Deregulation Essays (Examples)

POST-9/11 Management OF U.S. AILINE INDUSTY

Strategic Management of the United States

Airline Industry after the 9/11/2001 Terrorist Attacks

Strategic Management of the United States

Airline Industry after the 9/11/2001 Terrorist Attacks

Airlines in the United States have a long, complicated history in terms of management strategy that includes alterations due to technological advances, bankruptcies, economic downturns, deregulation and even presidential intervention, but none of these forces had the power to both destroy and restructure the industry like the events of September 11, 2001.

The 9/11/01 attacks on the United States fundamentally altered the way the U.S. airline industry operated both publically and internally. One area that suffered significantly from these attacks, and brought about the need for major overhaul within the industry itself was strategic management strategies and practices within the airline industry in its entirety. The 9/11 attacks on America brought about the need for immediate change in…

References

Allvine, F., Dixit, A, Sheth, J., and Uslay. (2007). Deregulation and competition: lessons learned from the airline industry. Print. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Alvesson, S. And Karreman, D. (2009). Critical performativity: the unfinished business of critical management studies. Human Relations, 62.4. pp. 537-560. Web. Retrieved from: ProQuest Database.

Belobaba, P. (2002). The airline industry since 9/11: overview of recovery and challenges ahead. MIT Global Airline Industry Quarterly. March 2002:1. pp. 1-11. Web. Retrieved from: EBSCOhost Database.

Besant, C. (2002 September 1). Chaos followed 9/11 in the aviation industry. Turnaround Management Association Journal of Corporate Renewal, 12:1. pp. 1-3. Web. Retrieved from: LexisNexis Database.

" (1999) eported as being potential dimensions for disaggregation are those of "market, season, month, week, section of week, segment, and itinerary." (McGill and yzin, 1999)

American Airlines experienced dramatic growth when other airlines were going bankrupt through increasing its capacity. American Airlines is reported as a prime example of an airline that grew successfully during the years that TWA and other failed. United Airlines held a strong financial position as well that assisted the airlines in weathering the reduction of flights and a steep decline in travel while other airlines failed miserably winding up in bankruptcy. American Airlines managed to bring about a reduction in costs while other airlines including TWA simply could not find a way to reduce costs, which was further stressed by the airlines lack of a solid financial base. In the airlines industry, just as in other industries the ability to profit on a higher…

References

Dempsey, Paul Stephen (2008) the Financial Performance of the Airline Industry Post-Regulation. Symposium 2008. No. 2 Vol. 45. Retrieved from:  http://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/sites/mcgill.ca.iasl/files/ASPL614_Industry_PostDeregulation-Houston.pdf 

McGill, JI and Van Ryzin, GJ (1999) Transportation Science. Vol. 23, No.2. Retrieved from:  http://ben-israel.rutgers.edu/711/McGill-VanRyzin.pdf 

Tolkin, J. (2010) Airline Bankruptcy: The Determining Factors Leading to an Airline's Decline Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont. Fall 2010. Retrieved from:  http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=cmc_theses

27-29) This provoked financial demands and awareness of the people in different parts of the world. People and businesses are dissatisfied with the traditional financial systems due to lack of opportunities for investors. Businesses today require more diversified portfolios for investments because this will reduce their investment risks and increase the probability of future capital flows.

Increased capital mobility has increased the importance of exchange rates which is serving as a monetary policy channel in some industrialized economies. In mid 2000s, there was a sharp shift in the flow of international investments and savings (geographic pattern) resulting in the segmentation of current account imbalances. This was also a major contributing factor. Additionally, the domestic financial markets were also affected by the change in regulatory environment. The two important factors for this are as follows:

1. apid growth of OTC (over-the-counter) markets of derivatives in terms of complexity as well as…

References

Bekaert, G., Harvey, C. And Lundblad, C. 2005. Does financial liberalization spur growth? Journal of Financial Economics 77, 3 -- 55.

Edison, H., Klein, M., Ricci, L. And Slok, T. 2004. Capital account liberalization and economic performance: survey and synthesis. IMF Staff Papers 51, 111 -- 115.

Kaminsky, G. And Reinhart, C. 1999. The twin crises: the causes of banking and balance-of payments problems. American Economic Review 89, 473 -- 500.

Klein, M. 2005. Capital account liberalization, institutional quality and economic growth: theory and evidence. Working Paper No. 11112. Cambridge, MA: NBER, pp.19-21.

Solutions

As a response to the savings and loans debacle, there have been several attempts by congress and other governmental agencies to assists consumers and some financial institutions alike. The most significant and some say extreme solution thus far came when the Federal government assisted JP Morgan with the purchase of Bear Stearns for $2 per share.

One of the most discussed solutions has to do with baling out the mortgage lenders and assisting borrowers. There are several different remedies that have been proposed. These remedies include everything from a moratorium on foreclosures to the freezing of interest rates.

As it pertains to the mortgage companies it has been suggested that limits should be lifted so that companies can purchase jumbo housing loans. According to one article this type of mortgage relief could help staunch the hemorrhaging in high-priced housing markets...where buyers have had difficulty getting loans and are paying…

Works Cited

Jumbo Loans Spell Relief; Analysts See Economic Fix. (2008, January 29). The Washington Times, p. A01.

Kuttner, R. (2007, October). The Bubble Economy: The Financial Meltdown Is the Logical Consequence of Deregulation. Will We Reverse Field in Time to Prevent Another 1929?. The American Prospect, 18, 20+.

Peterson, J.R. (2005). Designer Mortgages: The Boom in Nontraditional Mortgage Loans May Be a Double-Edged Sword. So Far, Most Banks Have Moved Cautiously. ABA Banking Journal, 97(10), 30+.

What is the real definition of inflation?." Retrieved May 8, 2007 from; http://www.inflationdata.com/Inflation/Articles/Definitions.asp

Northwest Airlines

Many airlines have faced difficult times after deregulation, and the problems were exacerbated by the downturn in air travel after 9-11. Smaller airlines like Northwest Airlines have had even more problems, and yet Northwest in particular persists and so far has voided going out of business in spite of a series of threats, including poor traveler performance, lowered expectations in business terms, labor problems, and so on.

Before deregulation in the 1970s, many had speculated as to how it would affect the structure of the airline industry, and the prevailing view was that deregulation would lead to a substantial consolidation of the industry, leaving some four to six large systems, each centered around one of the major prederegulation trunks. It was believed, for example, that American Airlines, Delta Airlines, Northwest Airlines, United Airlines, and TWA would be among the survivors because of financial strength or protected international franchises.…

References

Castro, Janice, 'Get 'Em While They Last," Time (July 22, 1991), p. 49.

Form 8-K for Northwest Airlines Corp. (2006). Yahoo Finance. Retrieved December 10, 2006 at  http://biz.yahoo.com/e/061130/nwacq.pk8-k.html .

Meyer, John R., Clinton V. Oster, Jr., Ivor P. Morgan, Benjamin A. Berman, Diana L. Strassman. Airline Deregulation: The Early Experience. Boston, Mass.: Auburn House, 1981.

Morrison, S. & Winston, C. (1986). The Economic Effects of Airline Deregulation. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

137). Across the board, then, technological innovations will not only be a key driver of business in the coming decade, they will also facilitate the effects of the other key drivers of business discussed herein. For instance, the editors of World Economic Outlook (2002) point out that, "More trade integration is usually associated with more international financial integration, as they respond to many of the same technological and policy factors" (Trade and financial integration, p. 108). As the current fourth generation technologies are replaced by fifth and sixth generation technologies, these trends will likely become even more accelerated over the next 10 years. As Wiedmann and his associates point out, "Up-and-coming technologies like radio frequency identification and future trends like ubiquitous computing, ambient intelligence, and the connected (smart) home scenario have gained special attention in both research and business practice" (p. 137).

