The fourth main function of cholesterol is neurological. Cholesterol is "an important part of the myelin sheath which is a neuron consists of fat-containing cells that insulate the axon from electrical activity," (Miezam, n.d.). Fifth, cholesterol aids the body's natural immune defenses.

One of the features of cholesterol is, as a waxy substance, it cannot dissolve in blood. Cholesterol moves through the bloodstream, and are carried through it by lipoproteins. When the cholesterol is derived from food, the molecules are transported from the intestine to the liver by the lipoprotein molecules. At that point, the liver processes the cholesterol into Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), which contains "cholesterol and cholesterol ester among other compounds" and releases VLDL into the blood ("Cholesterol" n.d.). The VLDL may then be stored in fat tissue in the body. Stored in the fat tissue, the VLDL is partially converted into Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), which is…...

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References

American Heart Association (2010). About cholesterol. 3 Nov 2010. Retrieved online:  http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/About-Cholesterol_UCM_001220_Article.jsp 

American Heart Association (2010). Cholesterol. Retrieved online:  http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4488 

"Cholesterol" (n.d.)

"Cholesterol" (n.d.). MedLinePlus. Retrieved online:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cholesterol.html

Meat and Cholesterol
Amount of Meat and Cholesterol Level

elationship between Amount of Meat eaten (Times per week) and Cholesterol Number

Psychology

Human heart is directly affected by the consumption of unhealthy diet. The major problem suffered by all heart patients is the cholesterol number. Intake of meat really matters when it comes to high cholesterol. Heart problems and cholesterol number vary with age; however gender does not make any difference. This study is based on description of relationship between meat intake and cholesterol number. It is assumed that number of meat meals per week is directly proportional to increase or decrease in the cholesterol level. A build up of cholesterol in the arteries can eventually stop blood flow and bring on a heart attack. People from an age group of 25 to 50 years are studied and the results will be analyzed on the basis of age, diet, cholesterol level and other…...

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References

Bernstein A.M. (2012). Red Meat Consumption and Mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol.172, 555-563.

Farnworth, E. (2002). Meat and Cholesterol Levels. Journal of Science of Health, Volume 6, pages 152-155.

Foody, J.M. (2011). Evacetrapib Raises HDL and Lowers LDL-but then What? Journal Watch Cardiology, Vol. 60, pages 300-306.

Goldman, L. (2002). Cost and Health Implications of Cholesterol Lowering. AHA Journals, Vol. 85, 1960-1968.

High Cholesterol level is widely regarded to be one of the leading causes of coronary heart disease, which in turn, is the number one killer of women and men in the United States and most other developed countries. Statistics show that every year, more than a million Americans have heart attacks, and about a half million people die from heart disease. While cholesterol levels can be controlled by diet-control as well as medication, evidence exists to suggest that genetics play a major role in determining the cholesterol levels in an individual as well as his or her likelihood of having a heart attack.
What is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is a fatty substance that occurs naturally in the body and performs several vital functions, e.g., the formation of walls surrounding the body's cells and its conversion into certain hormones that control some body functions. Our body makes most of the cholesterol needed. It is…...

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Bibliography

Harrison, Bill MD. (2003) "High Blood Pressure." Diseases and Conditions. Discoveryhealth.com. Retrieved on December 9, 2003 at  http://health.discovery.com/diseasesandcond/encyclopedia/31.html 

High Blood Cholesterol:

What You Need to Know." (2001) National Cholesterol Education Program. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on December 9, 2003 at  http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/wyntk.htm#important 

Why Is Genetics And Heart Disease Important?" (n.d.) Cholesterol, Genetics, And Heart Disease Institute. Retrieved on December 9, 2003 at http://www.heartdisease.org/whyimportant.html

This is a positive finding with reliability and validity, in the situation of a compliant population already following a low-cholesterol dietary portfolio. The results of the self-report aspect, i.e. The scaling comparison between the oat bran bread group and the strawberry group indicate that, among this compliant group those who added strawberries were more satisfied and therefore more willing to eat the added anti-oxidant food, as a result of its increased palatability.
Though I agree with the results and application of this study to control for diet, and make sure that dietary variations did not play an extreme role in results, it would be interesting to study this comparative model in a situation where participants were not compliant to another cholesterol-lowering dietary portfolio, utilizing the same blood and urine standards, i.e. To see if the results of physiological reduction and palatability survey ranking would be similar with just this dietary…...

