Diabetes Mellitus Essays (Examples)

The high levels of blood glucose lead to the production of insulin therefore patients have excessive production of insulin. There is insulin resistance and hence body cells do not respond in an appropriate way in the presence of insulin (Mealey, 2010).

The main difference between diabetes insipidus, and diabetes mellitus, is that in diabetes mellitus insulin resistance is referred to being "post-receptor." This implies that the problem lies with the cells which respond to insulin as opposed to there being a problem in the production of insulin. The onset of diabetes mellitus is slow and the disorder might go undiagnosed for a very long period of time. Diabetes insipidus has an abrupt onset and it might be diagnosed at any age.

Factors affecting diagnosis and treatment prescription of diabetes

There are various factors that might affect the diagnosis and treatment of these two types of diabetes.one of these factors is…

References

Mealey, B.L. (2010).Diabetes Pathophysiology. Retrieved July 29, 2013 from  http://www.health.am/db/diabetes-pathophysiology/ 

MediLexicon International Ltd.(2013). All about Diabetes. Retrieved July 29, 2013 from  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/

Diabetes in Australia

The Australian government and the relevant Health agencies have for many years strived to put the diabetes menace under close observation and management. There have been massive researches and huge sums directed towards good management and possible elimination of diabetes at the national levels. This commitment is exhibited by the specialized funds and efforts like the Juvenile Diabetes esearch Fund (JDF) that has been committed to striving to mitigate the effects of diabetes from the render age of the Australians.

Since diabetes is such a big challenge to Australia as a whole, diabetes mellitus was declared a National Health Priority Area in 1996 during the Australian Health Minister's Conference and this was as recognition to the high levels of diabetes prevalence within Australia, the mortality rates that were due to it, the impact it had on morbidity and the possibility of the health improvements that can be…

References

American Diabetes Association, (2013). Kidney Disease (Nephropathy). Retrieved May 13, 2013 from  

However, advancements in pharmacogenetics promises new and better ways of managing diabetes. Studies have shown that Lisofylline, an anti-inflammatory compound is very effective in suppressing the autoimmune activity and in improving the islet secretion of insulin. Mice studies showed significant difference (25% vs. 91.6%) in the onset of diabetes among Lisofylline treated mice compared to placebo mice. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines IFN-? And TNF-? levels correlated with reduction in ss cell apoptosis. [Yang et.al, 2003] Recent study by Lipsett et.al (2007) has shown that Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein (INGAP) is useful as a pancreatic regeneration agent. Successful tests in mice and regeneration of cultured human pancreatic cells have encouraged the researchers to seriously consider INGAP as an effective agent for improving insulin synthesis. [Lipsett et.al, (2007)]

A recent Cornell University study focused on an entirely different approach to diabetes management. The researchers examined the possibility of recombinant Commensal bacteria engineered to…

Bibliography

1) George S. Eisenbarth, (2007) 'Update in Type 1 Diabetes', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 92, No.7.  http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/7/2403 

2) McGill University, 'Deficient Regulators in the Immune System Responsible for Type 1 Diabetes', Updated 25 Jan 2008, Available at,  http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/article.php?q=08012539 

3) Kent SC, Chen Y, & Bregoli L. et.al (2005) 'Expanded T cells from pancreatic lymph nodes of type 1 diabetic subjects recognize an insulin epitope'. Nature 435:224 -- 228

4) Mathieu C, Gysemans C. et.al (Jul 2005), 'Vitamin D and Diabetes', Diabetologia. 48(7):1247-57

Diabetes Among Middle Age Males:

One of the major public health issues among middle age males is diabetes since they are twice as likely to suffer from the disease as compared to their female counterparts. Generally, the rate of diabetes has increased in the recent past to an extent that 8% of the American population have the disease, especially children and adults. The main reason for the increase of the rate of diabetes is that the risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age. The other risk factors include an inactive lifestyle, being obese or overweight, a history of the disease in immediate family, and a diet with high sugar and low fiber. As the rate of diabetes has increased among children and adults, much increase has occurred among the male population, especially middle age males. Therefore, it is increasingly important to examine the major health risks incurred by the…

References:

American Diabetes Association. (2002, January). Screening for Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(1),

S21-S24. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from  http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/suppl_1/s21.full.pdf 

"America's Middle Boomers." (2013). Demographic Profile. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/Profiles/mmi-middle-boomer-demographic-profile.pdf

David et al. (1994, May). Health Behaviors and Survival Among Middle-Aged Men and Women

Diabetes Education

What is Diabetes?

