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Courts
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What is Courts?

Courts sit at the center of legal education because they are the institutions through which laws are interpreted, rights are enforced, and disputes between parties are resolved. Students across law, political science, public policy, and criminal justice courses routinely write about courts because the topic bridges abstract legal doctrine and concrete social outcomes. The subject is academically rich precisely because court decisions carry binding authority, shape public policy, and reflect broader tensions between individual rights and government power. Cases touching on issues from capital punishment to surveillance to the rights of detainees illustrate how judicial reasoning evolves in response to changing social and political conditions.

The papers archived on this topic approach courts from several distinct angles. Some focus on specific cases and rulings, such as those examining Ingraham v. Wright or the application of Common Article 3 to Guantanamo detainees, using close case analysis to explore how courts balance competing rights claims. Others take a comparative or structural approach, examining how the court system operates across jurisdictions or how UK courts handle questions of legal liability. Policy-oriented papers address issues like Oregon's Death with Dignity Act, electronic surveillance of employees, adoption rights for gay and lesbian couples, and antitrust exemptions in professional sports labor disputes.

A strong essay on courts grounds its thesis in a specific legal question rather than summarizing court history in general terms. Evidence drawn from actual case decisions, statutory language, and constitutional provisions carries the most weight. One common pitfall is conflating a court's ruling with broader public opinion — a well-argued essay keeps its analysis tethered to legal reasoning and the formal logic of judicial decisions.

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Paper Doctorate

The reliability and effectiveness of polygraph testing in criminal investigations

Polygraphs have fascinated law enforcement members ever since they were first proposed, seemingly offering a silver bullet for uncovering dishonesty in suspects and possible law enforcement applicants, and it remains…

Research Paper Undergraduate

Women's disadvantage in Social Security retirement benefits and design

Since its inception in 1935, in the midst of the great depression, Social Security has been debated and frequently reformed, usually on a fiscal level, rather than on a level that better meets the needs of the changing…

Paper Undergraduate

Educator perceptions of litigation in American education

Litigation and Education: What Educators Really Think of the Lawsuit

Research Paper Undergraduate

Four types of legal systems in the modern world

There are four types of legal systems in existence in the modern world: civil law, common law, customary law, and religious law. All four types of legal systems have lengthy histories and share some common elements.

Research Paper Undergraduate

Racial disparities in the application of capital punishment

Arguments have raged for decades about the use of capital punishment in the United States, with some holding that there is a need for society to express its disapproval for certain acts by ending the life of the…

Research Paper Undergraduate

The Progressive Movement and early twentieth-century American reform

Across the first two decades of the twentieth century, was a reform movement through which Americans struggled to cope with a wide range of social, economic, and cultural changes. Progressives varied in their…

Paper Doctorate

Prosecutorial discretion in white-collar crime cases

One of the issues of white-collar crime is the issue of Prosecutorial discretion. Prosecutors who dabble with white-collar crimes have great scope of discretion in that they can determine whether to bring a criminal case and which issues to quote if they do indict. The nature of the white collar statutes often cedes discretion to prosecutors. This is because they may be seen to overlap into the area of civil, rather than criminal, interest and are therefore seen by many as encompassing economic regulations that fall within the perimeters of civil enforcement. Critics see this as an unjust and partisan system, whilst supporters see it as being blessed with flexibility rendered by cautious and rational prosecutors, and checked by presiding judges . The issues, back and forth about the fairness or unfairness of the discretionary system, are febrile and ongoing. Suggestions such as inquisitorial trials (with jury assessing prosecutorial decisions) have been suggested, but none have been taken seriously. It is likely that the issue will not be so readily solved since prosecutorial discretion has been an entrenched and accepted part of the criminal justice system ever since the beginning and will likely remain so in the future. The best one can do is monitor prosecutorial decisions with presiding judge, and this is what is being done at the moment.

Research Paper Doctorate

George Washington Carver, Shirley Chisholm, and Thurgood Marshall

¶ … people in American history. Specifically it will discuss the three most significant people in American History since 1865: George Washington Carver, Shirley Chisholm, and Thurgood Marshall, and tell why they are…

Paper Undergraduate

Evolution of the American juvenile justice system from colonial times to In Re Gault

In order to fully comprehend the nature of the current Juvenile Justice System and propose possible changes to the system, it is of paramount significance to peruse through the history of the juvenile system from the…

Paper Undergraduate

Traffic violation penalties: United States versus day fines

Sanity in our roads is an essential aspect that ensures the safety of pedestrians and motorists is guaranteed. Many countries have had to formulate and adopt stringent rules aimed at combating unwelcomed behaviors in the roads. This study focuses on the ‘day fines' as used by the U.S. government in tackling traffic violations.

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