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Resources

Jenkins, D.J.A. Nguyen, T.H. Kendall, C.W.C. Faulkner, D.A. Bashyam, B. Kim, I.J. Ireland, C. Patel, D. Vidgen, E. Josse, a.R. Sessof, H.D. Burton-Freeman, B. Josse, R.G. Leiter, L.A. Singer, W. (2008) "The Effects of Strawberries on a Cholesterol-Lowering Dietary Portfolio" Metabolism Clinical and Experimental 57, 1636-1644. Accessed on December 1, 2008. www.sciencedirect.com

Consultant Pharmacists Impact on the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
What is Cholesterol, and Why is it of Concern?

Guidelines for Treating Hypercholesterolemia

Management of Hypercholesterolemia

Management of Hypercholesterolemia y Different Health Care Workers.

Practical Management of Hypercholesterolemia

Community Pharmacists and the Management of Hypercholesterolemia

Economic Impact of Pharmacists' Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia

This paper will look at the impact of consultant pharmacists on the treatment of hypercholesterolemia by physicians. Pharmacists have now assumed responsibilities outside the dispensing counter and have been active in monitoring and treating (under protocol) patients with high cholesterol levels (as well as other disease states).

A review of the treatment of hypercholesterolemia by physicians by a group of consultant pharmacists who call on physicians offices, and check physicians progress by reference to the achievement of NCEP cholesterol guidelines, has shown that physicians are doing an overall poor job of getting their patients to national cholesterol treatment standards (NCEP guidelines).

This paper is therefore essentially a review of the…...

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Bibliography

Anderson, RA et al. (2001). Hypercholesterolemia. Available at   Accessed on 28th May 2004.http://www.healthandage.com/html/res/com/ConsConditions/Hypercholesterolemiacc.html .

Bankhead, CR et al. (2003). The impact of screening on future health-promoting behaviours and health beliefs: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment; 7(42).

Bluml, BM et al. (2000). Pharmaceutical Care Servces and Results in Project ImPACT: Hyperlipidemia. J.Am.Pharm.Assoc. 40(2): 157-165.

Chase, S. (2002). New Lipid Guidelines Recommend Tighter Control. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal 2(3)

Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, Depression
Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia, and Depression: A Case Scenario

Mr. P is a 65-year-old Hispanic male who presents to the clinic with a symptomatology that leads to three broad closely associated diagnoses: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and depression. A review of the clinical presentation, history, physical examination and lab values indicate the following primary concerns: Total cholesterol of 280mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of 25mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of 189mg/dL, a blood pressure of 168/92, a total cholesterol level of 352mg/dL and indications of xanthelasma palpebrarum.

Of greatest concern to the patient's health are his extreme cholesterol levels and his hypertension as both directly increase the risk of major cardiac events including heart attack, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Hypertension may be caused by excessive salt intake, impaired kidneys and damaged blood vessels. In most cases, hypertension is merely age-related without specific underlying causes. For Mr. P, however, his extreme hypercholesterolemia appears to…...

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References:

1. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Ringel K. (2011). Activation of cell-mediated immunity in depression: Association with inflammation, melancholia, clinical staging and the fatigue and somatic symptom cluster of depression. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. Accepted for publication Sep 16.

2. Kuo PL, Pu C. (2011). The contribution of depression to mortality among elderly with self-reported hypertension: analysis using a national representative longitudinal survey. Journal of Hypertension. Accepted for publication Sep 19.

3. Ito K, Hirooka Y, Matsukawa R, Nakano M, Sunagawa K. (2011). Decreased Brain Sigma-1 Receptor Contributes to the Relationship between Heart Failure and Depression. Cardiovascular Depression, Accepted for publication Sep 29.

4. Salerno SM, Jackson JL, Berbano EP. (2005). Effect of oral pseudoephedrine on blood pressure and heart rate: a meta analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine. 165, 15, 1686-1694.

Introduction
Hyperlipidemia, better known to patients as high cholesterol, is a common problem and can refer to any number of physical disorders that result from extra fats (lipids) in the blood.  Lipids commonly associated with this disease are cholesterol and triglycerides.  These fats will deposit in the walls of blood vessels are restrict blood flow, which can lead to heart attack or stroke.  There are no symptoms of hyperlipidemia and the disease is only identified after the fact (following a stroke or heart attack) or through routine testing of blood.  There are more than 3 million cases per year of hyperlipidemia (Mayo Clinic, 2017).