Interventions

Management

Self-Care

Diabetes Education

Clinical Practice ecommendations

Diabetes Education

Diabetes is considered to be a chronic disease which really needs some kind of long-term nursing and medical intermediations. esearch shows that patients likewise need to take a part that is active in their own treatment and management, and the alter their lifestyles in order to keep their metabolic state at a level that is normal (Sperl-Hillen, 2010). One of the transformations in education is recognized as being electronic learning. This technique is interesting because it has all of these unique features which users are interested in using, and has made it possible to learn anywhere. It facilitates individual as well as group learning, and makes it conceivable to familiarize the material as stated by the users' needs. However, in the last 10 years, it has been very obvious that the Internet has turned out…

Reference:

EIJJ, V. (2009). Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane Library, 44(8), 1-44.

Marjatta Kelo, M.M. (2011). Self-care of school-age children with diabetes: an integrative review. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, 2096-2105.

Marzieh Moattari, M.H. (2012). The impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who need insulin: a randomised clinical control. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 32 -- 38.

Sperl-Hillen, J. (2010). Are benefits from Diabetes Self-Management education Sustained? American Journal of Managed Care is the property of Intellisphere, 104-113.

Diabetes

(Harvard Citation)

Studies conducted over decades have concluded that there is a significant link between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. For instance, the most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes, which involves both the impairment in insulin resistance and the defective secretion of insulin by the pancreas. The development of diabetes often comes with a number of cardiovascular complications including "coronary heart disease (CDC), stroke, peripheral arterial disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and possibly neuropathy and cardiomyopathy." (Grundy 1999)

Specifically both diabetes type 1 and type 2 are considered to be risk factors for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. "Moreover, myocardial ischemeal due to coronary atherosclerosis commonly occurs without symptoms in patients with diabetes." (Grundy 1999) In other words, patients with diabetes are more likely to be stricken with congestive heart failure. But it is not only the risk of heart failure that diabetes sufferers are at risk from, another…

References

"eGFR." Lab Tests Online, Available from  http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/gfr/tab/test 

"Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)" National Kidney Foundation Available from  http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/ckd/knowgfr.cfm 

Grundy, Scott. Et al 1999, "Diabetes and Heart Disease: A Statement for Healthcare

Professionals from the American Heart Association" AHA Scientific Statement.

African-Americans and Diabetes

Diabetes in the African-American Adult Population

Diabetes is a serious public health issue, and often seen in the African-American adult population. According to the CDC, African-Americans are twice as likely to have type II diabetes as Caucasians (Diabetes, 2011). This is highly significant, since 90 to 95% of new diabetes cases each year are type II (Diabetes, 2011). There are several reasons for these cases, and genetics is one of them. Additionally, people can develop type II diabetes from obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, age, and poor eating habits. In order to thoroughly address the issue, it is important to look at what African-Americans know and do not know about diabetes, and how they handle the disease if they do develop it or are told they are at risk for developing it. Many of them have pre-diabetes, and can avoid the disease if they are conscientious regarding the…

References

Agurs-Collins, T.D., Kumanyika, S.K., Ten Have, T.R., Adams-Campbell, L.L. (1997). A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction and exercise for diabetes management in older African-American subjects. Diabetes Care, 20(10): 1503-1511.

Baptiste-Roberts, K., Gary, T.L., Beckles, G.L.A., Gregg, E.W., Owens, M., Porterfield, D., & Engelgau, M.M. (2007). Family history of diabetes, awareness of risk factors, and health behaviors among African-Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5): 907-912.

Diabetes. (2011). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov /chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/ddt.htm.

