced by changes…...

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Bibliography

Evans J. Childrearing practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1994. April 30, 2005. http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:BhcaLY5u9HwJ:www.ecdgroup.com/download/cc115bca.pdf+early+childhood+development+malawi+culture&hl=en&start=5&client=firefox-a

Malawi: World Education Forum) May 1, 2005. http://www2.unesco.org/wef/countryreports/malawi/rapport_1_1.html

Mbugua, Tata J. "Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya." Childhood Education 80.4 (2004): 191+. Questia. 3 May 2005

Myers, G. Towards an analysis of the costs and effectiveness of community-based early childhood education in Kenya. 1992.

Early Childhood Development
oles and esponsibilities of an Early Childhood Professional

Early childhood professionals are often required to wear many hats, particularly because their job description changes almost on a daily basis. As a facilitator of learning, an early childhood professional acts as a guide. Usually, a guide is tasked with leading other people down new paths, and he does so by walking beside them, rather than in front of them (Child Care Education Institute, 2008). His group's safety is his top priority, and he always strives to keep the people under his watch free from harm (Child Care Education Institute, 2008). The same ideology applies to early childhood professionals -- they identify new experiences as well as engagements to impart upon children and then guide them in a direction that is of interest to them. For instance, rather than lead the child through the process of playing, the professional lets the…...

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References

Child Care Education Institute. (2008). The Roles and Responsibilities of an Early Childhood Teacher. Child Care Education Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2014 from  https://www.cceionline.com/newsletters/August_08.html 

NAEYC. (2010). 2010 Standards for Initial Early Childhood Professional Preparation. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). Retrieved 16 December 2014 from  http://www.naeyc.org/ncate/files/ncate/Stds_1pager.pdf 

Humphreys, J.T. (1985). The Child Study Movement and Public School Music Education. Journal of Research in Music Education, 33(2), 79-86.

Maturationist, Constructivist, and Environmentalist Educational Theories
Numerous educational and childhood development theories have impacted school readiness discussions. Among the most notable theories that hold an effect on readiness practices are maturationists', constructivists', and environmentalists' development theories. Maturationists observe that there can be achievement of school readiness practices when all healthy children hold the potential to carry out activities such as counting and alphabet recitation. Encompassment of these activities is in learning of more intricate errands such as arithmetic or reading (Lenz-Taguchi, 2010). On the other hand, the environmentalists' theory ascertains that the environment that children survive in molds their behaviors and learning. In fact, environmentalists believe that development, learning and human behaviors are responses to a child's setting. Some of the principal developers of environmentalist theories include B.Skinner and John Watson. Constructivist readiness perspective is the work of Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget among other theorists. Such theorists believed that development and…...

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References

Bruno, H.(2008). Leading on purpose: Emotionally intelligent early childhood administration. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Coon, D., & Mitterer, J.(2008). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. London: Cengage Learning.

Cross, T. (2005). The social and emotional lives of gifted kids: Understanding and guiding their development. New York: Prufrock Press Inc.

Lenz-Taguchi, H.(2010). Theory/practice divide in early childhood education: Introducing an intra-active pedagogy. London: Taylor & Francis.

"
It becomes even more apparent now that the early childhood milestones are important ones, and are associated with how the child will approach problems and resolve them going forward from a very early point in life, and that the parents' role in that process is important, and large. Kathleen a. Roskos and James F. Christie (2000) say that a child's cognitive ability lends itself to a perspective on play, on those elements of play involving how they approach it, solve the challenges that are presented to them in play, and processing information leads to mental processes that build literacy, and actually build the skills that child will rely upon in reading and writing (Roskos and Christie, 1).

This is the type of behaviors that Messer and Blank observed and remarked upon in their research. It is what Messer understood to be predictable outcomes when children are motivated by through their relationships…...

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Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113677803 

Anning, Angela, and Anne Edwards, eds. Promoting Children's Learning from Birth to Five: Developing the New Early Years Professional. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1999. Questia. 23 Oct. 2008

Early Childhood Development Issues
Children with special needs comprise about 20% of all children in the United States. Common special needs include learning disability, communication challenges, emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, and developmental disabilities. ithin the school system, students with these kinds of disabilities are likely to benefit from additional educational services, different approaches to teaching, access to a resource room and use of technology (Resources for Children with Special Needs). Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but the term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of students whose special needs reduce their ability to learn independently or in a classroom. Developmentally, though these children often experience a wide range of developmental issues that sometimes have different levels of impact upon the family -- both nuclear and extended (Newacheck et.al.).

One of the key factors…...

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Works Cited

Green, S. And Shinn. "Parent Attitudes about Special Education." Exceptional Children 61.3 (1994): 269-74. Print.

Heron, K. "Special Children, Challenged Parents." Education and Treatment of CHildren 26.2 (2003): 201-14. Print.

International Disability and Development Consortium. "Guidance Note on Disability and Development." July 2004. Ec.europa.eu. Web. February 2012. .