Conclusion

This paper provided a review of the…

References

Beder, S. (2009). 'Neoliberalism and the Global Financial Crisis.' Social Alternatives, vol. 28,

no. 1, pp. 17-19.

Boer-Ashworth, E.D. (2000). The Global Political Economy and post-1989 Change: The Place

of the Central European Transition. Houndmills: Macmillan.

Industry Pattern

Describe the industry and explain the general pattern of change of the particular market model.

Since the 1990s, the electric utility industry has been going through tremendous amounts of deregulation. This is because the monopolistic model made them ineffective in delivering different services. When this happened, consumers began to experience dramatic increases in the costs for their utility bills. In general, this was considered to be a naturalistic monopoly, as the government regulatory agencies could protect the interests of consumers. However, after it became clear that this approach was ineffective, is when there was a transformation in these strategies. This occurred with many governments around the world opening the marketplace to foreign competitors or selling their assets to private individuals / entities. (Griffin, 2005, pp. 39 -- 110)

Moreover, the increasing demand from consumers meant that this model was simply unsustainable. Evidence of the can be seen with…

References

Griffin, J. (2005). Electricity Deregulation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Grossman, P. (2003). The End of a Monopoly. Oxford: Ensliver

Kleit, A. (2007). Electric Choices. Lanham, MD: Rowen & Littlefield.

due to changes in the economical, financial, political and technological changes, the capital markets across the world are highly influenced by the changes. As compared to the past, the development in the financial sector has been observed to be at the highest rates. In order to understand and analyze the changes in the global capital markets the below report has been constructed.

Based on the theme idea, which is the change in the capital market due to many factors and elements, the report below tends to discuss and analyse the impacts of financial deregulation and capital control on financial globalization and international diversification. This will allow understanding of how these two elements are supporting the financial globalization. A part from this, the report will also analyze the role of financial innovation and advancements and technologies on international investments. Moreover, the risks and benefits that are associated with the carry trade…

References:

Buch CM, 2004, Globalization of Financial Markets: Causes of Incomplete Integration and Consequences for Economic Policy, Springer, Germany

Collier P & Dollar D, 2002, Globalization, Growth & Poverty, Oxford University Press, GB

Henderson C, 2006, Currency Strategy, John Wiley & Sons, USA

Lien K, 2009, Day Trading and Swing Trading the Currency Market, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Canada

Repatriation of profits have proven to be a problem as well. Fourth, as stated by Staff (2004) is the challenge presented by poor training in the sector which is stated to be "...weak both at a practical level as well as at a higher strategic level" and the problem has only been exaggerated due to the government and other regulatory authorities in China to promote logistics programs." (Staff, 2004) the fifth challenge stated is in relation to "information and communications technology" in China characterized by a: "...lack of it standards and poor systems integration and equipment. At a very basic level, the consistent supply of energy is also problematic leading to interruptions to communications through power outage." (Staff, 2004) Sixth presenting in the way of a challenge is the "undeveloped domestic industry" due to fragmentation of the logistics sector in China that is: "...dominated by commoditized and low quality transport…

Bibliography

Brown, Lester R. And Halweil, Brian (1998) China's Water Shortage Could Shake World Grain Markets. Worldwatch Institute 22 April 1998. Online available at http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1621.

China Logistics (2006) the Meridian Group. Hong Kong. Online available at http://www.meridiangrouphk.com/en/china_logistics/

Colby, Hunger; Diao, Xinshen, and Somwaru, Agapi (1999) Cross-Comodity Analysis of China's Grain Sector: Sources of Growth and Supply Response. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Market and Trade Economics Division. Technical Bulletin No. 1884.

Country Profile: China (2006) Library of Congress - Federal Research Division. August 2006. Online available at  http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/China.pdf .

Many countries signed treaties and trade agreements that that allowed financial institutions to move beyond international borders while bypassing significant regulations.

However, there is evidence to support the fact that the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act, that essentially repeal the Glass-Steagall Act, increased the bank failure rate, affect the cost of funds, and also increased stock market volatility (Cebula, 2010). Many people have actually proposed that a form of the Glass-Steagall Act be reintroduced. The U.S. Congress attempted to sign into law a Financial Reform Bill by the fourth of July, 2010 that was intended to re-enact Glass-Steagall type reforms to ban banks from speculative trading with depositor's money, introduce a consumer protection bureau to police credit products, and empower the government with authority to seize failing systemically important institutions (Lopes, 2010). However, not all of these items were instituted. Furthermore, deregulation is still a problem while markets to have continued to…

Works Cited

Cebula, R. (2010). Bank Failures in Light of the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act. International Atlantic Economic Society, 455-456.

Fraser, D., & Hebb, G. (N.d.). Conflict of Interest in Commercial Bank Security Underwritings: United Kingdom Evidence. University of Nebraska, 79-96.

Lopes, J. (2010). Re-enactment of the Glass-Steagall Act 1933: is this a step in the right direction for global reform? Law and Financial Markets Review, 428-433.

Ngassam, C. (2013). The Mortgage Industry's Role in the Current Financial Meltdown: Historical Perspective and Recommendations. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies, 1-24.

1926, Yellow had been in the transportation industry. he deregulation of the transport industry saw the company decline in revenue because of the introduction of smaller and flrxible competitors. As an old company, it followed a non-viable method of operation and was run like a family business, with a degree of autocracy. he company had no vision, a narrow focus and lacked customer-orientation.

o counter the declining business opportunity as a result of inefficient operations, the company undertook system-wide changes to improve on the provision of better quality services. It adapted the use of technology. It specifically focused on the internet to help turn around faster and reinvent newer operations and logistics to meet the demands of the new economy. With the technological advancement, the company was able to focus on customer orientation in order to be competitive in positioning. It came to the realization that the key to growth…

The company started becoming sensitive to customers' needs. It personalized services customers could specify details shipment delivery and the company was prepared to honor them. This transformed the company fast making it a leader in the industry. The increased use of technology enabled it to improve substantially on performance.

3. Developing applications in-house reflected Yellow Corps commitment towards technology. What advantages did Yellow obtain by developing its own technologies? Discuss with reference to 'make or buy' decisions

The major reason behind the in-house focus was the Yellow Corp's IT environment centered on the IBM S/390 mainframes that was able to handle most of the important data processing. This was advantageous to the company as it-helped keep down the cost as well as allowing ease in assimilating technology; there was no need for further integration. The decision to make or buy is influenced by the reasoning that can the capacity to be released, by non-production of component, be utilized profitably, elsewhere, or not (Collier, 2003). The Make-or-buy decisions commonly arise in cases where an organization has diminishing capacity or changing demand. In this case, Yellow decided to produce internally (in-house) and not buy externally (from an outside supplier).

They compete with each other for business, seek to build both aviation and non-aviation revenue streams and they must also deal with enhanced security requirements. This places significant pressure on the airport sector. The response within the sector has been twofold. Some airports have become privatized, which allows major airport operators to utilize their expertise across a range of markets. The other solution is the development of public airports that serve as branches of their governments, attracting passengers and investment to the region. Both types of airports have strong, multifaceted strategic mandates and are among the vanguard of modern air transportation.

orks Cited:

Babu, V., Batta, R. & Lin, L. (2004). Passenger grouping under constant threat probability in an airport security system. European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 168 (2) 633-644.

Barnard, B. (2010). Global air cargo revenue grows 40%. The Journal of Commerce. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://www.joc.com/air-expedited/global-air-cargo-revenue-grows-40-percent…

Works Cited:

Babu, V., Batta, R. & Lin, L. (2004). Passenger grouping under constant threat probability in an airport security system. European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 168 (2) 633-644.