McCleary-Jones, V. (2011). Health literacy and its association with diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy and disease self-management among African-Americans with diabetes mellitus. The ABNF Journal: 25-32.

This means these children have a much higher chance of developing other diabetes related illnesses as they grow older, including serious damage to the eyes, nerves, heart, kidneys, and blood vessels (Bren, 2004). If they do not learn how to self-manage the disease when they are children, they will have more serious side effects as they grow older, and they will be a drain on the healthcare and insurance areas, as well.

One way to prevent diabetes is to treat the underlying causes, such as poor nutrition, lack of education, and obesity. This education should start in childhood, and the population should have resources available to help them deal with and self-treat the disease. Perhaps "diabetes centers" could open in inner city neighborhoods, that provided treatment kits, education, and even cooking and nutrition classes to help with patients cope with their disease.

In conclusion, Type 2 diabetes hits minority victims…

References

Bren, L. (2004, July/August). Diabetes prevention, treatment. FDA Consumer, 38, 18+.

Clark, M. (2004). Understanding diabetes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Cox, R.H., Carpenter, J.P., Bruce, F.A., Poole, K.P., & Gaylord, C.K. (2004). Characteristics of low-income African-American and Caucasian adults that Are important in self-management of Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Community Health, 29(2), 155+.

Dabelko, H.I., & Decoster, V.A. (2007). Diabetes and adult day health services. Health and Social Work, 32(4), 279+.

Indigenous Australians and Diabetes

In Adelaide the first case of diabetes in Indigenous people was noted in 1923. The records clearly show that Indigenous people didn't diagnose diabetes at the time as they were fit, lean and in good shape. Apart from that, they didn't have any metabolic ailment at the time. Till the 1960's, the estimates of diabetes in Indigenous people weren't taken and no investigation done until then. Then a connection was found between indigenous population and westernized living in the population as type-2 diabetes was slowly starting to materialize. Since then, type 2 diabetes has been deemed as the most worrying health problems in Australia as the probability of it being in the population is four times (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2007a).

Diabetes and the afflicted person

Diabetes can affect a person in many ways as shown below:

Family

Work

Daily life

Emotionally

Monetarily

Physically (Shaw, 2012)

Physical…

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2006) The health and welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 2006. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (2007a) Review of diabetes among Indigenous peoples. Retrieved June 7, 2014 from  http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/chronic-conditions/diabetes/reviews/our-review 

Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (2007b) Background information on Diabetes. Retrieved June 7, 2014 from  http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/chronic-conditions/diabetes/reviews/background-information 

Bhattacharyya et al. (2002). Inpatient management of diabetes mellitus and patient satisfaction. Diabetic medicine: A journal of the British Diabetic Association, 19 (5), 412-416.

Diabetes -- Literature eview

It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people, or over a third of the population, have prediabetes in some populations such as the City of New York; diabetes and diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death in the region accounting for roughly two-thirds of the deaths and the rates of diabetes has lead this trend to be referred to as the diabetes epidemic (Frieden, 2006). The same trends can be found in a greater or lesser extend in most Western nations in the world. Furthermore, there has been a strong correlation between childhood obesity and childhood diseases, such as diabetes, that has now been identified (Dietz & Bellizzi, 1999).

The link between childhood obesity and adult diseases has been the subject of much attention in recent years. Much of the research has considered the programming of adult metabolic processes and…

References

Dietz, W., & Bellizzi, M. (1999). Introduction: the use of body mass index to assess obesity in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1235-1255.

Fernandez-Twinn, D., & Ozanne, S. (2010). Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 78-96.

Frieden, T. (2006). Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. Retrieved from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/diabetes_chart_book.pdf

John, W., Hillson, R., & Alberti, S. (2011). Use of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance . Practical Diabetes, 12-13.