"Mission and Forums." January 2012. Support for Special Needs. Web. February 2012. .

Behaviorism and Childhood Development: An Educator and Parent's Perspective
"Haven't I told you a hundred times," says a parent to an errant child, "not to put your muddy shoes on the sofa!" Yes, a behaviorist might note, the parent has told the child to do so -- but the parent has not taught the child, only told the child. The act of telling the child not to muddy the sofa in behaviorist would be conveyed, for instance, by rewarding the child for removing his or her shoes after coming in the house, and forcing the child to clean up after his or her transgression. Incrementally, through conditioning over the course of a series of proceses rather than cognitive actions alone the child would be taught in such a fashion.

The behaviorist Hempel (1949) claimed that "all psychological statements that are meaningful . . . are translatable into statements that do not involve…...

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Works Cited

Arnold, N.S. 1990. Marx's Radical Critique of Capitalist Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hempel, C. 1949. "The Logical Analysis of Psychology." In H. Feigl and W. Sellars (eds.), Readings in Philosophical Analysis (pp. 373-84). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Hempel, C. 1966. Philosophy of Natural Science. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Killeen, P. 1994. "Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 105-172.

Although it is too soon to offer a definitive assessment of Angela’s attachment styles, her early childhood experiences plus her current social difficulties suggest Angela will probably exhibit ambivalent or avoidant attachment styles towards others at first. Because she has already exhibited struggles making friends, it is most likely she is exhibiting avoidant attachment. Insecure avoidant types withdraw and are generally reluctant to form close connections or attachments because they have experienced unreliable caregiving patterns. Angela could just as easily be demonstrating some resistant behaviors, if she acts out with anger or aggression. However, her evident lack of problematic behavior suggests that Angela has a strong degree of psychological resilience. This is the ideal stage at which to offer Angela additional supports to improve her self-esteem and increase her ability or willingness to trust others. Temperament could also be an issue, interacting with Angela’s early childhood experiences with unreliable caregivers and…...

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References

Hardrup, W.H. (n.d.). The peer context in middle childhood. Development During Middle Childhood. Retrieved online:  

McLeod, S. (2008). Mary Ainsworth. Simply Psychology. Retrieved online:  https://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html 

“Temperament and Personality,” (n.d.). Retrieved online:  http://psych.colorado.edu/~colunga/P4684/temperament.pdf 

 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216783/ 

hen asked afterwards to recollect -without looking at their diaries - what they had done on each day, mixed-handers performed better. Likewise, he found that mixed-handers' childhood memories date back further than those of strong-handers.
This, Christman says, is consistent with the theory that mixed-handers -- again, thanks to that larger corpus callosum -- do better at tasks that require interplay between the two sides of the brain (olman 2005) Truly left-handed individuals, according to Christman are rare, only 2 to 3% of the population, and some stereotypes about left-handed individuals are more true of mixed-handers who may be classified as left-handed. It is they who are statistically more at risk," for getting into car accidents, for example. "This seems consistent with the inter-hemispheric model: imagine someone talking on a mobile phone (a left hemisphere task) while driving with the left hand (a right-hemisphere task)" (olman 2005). For teachers, understanding…...

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Works Cited

Cairney, John, Louis a Schmidt, Scott Veldhuizen, Paul Kurdyak, John Hay, & Brent E.

Faught. (2008). Left- handedness and developmental coordination disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(10), 696-9. Retrieved March 2, 2009, from ProQuest Medical

Library database. (Document ID: 1600713031).

Gabbard, Carl, Susan Hart, & Vickie Gentry. (1995). General motor proficiency and handedness in children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156(4), 411. Retrieved March 2, 2009 from ProQuest Medical Library database. (Document ID: 9115450).

education has been given more attention by researchers and educationists since the publication of the rundtland report in the late 1980s. The report introduced the world to sustainable development as a key global concern. Since then even school curricula have made efforts to include such concepts as natural resources and climate change. Interestingly, not enough attention has been given to the manner in which early childhood development may be instrumental in the whole process. This paper discusses the place of early childhood education especially in ensuring sustainable development. It is apparent that early childhood education is part of a whole that is the entire education system and this implies that it has just as much a role to play in tackling the issues of sustainable development especially those that are to be brought to the fore in the educational system.
The role education plays in the endeavor is substantial. A…...

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Bibliography

Alnahdi, G. (2014). Assistive Technology in Special Education and The Universal. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 20.

Anderson-Inman, L., Knox-Quinn, & Horney, M. (1996).Computer-based study strategies for students with learning disabilities: individual differences associated with adoption level. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 29, 461-484.

Cullen, J., Richards, S.B., & Frank, C. (2008).Using software to enhance the writing skills of students with special needs. Journal of Special Education Technology, 23, 33-44.