Barnard, B. (2010). Global air cargo revenue grows 40%. The Journal of Commerce. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://www.joc.com/air-expedited/global-air-cargo-revenue-grows-40-percent 

Cidell, J. (2004). Scales of airport expansion: Globalization, regionalization and local land use. Center for Transportation Studies. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://www.cts.umn.edu/pdf/CTS-04-01.pdf

Frost & Sullivan. (2010). 16th APSA International Conference Airport Security Market Overview. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://www.slideshare.net/tony.ridley/an-overview-of-the-airport-security-market

Information System/Internet Strategy

Information technology and Internet systems have become such an integrated part of life today that all businesses of any significant size have at least some form of electronic media as part of their daily operations. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how any business could function without at least an e-mail platform or an electronic database connection. What I have learnt about decision making, the role of information, information systems, and knowledge management should help me in my current job situation, when thinking critically about the ways in which other businesses conduct their operations, and in constructing my own operations should I be a business owner in the future. This knowledge can be applied to my current work situation at the telecommunication company Orange, as well as to a group investigation I was part of for the Manchester University.

The Orange company, where I am currently employed,…

References

Davenport, T.H. (2006, Jan). Competing on Analytics.

Maes, R. (2009). An Integrative Perspective on Information Management.

Peppard, J. (1999). Information management in the global enterprise: an organising framework. European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 8.

nature project, sources information plan, important concepts techniques applied. You receive feedback proposal Instructor Week 6, give time make adjustments.

Proposal for new strategic endeavors of production, pricing and resource utilization at Ford Motor Company

In the context of the global economic recession, the American automobile industry faces demise. Out of the three main players in the United States, Ford Motor Company has rejected the bailout from the government and has focused its strategy on internal restructuring. As part of this effort, the future project would set out to provide some recommendations of how the company can reshape its production, pricing and resource utilisation strategies in an effort to create more value for the organisation.

Introduction

With the commencement of the 2007 economic crisis, the American automobile industry has been facing endless challenges. The number of customers has decreased, as has their purchase power and the subsequent demand for the…

References:

Pride, W.M., Hughes, R.J., Kapoor, J.R., 2011, Business, Cengage Learning

Rosenfeld, H., 2009, The North American auto industry in crisis, Monthly Review, Vol. 61, No. 2

Soy, S., 1997, The case study as a research method, Texas University at Austin, http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~ssoy/usesusers/l391d1b.htm last accessed on May 24, 2012

Vasudev, P.M., Watson, S., 2012, Corporate governance after the financial crisis, Edward Elgar Publishing

Sometime the debtor is able to successfully reduce its liability and returns to profitability but quite often it returns to seek the court's protection again and sometime the end result is liquidation.

Under Chapter 11 protections, the debtor gets an automatic protection from all creditors. The unsecured creditors cannot lay a claim on assets and secured creditors are also prevented from foreclosing on their collateral. A Chapter-11 company also gets the advantage of discarding or renegotiating union agreements, ability to freeze or cut wages and benefits and restructures its staffing requirement. Retirement and pension plans can also be reviewed or the company can transfer its pension obligations to the Federal Pension enefit Guaranty Corporation.

The reorganization is carried out by the bankruptcy and the court appointed trustee. The trustee appoints committee(s) to represent the creditor's interests and work out a plan for reorganization of the company. The reorganization plan must…

Bibliography

Boser, R.J., Has the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 adversely affected airline safety? Retrieved from Internet on 8 Nov 2005.  http://www.airlinesafety.com/faq/faq3.htm 

Delaney, K.J., Strategic Bankruptcy (Review), Retrieved from Internet on 8 Nov 2005. http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/5725.html

Fix, J.L., The chaotic skies: A look at how deregulation has affected the airline industry, 2001, retrieved from Internet on 8 Nov 2005.  http://www.freep.com/money/airtravel/dereg2_20010302.htm 

Isidore, C., U.S. Air files Chapter 11 -- "again, retrieved from Internet on 8 Nov 2005.  http://money.cnn.com/2004/09/13/news/fortune500/usair_bankruptcy

U.S. Airline Industry

AIRLINE INDUSTRY

Structure of the Industry

Deregulation Act of 1978

US Airline Industry During the 1980s

US Airline Industry During the 1990s

The Next Decade for the U.S. Airline Industry

Post 9/11

ankruptcy

Issue of Fuel

Hurricane Katrina

Future for the Global Airline Industry

Airline Industry worldwide in general and United States in particular has played a central role in stirring the growth of the world economy. With USA appearing on the world map as one of the most developed nations in the world, it's Airline Industry and its growth and now its current travails provide us with interesting insights and a case study as to how an industry can grow tremendously supported by government actions as well as market forces and then major external factors mainly political and economic can affect the progress of overall industry.

Sources

The research is conducted mainly from the websites.

CONCLUSION…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hunter, M. (2004). Bumpy ride expected for airline industry in 2005. Retrieved on Sep 28, 20045 from:

 http://www.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/ADVISOR/12/10/airline.forecast/ 

Mecia, T. (2005) Inside the Issue: The Future of U.S. Airways. Retrieved on Sep 28, 2005 from:

http://www.airportbusiness.com/article/article.jsp?id=3574& siteSection=3

Pro-Regulation

Regulation in Accounting

Regulator Battle (The Economist, 2009)

The importance of regulation is often overlook or even mocked in society. Regulations and the regulators that administer them are often portrayed as something that slows progress and makes it difficult to navigate the complexities that adherence to the regulatory requirements require. It is easy for people to view regulations from this perspective because when regulations are effective and properly designed they may seem unduly burdensome. However, when regulations break down or are ineffective it is far easier to see the value of regulation. People commonly do not actually appreciate the value of regulation until they have an example in mind that stands in recent memory. This is summarized in a statement by Tim Geithner after the global recession emerged in 2009 which said, "You want to move at the point where people still have the memory of the trauma" (The…

Works Cited

Gerardi, K., Rosen, H. & Willen, P., 2007. Do Households Benefit from Financial Deregulation and Innovation? The Case of the Mortgage Market. [Online]

Available at:  http://www.princeton.edu/~ceps/workingpapers/141rosen.pdf 

[Accessed 17 September 2012].

Lowy, M., 2012. Seeking Alpha. [Online]

It should not be treated as a separate exercise undertaken to meet regulatory requirements." (ICA, 29) Here is expressed a philosophical impetus that drives the focus of this research, that such compliance which will generally concern matters such as corporate accounting, the practice of internal oversight and the practice of financial transaction must be considered inextricable from other aspects of practical, procedural and legal operation in terms of its relevance and necessity.

Chapter 3-Practice

The practice of corporate governance may perhaps best be understand from the perspective that deregulation has largely defined the processes and direction of the global economy across the two decades following the Cold ar and its inevitable opening of economic channels. This is because in practice, corporate governance is a concept which has suffered much neglect. To the point, the statistics availed by organizations such as the orld Bank and the International Monetary Fund illustrate that…

Works Cited:

Aguilera, R.V. & Yip, G.S. (2004). Corporate Governance and Globalization:

Toward an Actor Centred Institutional Analysis. University of Illinois: College

of Business. Online at .

ASB. (1999). Reporting Financial Performance. Financial Reporting Council. Online at

Big Businesses in Australia Use Highly Paid Lobbyists or Circumvent egulations

In its relations with government, big business in Australia usually gets its own way either through the influence of highly paid lobbyists or through the capacity to circumvent regulations.