Problem Statement and Purpose of Study Self-care regimens that require a lot of input are necessary in making the study of diabetes effective. A lot of people with diabetes undergo distress. The diabetes distress is commonly described as the distress that arises from the effect of the diabetes symptoms, regimens for self management, the fear that there would be complications and functionality failure. The diabetes stress stabilizes after some time. It has been found that about a third of all diabetes type 2 patients are prone to diabetes stress regarded as clinically significant. Diabetes distress severely affects adult diabetic patients with a poor diabetes management plan. Such patients stand a high risk of diabetes-related complications. These developments are linked to poor glycemic control and self-management (Leeet al, 2018). The current research seeks to establish whether autonomy support by the health supporters of patients such as the members of their family…

Windshield Survey of Diabetes in the Asian-Indian Community in Plainsboro, New Jersey: Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation

As the home to the second-largest population of Asian-Indians in the United States today (the first is another nearby small community, Edison, New Jersey) (Sahney, 2010). Out of a population of around 23,500, 16.97% of the residents of Plainsboro (or about 4,000) describe themselves as having Indian ancestry (Sahney, 2010). Although Plainsboro enjoys a high standard of living, a desirable community environment and state-of-the-art medical facilities, it is reasonable to suggest that some of the Asian-Indian population in this community remain marginalized due to an inability to afford these state-of-the-art health care services and the potential for cross-cultural differences in views about health care may further exacerbate this lack of access.

A growing body of evidence also indicates that Asian-Indians are among the highest-risk populations for developing diabetes, making this community an especially important…

References

About Plainsboro. (2015). Township of Plainsboro. Retrieved from http://www.plains boronj.com/content/about-plainsboro.

Anderson, E. N. (2014). Everyone eats: Understanding food and culture. New York: New York University Press.

Brooks, J. (2004, July 26). NLC membership offers many benefits to cities, towns. Nation's Cities Weekly, 27(30), 8.

Chandras, K. V. & Eddy, J. P. (1999, Winter). Counseling Asian-Americans: Implications for training. Education, 120(2), 239.

Diabetes and Thyroid

Diabetes

What is the mechanism of action of insulin and what are the differences in insulin therapy for Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus?

The pancreas secretes insulin, and it is used for the regulation of glucose from the blood into the cells. Insulin assists in lowering blood glucose by causing peripheral glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells. The breakdown of fat, proteins, and manufacture of glucose is inhibited by insulin. Insulin will also increase protein synthesis and the conversion of excess glucose to fat. Patients suffering from diabetes are not able to produce enough insulin, and this leads to hyperglycemia. Insulin therapy for type I diabetes mellitus is aimed at increasing or providing insulin in the patient's body (Trauner, ichert, & Luddeke, 2013). For type II diabetes, insulin therapy is aimed at controlling blood sugar, increasing insulin levels, and lowering the patient's resistance to insulin.…

References

Kahn, S.E. (2013). Incretin therapy and islet pathology: a time for caution. Diabetes, 62(7), 2178-2180.

Reinehr, T. (2010). Obesity and thyroid function. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 316(2), 165-171.

Stohl, H.E., Ouzounian, J., Rick, A.-M., Hueppchen, N.A., & Bienstock, J.L. (2013). Thyroid disease and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): is there a connection? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 26(11), 1139-1142.

Trauner, A., Richert, K., & Luddeke, H.-J. (2013). Start of an insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes aktuell fur die Hausarztpraxis, 11(06), 248-252.

Diabetes and Self-Care Ability of High School Diabetics

Diabetes has been one of the biggest challenges that the health sector has been facing in the recent decades. There have been a soaring number of fast foods across the nation and with them the subsequent rise in the number of diabetic population and in specific the high school students who hardly have aby time to cook or access healthy foods. The change in the feeding habits is significantly informed and shaped by the change in trends and lifestyle where eating in fast foods is seen as both a fashionable trend and convenient despite the outright health challenges that come with it like the predisposition to diabetes due to wrong diet. Ferguson, T., Tulloch-eis, M., Wilks, . (2010) note that the last 50 years have seen the highest number of Western fast foods mushroom across the world and with it the significant…

References

Alice P., (2015). Self-Care Deficit Theory.  http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/orem-self-care-deficit-theory.php 

Ferguson, T., Tulloch-Reis, M., Wilks, R. (2010). The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Jamaica and the Caribbean: a historical review. West Indian Medical Journal, 59(3): 259-64.