Phenotype and Genotype

Familial combined hyperlipidemia lipid phenotype and ApoE E2/E2 genotype have been used to identify the disease; determining the lipoprotein levels is important.  The lipoprotein profile should be determined by examining LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and total cholesterol) following a 9 hour fast.  Physicians may particularly look for…...

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References

Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Díaz-Polanco, A., Quintana, E., Macias, N., Arellano, A., Ramírez, E., Correa-Rotter, R. (2002). Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia post-transplantation. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 40(1), 169-177.

Beilby, J. (2005). Genetics of hyperlipidemia. Retrieved from

Castro-Oros, D., Pocovi, M., Civeiri, F. (2010). The genetic basis of familial hypercholesterolemia. Application of Clinical Genetics, 5(3), 53-64.

Mayo Clinic. (2017). High cholesterol. Retrieved from https://goo.gl/zLxbya

Nestruck, A., Davignon, J. (1986). Risks for hyperlipidemia. Cardiology Clinics, 4(1), 47-56.

NIH. (2017). Genetics home reference. Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hypercholesterolemia#inheritance

Veerkamp, M., de Graaf, J., Bredie, S. et al. (2002). Diagnosis of familial combined hyperlipidemia based on lipid phenotype expression in 32 families. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 22, 274-282.

http://www.athero.org/focusgroups/2005/hyperlipidemia.htm

dosage levels of Cholestease on Serum Cholesterol levels and the side effects associated with them in human beings.
Cholesterol has been a major media issue in recent years, especially the negative effects on the heart and its role in the development of heart disease. There have been many studies that indicate a connection between serum cholesterol heart disease and depression (1-3). Developing new methods to lower serum cholesterol has become a major industry in recent years. Currently the leaders in the industry are American Pharmaceutical giants, Pfizer, Merck, and Warner-Lambert (1), who have developed medications that lower cholesterol.

The Endicon corporation recognizes the potential market in developing a drug that will significantly lower serum cholesterol without the side effects associated with long-term use of the drugs currently on the market. In addition, we recognize the potential of developing a ritish Product, primarily marketed in Great ritain. Endicon has been conducting research…...

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Bibliography

Clarke, R. et al. (1997) Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. Brit. Med. J 314 p.112-117.

Howell, W. et al. (1997) Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 p.1747-1764.

Hudson, M. (2003) How Cholesterol Affects the Body. BurnBraeFarms.com. (Online at (  Accessed June 4, 2003.http://www.burnbraefarms.com/nutrition/cholesterolnews.pdf )

Kronmal, R. et al. (1993)Total Serum Cholesterol Levels and Mortality Risk as a function of Age, A report based on the Framingham Data. Arch. Intern.Med. 153 p. 1065-1073.

CT scan or MA may result in the clinician oversight of some of the more subtle findings. It is expensive and the availability is limited.
It is possible to evaluate AS via angiogram, bet evaluation of the size of the stenosis tends to be imprecise. Additionally, angiography does not allow a cross-sectional assessment of the stenosis, and in the case of FMD, it is not possible to distinguish the different histological types, although intervention at the time of assessment is a possibility. Doppler sonography is able to measure the amount of blood flow, and is non-invasive. It tends to be highly invasive and is able to demonstrate problems with slow patterns and other issues which are highly suggestive of significant stenosis. Doppler ultrasound tends to be very operator dependent and the exam takes a significant amount of time. Additionally, the exam may be limited by abdominal girth, patient movement and…...

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Reference:

1. Paven G; Waugh R; Nicholson J; Gillin a; Hennessy a Nephrology (Carlton). 2006; 11(1):68-72

2. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research (AHRQ)

Comparative Effectiveness of Management Strategies for Renal Artery Stenosis: AHRQ Executive Summary,), Rockville, Maryland;  http://hcup.ahrq.gov/HCUPnet.asp 

3. Dejani H, Eisen TD, Finkelstein FO: Revascularization of renal artery stenosis in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J. Kidney Dis 2000 Oct; 36(4): 752

At the molecular level, the mutation in the normal ApoA1 is because of a single amino acid substitution at the position 173, cysteine amino acid substitutes or replaces the arginine amino acid. Because of the presence of an extra cysteine, a cysteine bridge is formed that causes great changes in the protein structure. ApoA1 protein does not have a cysteine dimer but cysteine dimer is formed on Apo1 Milano that causes the protein to exist as a homo or a hetro dimer with ApoAII (Futterman and Lemberg 246). It has been reported that he enhanced cholesterol removal efficiency is not because of the presence of extra cysteine. Based on the replacement of arginine by a cysteine residue, the charge of the protein is shifter towards cathode. Because of the mutation, it has been reported that the removal of cholesterol from the inner arterial walls is accelerated and much higher.…...