In the recent few years, the Australia government has promoted an economic liberalization task through a deregulation and privatization process. Deregulation of the media sector is now on the agenda. In 2006 Senator Coonan, Minister for Communication, Information Technology and the Arts launched a government structure for modern deregulation of the media sector (Arup, 2006). Included within the deregulation structure is a suggestion to relax the present media ownership regulation. This document will temporarily summarize the present Big business ownership in Australia and talk about the reasons for such control. This will be followed by a research of the different justifications for and against deregulation.

Arguments for deregulation consist of…

References

Arup, C. (2006). Labour law and labour market regulation: Essays on the construction, constitution and regulation of labour markets and work relationships. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.

Ahmad, A.U.F. (2010). Theory and practice of modern Islamic finance: The case analysis from Australia. Boca Raton, Fla: BrownWalker Press.

Australia., & CCH Australia Limited. (2011). Australian corporations & securities legislation 2011. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia.

Djankov, S. (2004). Understanding regulation. Washington, DC [u.a..

1980s Affecting Corporate Finance

From about the mid 1980s, the trend has been for companies, especially large ones, in industrialized countries to seek financing directly from financial markets rather than borrowing from commercial banks. This practice was motivated by various changes affecting corporate finance (Topsy-turvy, 1986). The main external source of corporate financing currently can be traced back to these past developments although more recent developments are also important.

Two changes traced to the mid 1980s that affected corporate finance were deregulation and internationalization. Deregulation caused increases in the cost of loans from commercial banks and in the number and types of entities offering financing (Topsy-turvy, 1986). Deregulation of interest rates permitted banks to pay higher rates for deposits, eventually increasing the price for loans. Consequently, it was cheaper for top-rated companies to obtain money by issuing commercial paper than by borrowing from banks. Deregulation also allowed more entities to…

Reference

Gongloff, M.(2010, September 8). Blue-Chip Borrowers Issue Debt in Droves Wall Street

Journal (Online). Retrieved from  http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=2133668831&SrchMode=2&sid=2&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1290691705&clientId=20175

Toward the end of the decade, Wall Street investment firms began hiring PhDs in mathematics and physics to create incredibly complex algorithms capable of modeling elements of the stock and futures markets. In most cases, the creators of these algorithms knew next to nothing about the financial industry, and the executives who employed them knew (literally) nothing about the mechanisms their firms had begun to rely on for their trading strategy. Destabilization of the Home Mortgage Industry:

In the early 1970s, stock analysts at Salomon Brothers, another Wall Street investment firm, developed a new kind of security based on home mortgages, called mortgage-backed securities. In principle, this allowed the conversion of illiquid (i.e. non- tradable) assets like the debt represented by home mortgages to be converted into a tradable commodity for profit. This new form of commercial transaction evolved into incredible levels of complexity after the widespread incorporation of mathematical…

References

Phillips, Kevin. "Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism" New York: Viking (2008).

" (Schlossberg, 2004)

FERC analyzed while making a review of the electric utility mergers proposition, the transaction being proposed "likely effect" on (1) competition;

(2) rates; and (3) regulation. (Schlossberg, 2004)

There are stated to be "no antitrust exemptions for transactions subject to FERC review and such mergers are regularly reviewed by either the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) or the Division." (Schlossberg, 2004) The Securities and Exchange Commission had previously held jurisdiction for reviewing acquisitions of stock of electric utility companies however, the authority provided under the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed in 2005.

III. FORESEEAILITY DOCTRINE REHAILITATION

The work of Trujillo (2006) entitled: "State Action Antitrust Exemption Collides with Deregulation: Rehabilitating the Foreeseability Doctrine" states that a capitalist society that has policies which were established for the purpose of regulating "the promotion of competition in traditionally regulated industries such as the electrical market seems counterintuitive.…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ewing, Saul (2007) FTC Complaint May Seek to Erode 'State Action' Immunity of Utilities. Staying Ahead Bulletin April 2007. Utility Law. Online available at:  http://www.saul.com/common/publications/pdf_1285.pdf 

Schlossberg, Robert S. (2004) Mergers and Acquisitions: Understanding the Antitrust Issues. American Bar Association 2004. Google, Books Online available at:  http://books.google.com/books?id=JmcoRxfB1OsC 

Trujillo, Elizabeth (2006) State Action Antitrust Exemption Collides with Deregulation: Rehabilitating the foreseeability Doctrine. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law. Online available at:  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4048/is_200601/ai_n16410098/

S. domestic carriers are at period in the industry's history when these factors are already beleaguered by downturns in the global economy, increasing competition from international carriers, and the aforementioned high costs of energy.

Chapter 2: The Impact of Open Skies Agreements on Domestic and International Carriers

Under an open skies agreement, both signatories to the agreement enjoy open access to international airline routes between the two countries as well as eliminating virtually all domestic restrictions on international carriers (Lick, 1998). In an effort to develop more closely integrated pricing and route schedules, signatories to these agreements typically also seek to gain immunity from national antitrust laws (Commercial aviation: Legacy airlines must further reduce costs to restore profitability, 2004). The U.S. Department of Transportation reviews these types of airline alliances from an antitrust perspective and refuses to approval an alliance without a reciprocal open skies agreement with the foreign airline's…

References

Baker, C. (2004, March 1). Air France-KLM approved; competition regulators in Brussels have approved Air France's takeover of KLM, deciding the consumer comes out of the deal as a net winner. Washington also says it will not oppose the deal. Airline Business, 9.

Bilotkach, V. (2002). Asymmetric regulation and airport dominance in international aviation:

Evidence from the London-New York market. Southern Economic Journal, 74(2), 505-

Doganis, R. (2002). Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. London:

S. no-fly list," n. d.)

Deregulation of Canadian airline industry has resulted in speedy consolidation, lack of consistent service, and high prices which is just the reverse of what the policy makers assured in 1987. Following the emergence of Air Canada as the sole national airline, Canadian travelers will possibly suffer more from excess booking. As against the primary markets, the regional markets encounter the double problem of falling quality of service standards and higher prices. For instance the analysis of costs, prices and profits recommend Air Canada's regular return air tickets from Thunder Bay, Ontario to Toronto could be lowered reduced by 75% in case they showed considerably efficient operating expenses. The fares for travel to far-off areas can be kept on the higher side as the operating airline usually enjoys a monopoly status. Apart from that, these higher than competitive prices subsidize the bigger regions and pose a…

Reference

An industry in crisis: safeguarding the viability of the Canadian Airline Industry" (n. d.) Retrieved 30 May, 2007 at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/372/tran/reports/rp1032230/tranrp02/06-rap-e.htm

Canadian Airlines won't abandon U.S. no-fly list" (n. d.) Edmonton Journal. http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/story.html?id=9aee6618-f44d-403b-8e07-891b57e2edc4

Chapter 7: The Airline Industry" (n. d.) Retrieved 29 May, 2007 at http://www.reviewcta-examenltc.gc.ca/english/pages/final/ch7e.htm

Christopher, John; Dion, Joseph P. (2002, Nov 14) "The Canadian Airline Industry" Retrieved 30 May, 2007 at  http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/CIR/892-e.htm

The article that was written by Conley (2011) discusses the impact that collateralized debt obligations (CDO's) would have upon the subprime loans. These were created in 1987, by the Wall Street firm Drexel urnham. In this product, the investment bankers would take a number of different articles and combine them together as one investment. The various assets that were used included: junk bonds, mortgages and other high yielding investments from the debt. The idea with these different products is that the investment bank could offer customers a stated return on their investment. The way it worked is the brokerage firm would distribute each investor, the stated amount of returns that they would make off of the tranche (the CDO investment). This was derived using a complex mathematical formula that would divide the total amount of interest that was received, from the various high yielding products that were inside the CDO.…

Bibliography

Case Study, 2011, Investopedia. Available from: [14 February 2011]

Citi Merger a Mistake, 2008, Huffington Post. Available from: [14 February 2011].