Diabetes Handout

Diabetes was chosen as a topic because of the high percentage of the population that it affects coupled with the fact that it is a relatively preventable disease for most people. It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people in New York City, about a third of the population, have prediabetes, diabetes, and/or diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases and similar frequencies have been noted throughout the Western world. Diabetes has become the leading cause of death in the region accounting for roughly two-thirds of the deaths and the rates of diabetes has lead this trend to be referred to as the diabetes epidemic (Frieden, 2006). There are a range of different factors that can lead to diabetes but the two main culprits are an improper diet and lack of exercise.

Furthermore, this condition is not reserved for only adults. The number of children who have diagnosed with…

References

Dietz, W., & Bellizzi, M. (1999). Introduction: the use of body mass index to assess obesity in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1235-1255.

Fernandez-Twinn, D., & Ozanne, S. (2010). Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 78-96.

Frieden, T. (2006). Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. Retrieved from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/diabetes_chart_book.pdf

John, W., Hillson, R., & Alberti, S. (2011). Use of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance . Practical Diabetes, 12-13.

Diabetes and Drug Treatments

TYPE II DIABETES AND DUG TEATMENTS

Differences

Type I Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 1 result from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas. Subsequent shortage of insulin translates to increased urine and blood glucose. The developed world is associated with increasingly variant type I diabetes with a large cause of kidney failure and non-traumatic blindness. The link is based on an increased dementia and cognitive dysfunction risk through disease processes of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The complications are inclusive of sexual dysfunction, acanthosis nigricans, and frequent infections (Jones, et al., 2012).

Type II Diabetes

The classic diabetes symptoms include polyuria (frequent urination), increased thirst, increased hunger (polyphagia), and weight loss. Alternative symptoms commonly presented in the diagnosis include histories of blurred vision, fatigue, recurrent vaginal infections, peripheral neuropathy, and itchiness (Barnett, 2012). However, many people lack symptoms in the initial years and while…

References

Barnett, A. (2012). Type II Diabetes. New York: OUP Oxford.

Ezrin, C. & Kowalski, R. (2011). The Type 2 Diabetes Diet Book, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional

Jones, R. M. et al., (2012). New Therapeutic Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: Small Molecule Approaches. New York: Royal Society of Chemistry

Pereira, M. A. (2013). Nutrition and Type II Diabetes: Etiology and Prevention. New York: CRC Press.

Diabetes Teaching Project

Combine knowledge from sciences and liberal arts with that from nursing sciences, for understanding universal perspectives, employing latest technology, and encouraging critical thinking.

Consistent with the diabetes teaching project's first objective, we realize the need for holistic development of each student, and hence, our curriculum not only comprises nursing courses related to diabetes, but also requires that students enroll themselves in science and liberal arts courses. For students who have already taken courses like Literature, English language, Sociology and Philosophy, our academic advisor simply certifies these and allows students to proceed with core courses. Further, integrated into these courses is a comprehensive insight into the global perception, eliciting critical thinking. Through the subject 'Dimensions of Professional Nursing Practice' (Subject code: NU 342), I aided students in developing critical thinking ability, which they would need to employ when dealing with diabetic patients. This subject required them to study…

References

Ogrinc, G. (2003). A Framework for Teaching Medical Students and Residents about Practice-based Learning and Improvement, Synthesized from a Literature Review. Academic Medicine, 78(7), 748-756.

UKPDS. (1995). UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: UK Prospective Diabetes 16: Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes, 44, 1249-1258.

Valentine, V. (2000). Educational Strategies at Diagnosis and Beyond, or Diabetes, Type 2, and What to Do! Diabetes Spectrum, 13(4), 197.

Diabetes Intervention

As a complex metabolic disease, diabetes does not lend itself to a wide variety of interventions and concurring the disease does not appear to be an event that medicine will see in the near horizon. For these reasons, and because diabetes can be such a devastating disease, research that shows promise of positively impacting the course of the disease is greeted with enthusiasm by the medical community and the public.

