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Courts
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What is Courts?

Courts sit at the center of legal education because they are the institutions through which laws are interpreted, rights are enforced, and disputes between parties are resolved. Students across law, political science, public policy, and criminal justice courses routinely write about courts because the topic bridges abstract legal doctrine and concrete social outcomes. The subject is academically rich precisely because court decisions carry binding authority, shape public policy, and reflect broader tensions between individual rights and government power. Cases touching on issues from capital punishment to surveillance to the rights of detainees illustrate how judicial reasoning evolves in response to changing social and political conditions.

The papers archived on this topic approach courts from several distinct angles. Some focus on specific cases and rulings, such as those examining Ingraham v. Wright or the application of Common Article 3 to Guantanamo detainees, using close case analysis to explore how courts balance competing rights claims. Others take a comparative or structural approach, examining how the court system operates across jurisdictions or how UK courts handle questions of legal liability. Policy-oriented papers address issues like Oregon's Death with Dignity Act, electronic surveillance of employees, adoption rights for gay and lesbian couples, and antitrust exemptions in professional sports labor disputes.

A strong essay on courts grounds its thesis in a specific legal question rather than summarizing court history in general terms. Evidence drawn from actual case decisions, statutory language, and constitutional provisions carries the most weight. One common pitfall is conflating a court's ruling with broader public opinion — a well-argued essay keeps its analysis tethered to legal reasoning and the formal logic of judicial decisions.

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Paper Undergraduate

Family violence as deviance: sociological perspectives and social impact

In recent years society has become increasingly more violent. This violence exists in many different spheres of life. One of the most harmful forms of violence is family violence. Family violence is defined as "the…

Research Paper Undergraduate

Federal legislation on youth correction and juvenile justice systems

In 1950 Congress enacted a comprehensive alternative sentencing system for youthful offenders between the ages of eighteen and twenty-six. As part of this Federal Youth Corrections Act (FYCA) provided for the commitment…

Paper Doctorate

Legal status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Human rights may have varied definitions but all those definitions revolve around a similar idea; necessary and inalienable rights that belong to all humans without which humans can neither enjoy freedom and nor…

Paper Doctorate

Racial profiling and eyewitness descriptions in criminal justice

Racial profiling as a police tactic in the United States and around the world is very controversial and is often deemed racist. However, the subject is not nearly "black and white" as some may try to portend and this includes the motives and justifications that unapologetic racial profile artists use, up to and including international airlines like El Al.

Paper Undergraduate

Court authority to award reimbursement for private special education under IDEA

Compensation for learners with extraordinary requirements that is not provided in the states education laws bring costs to parents and the laws do not provide for compensation of this. Termed ‘compensatory education' courts have exercised their jurisdiction in awarding costs to claimants and the courts have been relying on sec.20 USC 1415(2) (B) (ii) for students. The change in the definition and eligibility for the compensatory education was heralded by the Burlington School Committee V Massachusetts Dept of Education 1984. The salient awards pertain to the recognition of the power of courts to grant reimbursement to the applicants from private school education that was not included in the IDEA.

Paper Undergraduate

The completion strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia

Introduction combination of political and criminal activities in the international arena, and the inability or unwillingness of local governments to handle these at the time has inspired the creation of entities such as…

Paper Undergraduate

Fraudulent inducement in the sale of counterfeit Akers Silver Lady watches

Under the Arkansas law does a seller commit fraudulent inducement when that seller represents that she is selling an authentic item, in response to a solicitation specifically seeking to purchase said authentic item,…

Paper Doctorate

Supreme Court ruling on fetal-protection policies and sex discrimination

In 1991, the United States Supreme Court handed down the opinion in United Auto Workers v. Johnson Controls. Petitioners were a group including employees affected by respondent's fetal-protection policy, filed a class…

Paper Undergraduate

The Eighth Amendment's evolution in cruel and unusual punishment law

The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which is included in the U.S. Bill of Rights, forbids excessive bail or fines, as well as cruel and unusual punishment. The expressions used were taken from the…

Paper Undergraduate

Predatory lending and the subprime mortgage crisis

The subprime mortgage industry relaxes numerous conventional under- writing standards in order to lend to less creditworthy customers. Many of the newly relaxed standards benefit lenders and borrowers alike. Examples include legitimate risk-based subprime loans to trustworthy borrowers with credit blemishes or scant credit histories, and loans with reduced down payment requirements or higher loan-to-value ratios (Engel & McCoy, 2011). In some segments of the subprime loan industry, however, lenders over- ride conventional lending norms by structuring loans to inflict seriously disproportionate net harm on borrowers. When the harm outweighs the benefit of loans to borrowers and society at large, such practices are predatory. One of the most compelling examples involves violations of the norm that no mortgage shall be made to a home owner who lacks the ability to repay, a practice known as asset-based lending.' All too often, these loans force borrowers into bankruptcy or foreclosure Victims of asset-based lending frequently default, which can lead to an- other predatory lending phenomenon, ?loan flipping.? Loan flipping occurs when lenders persuade home owners to refinance their mortgages at short, repeated intervals, as often as three or four times a year.

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