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Derivatives, 2011, Financial Dictionary. Available from: [12 February 2011].

The government is expected to offer skilled workers with a scheme through which the employees can achieve work experience, employment assistance. The Canadian government has already planned to include the services of the third party, the purpose of which is to extend the scope of the current agreements, and to modify the new agreements to honor contractual arrangements. The labor market has been revolutionized through this agrrement, the federal employees who feared termination of their services after the implementation of LMDA, are like to be offered employment by the Government of Ontario. The Canadian government is expected to invest more than $1 billion in next six years to improve the performance of the labor market program. This is to be achieved through implementation in gradual manner, initially based on the expansion and enhancement of the apprenticeship, the integration of the labor market so as to accommodate the recent immigrants, to…

References

John Quiggin. Industrial Relations Reform and Labor Market Outcomes: A Comparison of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. 2004

Ahu Gemici. Family Migration and Labor Market Outcomes. University of Pennsylvania. Jan, 2007.

Canada and Ontario Sign Labor Market Development and Labor Market Partnership Agreements. Official Website of Canadian Government. April, 2007.

(Southwest Airlines Corporation)

The employees are always put first at Southwest Airlines, and according to the CEO Herb Kelleher, who was responsible for founding the company Southwest Airlines, the philosophy that employees come first is deeply embedded in the psyche of the company, and if the employees of the company are happy and contented and fully satisfied with their work, then they will most definitely take better care of the customers of the company, and this is exactly what happens at Southwest Airlines. When the customers are happy at the treatment that they receive at Southwest Airlines, they, quite naturally keep coming back for more, and this in turn makes the shareholders extremely happy and satisfied. The employees at Southwest Airlines are some of the best and most highly paid employees of any airline, and in general, all the walls of the company are always filled with several pictures of…

References

Abenes, Fiorello B. "Marketing Study of Southwest Airlines" Retrieved at http://www.csupomona.edu/~lbabenes/MBA/SouthwestMarketingStrategies.doc. Accessed 30 August, 2005

Aviation Accident Brief" (2002) Retrieved at  http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2002/AAB0204.htm . Accessed 30 August, 2005

100 Best Corporate Citizens for the year 2005" (Spring 2005) Business Ethics Magazine.

Retrieved at  http://www.business-ethics.com/whats_new/100best.html . Accessed 29 August, 2005

Low Cost Airline in Thailand

The Study on Improvement of Low Cost Airline in Thailand

Geography of Thailand

Nature of Airlines

Variables under Study

The Profitability of Low Cost Airlines in Thailand

Thai Economy

Operating esults, Selected Airlines, Financial Year 1999

The Economies of Scale Attained By Airline Industry

Human esource Practices

The future of low cost Thailand Airlines

Contrasting Qualities of State Owned and Non-State Owned Airlines

The Study on Improvement of Low Cost Airline in Thailand

Thailand is a global source for customers seeking cheap labor or material inputs. The country is rich in natural resources -- tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, and timber being a few examples. The country is a major source for agricultural products1a.

Thailand also has an abundant supply of low-skilled labor with high participation rates in the workforce 86% for males and 67% for females in 1995. At the same time, the country…

References

Aharoni, Y. & Nachum, L. (Eds.). (2000). Globalization of Services: Some Implications for Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/ PM.qst?a=o&d=102764448

Alagappa, M. (Ed.). (1998). Material and Ideational Influences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Retrieved June 11, 2011, from Questia database:

" (p. 4) This is to make the argument that it should be seen as a practical reality of this new business atmosphere that responsibility to the social realities and standards of an operational setting will be directly predictive of long-term survival, stability, functionality and survival.

That stated, it should also be seen as incumbent upon the global alliances created by the process of free trade to impose standards of corporate social responsibility vis a vis labor standards, wage equality and environmental protections. By taking this step, the world community can help to ease the financial burden placed upon those companies which aspire to engage in the global economy without eschewing positive corporate values.

eferences:

Kahler, M & Lake, DA 2001, 'Globalization and governance,' IGCC. ead online Aug. 9, 2010 < http://igcc.ucsd.edu/research/intl_political_economy/gandg.html>.

Lockwood, N 2004, 'Corporate Social esponsibility,' Society for Human

esource Management.

Smith, H 2004, 'Who calls the shots…

References:

Kahler, M & Lake, DA 2001, 'Globalization and governance,' IGCC. Read online Aug. 9, 2010 <  http://igcc.ucsd.edu/research/intl_political_economy/gandg.html >.

Lockwood, NR 2004, 'Corporate Social Responsibility,' Society for Human

Resource Management.

Smith, H 2004, 'Who calls the shots in the global economy?,' PBS.org.

Because lending institutions stood to lose anytime borrowers defaulted on a loan, lenders always engaged in a very careful process of ensuring that loan applicants were capable of repaying any debts they sought to take on (Phillips, 2008).

Deregulation shortly before the turn of the century eliminated the self-interest basis of rejecting risky debtors, leaving only legal and ethical obligations to exercise due diligence in good faith (Phillips, 2008). Unfortunately, mortgage lenders throughout the nation began issuing loans irresponsibly and often without any collateral or interest due on the loan. Since they intended to sell off the obligation anyway, they had little concern for what might happen subsequently. Likewise, home realtors and mortgage brokers began aggressively soliciting business from customers unethically, often by exploiting their ignorance about variable-rate mortgage loans. Unfortunately, this process also triggered an artificial housing bubble based largely on inflated property value statements and those overvalued but…

OH: West Legal Studies.

Phillips K. (2008). "Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis

of American Capitalism" New York: Viking.

Spatial tracking systems that make banks' floor plans and product positioning more effective;

5. Intelligent interactive displays that reflect the interests of the watcher;

6. Use of wireless tablet personal computers (PCs) for client interviewing; and,

7. Videoconference virtual experts for collaborative selling (56).

The same features that characterize high performance banks in their brick-and-mortar operations appear to relate to the use of technology as well, with the best performing banks having identified the optimum mix of services for the markets they serve. For instance, Grasing reports that, "Banks are taking a variety of approaches in implementing technology to make improvements in retail delivery. The methods differ, depending on the bank management's mindset toward the purpose of the software and its valued place in the new business or service delivery processes" (3). The main point in this area is that high performance banks apply technology in ways that help minimize…

Works Cited

Bielski, Lauren. (2007). "Today's Elements Tomorrow's Branch: The Branch Was Supposed to Phase out. It Hasn't and May Never. What Will the Branch of the Future Feature? Self

Service and Collaboration." ABA Banking Journal 99(6): 55-57.

DePrince, Albert E., William F. Ford and Thomas H. Strickland. (1999). "The New High

Performers Stretch Their Lead." ABA Banking Journal 91(11): 36.

Economists call this 'moral hazard,' where individuals have an incentive to behave recklessly because they know they will not be punished for their mistakes" (Interview, Der Spiegel, 2009).

The obvious response to such allegations is that the failure of Lehman Brothers which precipitated the collapse of the world's markets indicates what can transpire when something that people expected to be backed by a government is allowed to flounder. Lehman felt certain that the U.S. government would and could bail it out, just as it had similar companies in the past. Now the government is afraid NOT to extend aid to failing institutions, given what transpired post-Lehman.

So the cycle continues -- assurance of no need to suffer moral hazard results in a collapse of an industry (or government), the institution is shored up because it is too dangerous to let it fail, which results in the revivification of a dangerously…

Works Cited

"Did foreign reserves help weather the crisis?" IMF Survey Online. October 9, 2009.