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Works Cited

Futterman, G. Laurie., and Lemberg, Louis. "Apo A-I Milano." Am J. Crit Care 14 (2005): 244-247.

Nissen, E. Steven., Tsunoda, Taro., Tuzcu, Murat, E., Schoenhagen, Paul., Cooper, J. Christopher., Yasin, Muhammad., Eaton, M. Gregory., Lauer, A. Michael., Sheldon, W. Scott., Grines, L. Cindy., Halpern, Stephen., Crowe, Tim., and James Blankenship, C. James. "Effect of Recombinant ApoA-I Milano on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Randomized Controlled Trial." JAMA 290(2003): 2292-2300.

Risk Factors for Mr. Jablonski
CHD: Mr. J is a classic case for a potential Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) patient. His history shows several risk factors, which can be divided into uncontrollable and controllable risk factors. The uncontrollable factors are his age (48 years old) -- older people are more susceptible to CHD, his sex (male) -- men are more likely to get CHD, and his family history. The controllable risk factors are his obesity, his smoking habit, lack of physical activity, high blood pressure, and his high LDL cholesterol.

Hypertension: The risk factors for Mr. J are his age, gender, obesity, excessive salt intake, and his inactive lifestyle.

The risk factors described as 'controllable' can be mitigated by dietary control and medication. If his condition remains untreated Mr. J is a potential candidate for a severe heart disease and possible stroke.

Dietary Plan

In order to lower his high LDL cholesterol Mr. J would…...

Mrs. X.
elationship of high cholesterol levels to the development of cardiovascular disease

Diabetes, heart disease, and high cholesterol are all strongly correlated. Even when diabetes is being well-managed, the patient's risks factors increase for comorbidity with these disorders. "High blood pressure has long been recognized as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Studies report a positive association between hypertension and insulin resistance. When patients have both hypertension and diabetes, which is a common combination, their risk for cardiovascular disease doubles" (Cardiovascular disease and diabetes, 2014, AHA). Also, in the case of Ms. X, because of her uncontrolled diabetes, her risk for high cholesterol is higher than average even in the absence of obesity and inactivity. "This triad of poor lipid counts often occurs in patients with premature coronary heart disease. It is also characteristic of a lipid disorder associated with insulin resistance called atherogenic dyslipidemia, or diabetic dyslipidemia in those…...

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References

Burden, M. (2003). Diabetes: Treatment and complications. Nursing Times, 99(2) 30/

Retrieved from:

 http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/diabetes/diabetes-treatment-and-complications-the-nurses-role/205780.article 

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes. (2012). American Heart Association. Retrieved from:

"Participants were instructed to drink no more than 3 caffeinated beverages and no more than 2 alcoholic beverages per day" (pg. 2457).
Two features from this study that stand out when compared to the previous study (as read about earlier) was that this study sought to keep the participants weight relatively stable and that the participants were not obese and old, but were young and healthy. The goal of this study was measurably the same as the pervious study, but was set in entirely different circumstances. This is important to individuals seeking entry to the nursing field because it provides ammunition for lifestyle interventions even before the patient may think it is necessary.

The study's primary interest was to ascertain "the contrasts between the carbohydrate and protein diets and between the carbohydrate and unsaturated fat diets" (pg. 2459). What the study found was that for each diet (when compared to baseline)…...