Elbro, C, Rasmussen, I., & Spelling, B. (1996). Teaching reading to disabled readers with language disorders: A controlled evaluation of synthetic speech feedback. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 37, 140-155

Traditional Theories of Play
"Children's play in early childhood education is totally free and innocent."

'Play' is an activity that is universal with universal rights for all children; it is seen as a state of innocence, grace, wonder and creativity for the children. The topic of play in early education has been given focus by many people including government institutions and presents the definitions and theories concerning the crucial functions of play in the lives, development, and learning of children. The paper will orient the reader by introducing the purpose of the research, which is to elaborate play complexities by looking at the temporal, spatial, cultural, and theoretical aspects. Furthermore, it gives the underlying reasons for play in the contemporary society since the field is changing rapidly and complex. eview of literature will be done to show how culture has shaped children's kinds of play that they experience, where they play…...

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References

Chapter 10. (n.d.). Play and the Learning Environment. Retrieved from  http://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/53567_ch_10.pdf 

Commonwealth of Australia. (2009). Belonging, Being & Becoming the Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Australian Government Department of Education. Employment and Workplace.

Kernan, M. (2007). Play As a Context for Early Learning and Development. Australia: NCCA.

Maschinot, B. (2008). The Changing Face of the United States: The Influence of Culture on Child Development. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.

Another important strategy is that of exploring spatial relations. In such activities, children gain a better visual and practical sense of the spatial relations within mathematics. Scholastic's article portrays two girls discussing the appropriate spatial placement of a couch in a dollhouse. Such thinking methods can be influenced utilizing activities asking the children to map their house, their school, or their neighborhood in proportions. This will help open the child's mind to a more organized way of approaching spatial relations.
Using such strategies help lay the foundations of mathematics essential for later higher levels of learning. It is important to introduce elementary topics and concepts as early as possible, without boring young children to loose their interest. Early math lessons should include engaging activities which help keep the child moving and the learning environment active....

Piaget’s Stages of Development Few theorists have had as strong an impact on developmental psychology as Jean Piaget. While the theories of Lev Vygotsky have offered compelling counterpoints to Piaget’s theories, the stages of psychosocial development Piaget proposed remain salient. In fact, it is easy to combine emerging research on childhood development from infancy to adolescence in terms of Piaget’s stages. As Lightfoot, Cole & Cole (2009) point out, evolutionary theories, information processing theories, and systems theories can all be integrated within the staged concept of development that Piaget proposed. Piaget shows how children develop physically, socially, and cognitively. Likewise, theories of childhood development can demonstrate how children develop self-awareness, empathy, and complex use of language. The four main stages of development include the sensorimotor, the preoperational, the concrete operational, and the formal operational. While far from being discreet stages with strong demarcations between them, empirical research in cognitive, behavioral, and…...

Developmental Psychology: A Comprehensive List of Essay Topics

Cognitive Development

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development: An Examination of its Stages and Implications
Information Processing in Children: How Age and Experience Shape Cognitive Function
Language Development and the Role of Environment: Exploring the Interplay of Nature and Nurture
Cognitive Biases in Children and Adolescents: The Impact of Cognitive Immaturity on Decision-Making
The Development of Memory in Infancy: How Early Experiences Influence Retrieval and Recognition

Social and Emotional Development

Attachment Theory: Bowlby's and Ainsworth's Perspectives: Implications for Infant-Caregiver Relationships
Socialization and the Development of Prosocial Behavior: How Children Learn to Cooperate and Share
Moral....

Title: The Impact of Growing Up Alone on Childhood Development and Well-being

Abstract: This study explores the effects of growing up alone on children's development and overall well-being. Research shows that children who lack consistent parental or caregiver presence may experience challenges in forming secure attachments, developing social skills, and regulating their emotions. By examining the psychological, social, and emotional implications of growing up alone, this study aims to better understand the unique experiences and needs of these children. Through in-depth interviews and behavioral assessments, we seek to identify potential interventions and support systems that can help mitigate the negative effects....

A comprehensive outline of early childhood development provides important insights into the different stages of growth and development that children go through during their formative years. By understanding these stages, educators and caregivers can tailor their approaches to better support each child's individual needs and abilities. This, in turn, helps to build a strong foundation for future learning in several ways:

1. Early identification of developmental delays or difficulties: By being aware of the typical stages of development, early childhood professionals can recognize when a child is not meeting expected milestones. Early intervention is key in addressing any delays or difficulties,....

A Comprehensive Outline of Early Childhood Development

Early childhood development encompasses the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of a child from birth to age eight. Understanding the trajectory of this development is crucial for building strong foundational skills that support future learning. A comprehensive outline of early childhood development serves as a roadmap for educators, caregivers, and policymakers to provide age-appropriate and developmentally supportive environments for young children.

Physical Development

Birth to 1 year: Gross motor skills develop rapidly, including rolling, sitting, crawling, and walking. Fine motor skills also emerge, such as grasping, reaching, and scribbling.
1 to 3 years: Gross....