October 19, 2009.

 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2009/NUM100809A.htm 

"IMF Moves to Boost Resources to Combat Global Crisis." IMF Survey Online.

However, even the Journal worries that there is no guarantee that the capital will be there for the next round of infusions for failing banks. t calls on the government to give private-equity firms more leeway in exerting control over a bank investment and changing the accounting rules for bank acquisitions, allowing the firm to write down the bank's losses down over time, rather than having to take them on immediately.

The article seems to be treating the symptom, not the problem. The solution is not to make it easier for private equity firms to take banks during a period of successive, serious and massive bank failures. nstead, the government must address the causes of why so many banks are failing, and discover how to prevent this in the future. Also, further deregulation in a situation that was caused by deregulation in the first place seems unwise. Deregulation cannot cure…

It is said that it is an 'ill wind that blows nobody good.' However, recently it has proven more and more difficult to find good economic news. And this is not simply in the United States. Now, the IMF predicts a mind-boggling $945 billion of credit- related losses amongst banks. According to Dennis K. Berman, however, "mind-boggling part isn't so much the losses, but what's come after: That there has been enough capital to save dozens of banks and brokers from the brink of disaster....However fragile, the system has remained self-repairing, feeding capital where it is needed" (Berman 2008). In other words, according to the Wall Street Journal, at least the system proved capable of correcting itself in a way that it would not have been able to correct itself in the past.

However, even the Journal worries that there is no guarantee that the capital will be there for the next round of infusions for failing banks. It calls on the government to give private-equity firms more leeway in exerting control over a bank investment and changing the accounting rules for bank acquisitions, allowing the firm to write down the bank's losses down over time, rather than having to take them on immediately.

The article seems to be treating the symptom, not the problem. The solution is not to make it easier for private equity firms to take banks during a period of successive, serious and massive bank failures. Instead, the government must address the causes of why so many banks are failing, and discover how to prevent this in the future. Also, further deregulation in a situation that was caused by deregulation in the first place seems unwise. Deregulation cannot cure the economic problems caused by deregulation and poor oversight by the federal government.

Business - Management

External Environment Analysis

Southwest Airlines is the nation's low fair, high customer satisfaction airline. It mainly serves short haul cities, offering single class air transportation, which aims for the business commuter as well as leisure travelers. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) classifies Southwest Airlines as Scheduled Passenger Air Transportation - 481111 (North American Industry Classification System, 2011).

When conducting an external analysis it is important to look at Porter's five forces to determine the competitive strength and therefore magnetism of a market. Porter's five forces comprise five forces from horizontal competition and vertical competition. These forces are: threat of substitute products, the threat of established rivals, and the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers and the bargaining power of customers (Porter's Five Forces a Model for Industry Analysis, 2010).

The first threat is that of the threat of new entrants into the…

References

Del Vecchio, John. (2000). Analyzing Industries. Retrieved from  http://www.fool.com/research/2000/features000309.htm 

How Economic Factors Affect the Aviation Industry. (2011). Retreived from  http://www.myefficientplanet.com/74865/how-economic-factors-affect-the-aviation-industry/ 

North American Industry Classification System. (2011). Retreived from  http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ 

PEST Analysis. (2010). Retrieved from  http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/pest/

Charles Schwab

I writing a case analysis Charles Schwab. The essay I ordered helped tremendously. I continue order custom essay's semester guide writing case analysis. Thanks. Generally, detailed analysis a case study Charles Schwab includes areas

Charles Schwab: An Overview

Analyze the company's history, development, and growth

Charles Schwab is one of America's largest financial services firms. It has positioned itself in the financial services market as a firm for the 'average investor.' It was a pioneer of the no-transaction fee mutual fund, a financial instrument that became increasingly important for investors without a great deal of initial capital. Schwab opened up storefronts all over the nation, and was one of the first firms to use direct face-to-face contact with average, small-scale investors as a marketing technique. Its low fees and personal touch caused Schwab to experience stratospheric growth during the 1990s stock market boom, an era which saw a…

Reference for Business.

Retrieved September 17, 2011 at  http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/98/The-Charles-Schwab-Corporation.html 

In the community. (2011). Charles Schwab, Retrieved September 17, 2011 at  http://www.aboutschwab.com/community 

Schwab reports fourth quarter and third year results. (2010). Press release.

Retrieved September 17, 2011 at http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/schwab/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&ndmConfigId=1020773&newsId=20100119007503&newsLang=en

In this regard, Osorio adds that, "The strike put deregulation on hold, giving the airlines a respite from intense competition and more time to plan for the post-deregulation era" (2000, p. 114). The PATCO strike also severely hampered further governmental employee unionizing activities for decades (Osorio, 2000).

Conclusion

The research showed that in 1981, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization engaged in an illegal strike for more money, better working conditions and updated equipment that violated Title VII of the Civil Service eform Act of 1978. Notwithstanding the legitimacy of the union's demands, the manner in which they pursued them was violative of the law of the land and the President of the United States took matters into his own hands as chief executive officer and fired the lot of them in response, replacing them with supervisors, military air traffic controllers and newly hired controllers. The PATCO strike also had…

References

Grimes, P.W. (1999). The decline of strike activity and the post-PATCO era. Atlantic Economic

Journal, 32(2), 37.

Manheim, J.B. (2001). The death of a thousand cuts: Corporate campaigns and the tttack on the corporation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Minchin, T.J. (2000, Spring). Torn apart: Permanent replacements and the Crossett Strike of

Resurrection of the American Dream

The American Dream is a concept that has been a part of American culture for many decades. The American Dream is a deeply held conviction that an individual can reach his or her fullest potential if they apply themselves appropriately. This concept is built on the idea that there are no limiting conditions that can keep someone from fulfilling their potential such as age, race, sex, disabilities, or other factors that are beyond an individual's control. The idea is centered on the concept that there exists the opportunity for social mobility that can be achieved through the application of one's efforts.

Through hard work and determination an American has the potential to improve their circumstances at all times. However, the vitality of the American Dream has been compromised in recent decades with many macroeconomic developments that have negatively impacted the economic opportunities for Americans. Furthermore,…

Works Cited

Adams, J. The Epic of America. Simon Publications, 1933. EBook.

Asensio, A. And D. Lang. "The Financial Crisis, Its Economic Consequences, and How to Get Out of It." International Journal of Political Economy (2010): 58-69. Web.

Focardi, S. And F. Fabozzi. "The Resonable Effectiveness of Mathmatics in Economics." American Economist (2010): 19-30.

Lal, D. "The Great Crash of 2008: Cause and Consequences." Cato Journal (2012): 265-277. Web.

Swissair's Alliances

Issues and Key Issue

In my opinion, there are several issues, the most important ones having been emphasized at the end of the case study. First of all, the creation, with the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992, of the common market in Europe, corroborated with the fact that Switzerland is not member of the EU, would be leading to the renegotiation of the Aviation Service Agreements (ASA) to which Swissair is part. Additionally, the common market would mean a much larger market than the Swiss: 350 million compared to 7 million and we may assume that the support from the European Commission and Council of Europe, coordinating bodies of the EU would have been much stronger.

A second issues that needed to worry Swissair is obviously related to deregulation, but not only on the European level, but globally. Global deregulation affects Swissair especially in terms of prices. Until…

Financial Development

Every country has a different level of financial development. The World Bank uses four measures of banking development: depth, access, efficiency and stability. An international banking conglomerate considering expansion will want to understand a country's local banking conditions in order to have the most informed view, to help with making the expansion decision. In this scenario, the countries being evaluated are the United States, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, India, South Africa, Iran, China and Turkey. This report will analyze the banking systems of each of these countries against the World Bank criteria.