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References

Appel, L.J.; Sacks, F.M.; Carey, V.J.; Obrazanek, E.; Swain, J.F.; Miller III, E.R.; Conlin, P.R.; Erlinger, T.P., Rosner, B.A., Laranjo, N.M.; Charleston, J.; McCarron, P.; Bishop, L.M.; (2005) Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: Results of the OmniHeart randomized trial, Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. 294, No. 19, pp. 2455-2464

Trichopoulou, A.; Bamia, C.; Trichopoulos, D.; (2005) Mediterranean diet and survival among patients with coronary heart disease in Greece, Architecture of Internal Medicine, Vol. 165, pp. 929-935

Villareal, D.T.; Miller III, B.V.; Banks, M.; Fontana, L.; Sinacore, D.R.; Klein, S.; (2006) Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 84, pp. 1317-1323

Heart Disease
elationship between cardiac arrest and coronary cardiac disease

The heart is an essential organ in the human body, it keeps the individual alive. Understanding how the heart operates and functions is essential to help protect your heart from heart disease. Cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease are significant heart related illness that has a high mortality rate. It is important for individuals with pre-existing heart disease to understand the symptoms of cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease, since these are both leading causes of fatality in the United States. Understanding how the heart works, the individuals risk for heart disease, and how to prevent or delay heart disease is essential. In this paper I will address the relationship between cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease. I will also explain how the heart functions and discuss some ways of preventing cardiac arrest and coronary heart disease.

Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest is a condition…...

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References

Antonini-Canterin et. al. (2009). Association between carotid and coronary artery disease in patients with aortic valve stenosis: an angiographic study. Angiology 60 (5) 596-600

CDC. (2010). Heart disease. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/ 

Dewey et. al. (2004). Coronary artery disease: new insights and their implications for radiology. European Radiology. 14 (6) 1048-1054

Escolar et. al. (2006). New imaging techniques for diagnosing coronary artery disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 174 (4) 487-495

Health Promotion Lesson Plan
The concept of health promotion is thought of as "the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health" (Dunphy et al., 2011, p 25). Serious heart conditions can be prevented, which is why it is so important to utilize community education techniques in order to help try to warn community members of the complications before they occur. This current lesson plan works to create three separate community lesson plans, based on specific age ranges. The age 18-29 focuses primarily on the use of social media and health advocacy efforts in association with the American Heart Association. For ages 30-49, there is also a focus on these two, combined with more community oriented issues, and for 50-60, there is much more of a focus on financial training along with community organized workshops.

Prevention has become a major issue in healthcare…...

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References McLeod, Saul. (2010). Erik Erikson. Developmental Psychology. Simply Psychology. Web.  http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

1. The impact of regular exercise on cardiovascular health in men
2. The role of physical activity in preventing heart disease in men
3. The benefits of strength training for heart health in men
4. The relationship between exercise intensity and heart disease risk in men
5. The effects of different types of exercise (e.g. aerobic vs. resistance training) on cardiovascular health in men
6. The importance of regular cardiovascular exercise for overall heart function in men
7. The risks of sedentary lifestyle on heart health in men
8. The benefits of incorporating high-intensity interval training (HIIT) into a workout routine for men's heart health
9. The role....

Thesis Statement: Breastfeeding offers substantial benefits for both mothers and infants, promoting optimal health outcomes and fostering a unique bond between them. Its advantages range from providing essential nutrients to reducing the risk of diseases and enhancing cognitive development in infants, while also providing health benefits and convenience for mothers.

Introduction:

The practice of breastfeeding has been recognized as a fundamental aspect of parenting, providing infants with the optimal nutrition they need to thrive. This thesis delves into the multitude of benefits breastfeeding offers to both mothers and their infants, highlighting the positive impact it can have on health, development, and emotional....

Vitamin C: Essential Nutrient for Optimal Health and Wellness

I. Introduction:
- Essential vitamin for humans, not naturally produced
- Plays a vital role in various bodily functions

II. Benefits for Skin Health:
- Antioxidant properties: Protects against UV damage and free radicals
- Collagen production: Essential for skin structure and elasticity
- Reduces wrinkles and fine lines: Stimulates collagen and elastin production

III. Immune Function Enhancement:
- Boosts white blood cell activity: Strengthens the immune system
- Reduces inflammation: Antioxidant effects combat free radicals and inflammation
- Protects against infections: Enhances immune response to pathogens

IV. Cardiovascular Health:
- Lowers blood pressure: Acts as a vasodilator, reducing blood vessel resistance
- Reduces risk....

Chapter 1: A Legacy of Health

My family's health history has left an indelible mark on my own personal health journey. From the depths of chronic diseases to the resilience that emanates from our shared experiences, my lineage has shaped both the challenges I have faced and the path I have taken towards well-being.

Growing up, I witnessed firsthand the debilitating effects of heart disease on my paternal grandfather. Struggling with hypertension and high cholesterol, he endured multiple cardiac events that ultimately claimed his life at a relatively young age. The image of his weakened body and the suffering he endured left....