Basic Economic Conditions

Before investigating the banking systems in each country, a brief overview will be provided of the prevailing economic conditions in each nation. The size of the economy, measured by GDP and by GDP per capita, is related to the market potential for a bank to enter the country. The more money there is a…

References

Chossudovsky, M. (2008). Global financial meltdown: Sweeping deregulation of the U.S. banking system. Global Research Retrieved December 5, 2014 from  http://www.globalresearch.ca/global-financial-meltdown-sweeping-deregulation-of-the-us-banking-system/10588 

CIA World Factbook: Various pages. (2014). Retrieved December 5, 2014 from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html 

Dheghan, S. (2014). UK and Iran agree to re-establish direct diplomatic relations. The Guardian. Retrieved December 5, 2014 from  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/20/uk-iran-direct-diplomatic-relations 

FRED. (2014). Personal savings rate. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved December 5, 2014 from  http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/PSAVERT/

Enron Corporation was the American company that specialized in supplying of energy.

Prior to its collapse in 2001, Enron was one of the most admired companies in the United States recording superior profits year by year, however, in 2001, series of the Enron questionable financial transactions were finally made opened when the company's stock price collapsed within one day. This study investigates several factors that led to the fall of Enron Corporation, the outcome of the investigation reveals that the top management did not promote culture of ethics within the organization. The paper reveals that the management was intoxicated with power manipulating information to their benefits. Moreover, top officials used power ruthlessly intimidating the subordinated. The company did not promote the culture of checks and balances by allowing only one entity performing both the functions of internal and external auditing. The study recommends that integration of ethical business is an…

The Uruguay round would designate that the TO, through its primary role as a mediator, negotiator, and monitor of international trade policies and disputes, serves by design as a gatekeeper of international trade, offering the structural conditions and assembled authority to exact a legitimate level of authority over its member nations.

A good example of how the TO has strengthened the international governing community's ability to provide oversights for its member nations comes from the 1994 rounds of negotiation in Uruguay which essentially defined and forged the TO from the shadows of the GATT. In a consideration, for instance, of the newly afforded power to engage in the process of dispute settlement, we can see that the TO would have an expansive impact on the power of those who had already acted under the propositions of the GATT. The declaration produced by this round of talks would proceed by stating…

Works Cited:

AdBrands. (2008). Wal-Mart Stores (U.S.). AdBrands.net.

Beierle, T. (2002). . From Uruguay to Doha: Agricultural Trade Negotiations at the World Trade Organization University of Connecticut: Discussion Papers.

Collins, J.C. (2007). Supply Chain. Accounting Software Research. Online at  http://www.asaresearch.com/ecommerce/supplychain.htm .

Doha WTO Ministerial. (2006). Ministerial Declaration. The World Trade Organization.

Beyond that, however, some lessons about organizational structure, values, and business models can also be gleaned from Lewis' work. Without a careful and purposeful control of operations to maintain their professionalism and ethicality, and without a strong indicator of ethical values and their importance at the top of an organization, the lower levels of the organization are all but certain to devolve into a chaos that brings out the lowest common denominators in human behavior.

As Lewis notes in a later rumination about his book, however, these lessons don't really appear to have been learned. The fact that CEOs at Wall Street investment firms still have massive (actually, far more massive) salary and benefits packages as did their 1980 counterparts while still failing to appreciate the risks that their investors are taking or the reasons (or lack of reason) that exist behind those risks has made Lewis' book "quaint" in…

References

Lewis, M. (1990). Liar's Poker. New York: Penguin.

Magee, C. (2008). Dealing another hand of Liar's Poker. Accessed 2 December 2010.  http://www.themillions.com/2008/11/dealing-another-hand-of-liar-poker_9727.html

These blackouts were orchestrated as away to drive up the prices of energy. Tapes of conversations were released to the public and the employee's are on tape mocking the people of California after they were at the root cause of the problem for consumers (Johnston, 2004).

eferences

Buchholtz, a. & Carroll, a, (2008) Business and Society, 7th ed. Cengage Learning

Harvard Law eview, (2003), the good, the bad, and their corporate codes of ethics:

Enron, Sarbanes-Oxley and the problems with legislating morality, the Harvard

Law eview Association, 116(7) 2123-2141

Johnston, L. (2004, June 2). Enron tapes anger lawmakers - CBS Evening News

etrieved November 15, 2010, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/02/eveningnews/main620795.shtml

Sims, ., & Brinkmann (2003) Enron ethics (or culture matters more than codes), Journal of business ethics 45(3)

Thomas, W., (2002) the rise and fall of Enron: when a company looks to good to be true, it usually is. New York: andom…

References

Barret, M., (2004), Enron and Andersen-what went wrong and why similar audit failures can happen again, Foundation press

Barrionuevo, a. (2006, May 25). Enron chiefs guilty of fraud and conspiracy, New

York Times. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from  http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/business/25cnd-enron.html 

Hasnas, J. (2004/2005), the significant meaninglessness of Arthur Andersen LLP v.

By the turn of the century, though, these low-costs carriers had become profitable or at least had significantly reduced their losses due in large part to concomitant increases by major carriers that were increasing their prices in response to decreasing yields and higher energy prices (Doganis 2001).

By and large, passenger traffic across the board increased significantly prior to September 11, 2001 and all signs indicated it was continue to increase for the foreseeable future. For example, according to Janda, Flouris and Oum (2005), global air passenger traffic increased from 1.573 trillion revenue-passenger-kilometers (RPK) in 1985 to 3.394 trillion in 2000, representing a 116% increase during this decade-and-a-half period, or an average annual compounded growth of 5.26%. Furthermore, between 1985 and 2000, air freight traffic grew at even faster rate than passenger traffic (Janda et al. 2005). These authors also emphasize airlines are directly affected by the larger economy in…

Network." 2010, October 7 Canada NewsWire Group. [online]. available:

The purpose of the take-or-pay clause is to allocate the respective risks of the production and sales of natural gas between buyers and sellers.

According to Gaille, "The seller bears the risk of production. To compensate seller for that risk, buyer agrees to take, or pay for if not taken, a minimum quantity of gas. The buyer bears the risk of market demand. The take-or-pay clause ensures that if the demand for gas goes down, seller will still receive the price for the contract quantity delivered each year."

Although there are other salient risks involved, the two main risks hedged against are the two described above.

2.2.2.1 Transfer of volume risk. According to Meyer, Myers, Kolbe, Leonard and Baker, "Take-or-pay contracts are often signed in transportation industries precisely to shift risk of revenue variances away from the suppliers who have sunk costs in the right-of-way to the suppliers of the…

190). The Act also helped to create a "too-big-to-fail" mindset (Walter, 2004) that would have profound implications during the economic downturn of 2008 and beyond.

6.

Why did you include this piece of legislation in your list? The Act is described by Sammin (2004) as being "the biggest revision in financial services law since the Great Depression" (p. 653).

iegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994

1.

What were the problems/conditions giving rise to the legislation? apid consolidations among the nation's banks were creating the potential for diverting needed banking resources from communities (ose, 1997).

2.

What were the major provisions of the Act? The iegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (hereinafter "the Act") contained the following major provisions:

A. Bank holding companies that are adequately capitalized and managed can acquire a bank anywhere in the United States one year after this law is enacted.…

References

Alexander, K., Dhumale, R. & Eatwell, J. (2006). Global governance of financial systems: The international regulation of systemic risk. New York: Oxford University Press.

Coustan, H., Leinicke, L.M., Rexroad, W.M. & Ostrosky, J.A. (2004). Sarbanes-Oxley: What it means to the marketplace; from support to apprehension, accounting professionals express their thoughts. Journal of Accountancy, 197(2), 43-44.

Feinberg, R.M. & Reynolds, K.M. (2010). An examination of entry and competitive performance in rural banking markets. Southern Economic Journal, 76(3), 624-625.

Gup, B.E. (2003). The future of banking. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

But this does not mean it is fair to ignore how many fragile emerging economies, such as Iceland, Ireland, and Greece, have been suffering far worse turmoil than either the U.S. Or Canada today. Regarding the worries about the 'jobless recovery,' Watson believes decreases in employment do not always presage more serious recessions later on.

There are profound differences between today and the 1930s. The difference seem to lie in the political climate: there was widespread support for Franklin Delano Roosevelt's instituting of government programs to help the unemployed and dispossessed. Today, an intransigent Republican minority faction in Congress is stymieing such efforts. Watson's sunny forecast does not provide any advice about how to prevent a similar crisis in the future, he simply advises the reader to watch and wait unemployment figures creep up: "IPA forecast sees the national unemployment rate rising to an average of 8.1% in 2009 --…

(2) Analyzing all accident data without regard to the type of airframe provides for an easy sampling and less potential bias toward fixed wing vs. rotary wing aircraft.

(3) Not including ground accidents into the research will allow the research to focus only on aviation accidents.

(4) Limiting the research to a four-year period; 2003 to 2006 will provide an adequate sampling of the data and not constrain the research results.

Assumptions

First Assumption

The first assumption is that accident data to be used will be an adequate sample of class a through class C accidents within the USAREUR area of operations.

Second Assumption

The second assumption is that ARMS inspection dates derived from official USAREUR Publications and historical data files will reflect actual dates of ARMS inspections.

Third Assumption

The third assumption is that current ARMS inspections continue to incorporate comprehensive checklist used to evaluate resource management and assist…

For the SunLife agents to be successful the accumulated experience and knowledge in the company need to be captured, and applied to the sales cycles and ongoing customer relationships. This is another major gap that is in the approach the company is taking with the implementation of Maestro today as well. SunLife is not taking into account the deep expertise and knowledge within the company to streamline and make more efficient the selling process, and as a result the resistance to change on the part of agents just increases over time. They fail to see the value of making any significant shift in how they view new technologies to help them sell more effectively or continually be trusted advisors over time.

SunLife has an exceptionally strong grasp of technologies and their contributions to each aspect of the insurance sales, account management and risk management aspects of the insurance industry. Several…

References

Bull, C.. (2010). Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system, intermediation and disintermediation: The case of INSG. International Journal of Information Management, 30(1), 94.

Ernst, H., Hoyer, W., Krafft, M., & Krieger, K.. (2011). Customer relationship management and company performance -- the mediating role of new product performance. Academy of Marketing Science. Journal, 39(2), 290-306.

Keller, 1999. The Pitfalls of Meta-Systems and Business Rules. Generali Office Service and Consulting.

Levasseur, R.. (2011). People Skills: Optimizing Team Development and Performance. Interfaces, 41(2), 204-208.

Enron could engage in their derivative trading strategy with no fear of government intervention because derivative trading was specifically exempted from government regulation. Due in part to a ruling by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission's (CFTC) chairwoman, Wendy Graham, derivatives remained free of regulatory oversight. Ms. Graham, wife of Texas senator Phil Graham, made this ruling 5 weeks before resigning as chairwoman of the CFTC and joining the Enron oard of Directors in 1993.

Derivative accounting is further complicated because there is no consistent way to fairly report their value and risk in a company's financial report. In 1998 Rule No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" was developed by the Financial Accounting Standards oard (FAS), an independent agency that sets guidelines for corporate auditors. Rule 133 contains more than 800 pages, which further complicates its adoption and consistent interpretation by various companies. SFAS No. 133 was subsequently…

Bibliography

Dettmer, Jamie, and John Berlau. "Requiem for Enron: There's Enough Blame to Go around for the Collapse of the Energy Giant From Executives to Auditors to Financial Analysts to Congress." Insight on the News 7 Jan. 2002: 12+. Questia. 10 Mar. 2005 .

Folbre, Nancy. "Blowing the Whistle on Poverty Policy." Review of Social Economy 61.4 (2003): 479+. Questia. 10 Mar. 2005 .

Gup, Benton E., ed. Too Big to Fail: Policies and Practices in Government Bailouts / . Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Hartgraves, Ai L., and George J. Benston. "The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations." Accounting Horizons 16.3 (2002): 245+..

In the late 1990s, this was not a problem as the stock was continuing to climb to all-time highs. However, once the economy began to slow, is when this strategy backfired by forcing them to issues more stock to cover these losses. As shares were declining, many investors became weary of continuing to participate in these activities. (Healy, 2003)

In late 2001, these activities were brought to the attention of regulators and investors (which resulted in the eventual bankruptcy of the firm). This is illustrating how forensic accounts overlooked or ignored key areas that could have uncovered fraudulent activities. As a result, one could argue that the lack of ethics and the close relationship with company executives helped to perpetuate these abuses. (Healy, 2003)

Insider Trading

Another type of fraud that is most prevalent is insider trading. This is when executives will have specific knowledge of the financial situation surrounding…

References

Albrecht, S. (2006). The Ethics Development Model. Australian Accounting Review, 16 (38), 30 -- 40.

Bettis, J. (2000). Corporate Policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 57 (2), 191 -- 220.

Golden, T. (2011). A Guide to Forensic Accounting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Gray, D. (2008). Forensic Accounting and Auditing. American Journal of Business Education, 1 (2), 1 -- 12.

suitable airline performance data, provide a discussion rivals North American Airline industry found hard match southwest airlines. 2)Discuss dynamic capabilities, distinct capabilities generally, a source competitive advantage fast-paced highly uncertain environments.

Southwest Airlines

The airline industry has generated unprecedented development within the society. Supported by technologic innovation, the airline industry has shifted balances in wars and fights and it has supported the advancement of the societies and economies. Due to the airline industry, people became able to travel to places once considered remote and as such to expand their cultural horizons, but also the business operations.

At its inception, the airline industry would be mostly owned and operated by the government, and this situation still applies in some of the countries in the globe. In the United States however, the airline industry has been subjected to deregulation and privatization and it is now characterized by high levels of competition. The…

References:

2012, The Global Competitiveness Index 2011-2012 rankings, World Economic Forum,  http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_CompetitivenessIndexRanking_2011-12.pdflast  accessed on August 1, 2012

2012, The world factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos last accessed on August 1, 2012

2012, Website of the World Economic Forum, http://www.weforum.orglast accessed on August 1, 2012

Federal Funds Rate

The federal fund rate was part of the solution, comprised in the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, to centralize the banking system and gain public control of the money supply, inflation, and economic growth. The banking crisis of 1907 was a result of decentralized, unregulated banking that caused confusion with private bank notes being used as currency. There were occasional episodes of monetary mismanagement where the money supply was not appropriate to fulfill the needs of the economy. Too much money caused rapid inflation where too little money stunted economic growth by hindering production and the exchange of goods and services. There were no nationally consistent banking policies and no one entity had control to implement policies until the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 became a national law.

The Federal Reserve System was created with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 with a oard of Governors to…

Bibliography

Amadeo, K. About.com U.S. Economy. 24 Jan 2012. Article. 14 Aug 2012.

Bankrate.com. How the federal funds rate affects finance. n.d. article. 15 Aug 2012.

Bofah, K. What Effect does the Fed Fund Rate Have on Stock Prices. n.d. Article. 15 Aug 2012.

Madrick, J. "Paul Volcker, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan." Madrick, J. Age of Greed. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. 160-176. Book.