Blood glucose levels must be strictly regulated in order to avoid the complications that diabetes can create. A substantive stumbling block is the difficulty of achieving consistent glycemic control without occurrences of hypoglycemia. Indeed, this factor is a primary obstacle to obtaining regulatory approval of an artificial pancreas. Earlier research has focused on automatic systems that monitor the levels of glucose and stop insulin flow when the blood glucose drops too low. While this is a viable approach,…

References

Progress in artificial pancreas development: preventing and treating low blood glucose. (2014, September 11). American Diabetes Association. ADA-Novo Nordisk Award in Hypoglycemia and Diabetes. Supported by Novo Nordisk Inc. Retreived from  http://www.diabetes.org /research-and-practice/we-are-research-leaders/recent-advances/progress-in-artificial-pancreas-development.html#sthash.HZwOqdlx.dpuf

Russell, S.J., El-Khatib, F.H., Sinha, M., Magyar, K.L., McKeon, K., Goergen, L.G., Balliero, C., Hillard, M.A., Nathan, D.M., & Damiano, E.R. (2014, July 24). Outpatient glycemic control with a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 371(4), 313-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1314474. Epub 2014 Jun 15.

Psychological Influence of Diabetes

Diabetes

The National Diabetes Educational Program is under the sponsorship of the Disease control and prevention and the National institutes of health. The purpose of this joint interaction is to reduce the effects of diabetes and delay the onset of diabetes. The target audience for this program is children, Adults, families, caregivers, healthcare professionals, promoters and peers.

Diabetes as a health related issue has diverse effects on the psychological aspects of people infected. Diabetes as a disease falls into two categories: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes is as a result of destruction of insulin producing cells of the pancreas. The lack of insulin results to an increased urine or blood glucose (Penckofer et. al., 2007). If left untreated the disease may turn out being fatal. The illness may, however, be treated by administration…

References

Penckofer, S., Ferrans, C.E., Velsor-Friedrich, B., & Savoy, S. (2007). The psychological impact of living with diabetes women's day-to-day experiences. The Diabetes

Educator, 33(4), 680-690.

Sepa, A., Frodi, A., Vaarala, O., & Ludvigsson, J. (2005). Diabetes-related autoimmunity in infancy Psychological stress . Diabetes care, 28(2), 290-295.

Funnell, M.M., Brown, T.L., Childs, B.P., Haas, L.B., Hosey, G.M., Jensen, B., ... & Weiss, M.A. (2009). Self-management education and National standards for diabetes. Diabetes care, 32 (1), 87-94.

thirds of the global population lives within the Asia Pacific area where pervasiveness of diabetes has reached rampant proportion. With India and China being the most densely inhabited countries in the world, it is thought that over one hundred and fifty million diabetes cases reside in the area with more than a staggering 95% being of T2DM or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, other Pacific islands within the area have high rates of T2DM. These islands include Tonga, Nauru, French Polynesia, and Fiji.

The latter possesses the highest occurrence of T2DM per populace in the globe. Over the past twenty, New Zealand and Australia, the incidence of T2DM has actually doubled, largely midst the Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal and Maori peoples correspondingly. With the snowballing frequency of diabetes within the Asia Pacific area coupled with the inadequate number of resources, use of a consistent and efficient mode of diagnosis…

References

Bagley, A., & Malabu, U. (2014). Diabetes epidemic in the Asia Pacific region: has hemoglobin A1C finally earned its place as a diagnostic tool?. Asian Pacific Journal Of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(2), 85-89.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691 (14)60214-8

Pre-diabetes Condition

Burden of disease: disability/morbidity

The word 'pre-diabetes' applies to persons highly susceptible to contracting diabetes mellitus (type 2). Those diagnosed as pre-diabetic have sustained, higher-than-normal blood glucose levels; however, these levels are not sufficiently high to be characterized as diabetes. Pre-diabetics suffer from either IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), or IFG (impaired fasting glucose), or both. The former denotes a condition wherein glucose tolerance levels of individuals after two hours of glucose consumption lie between 140 and 199 milligrams/deciliter whereas the latter refers to a condition wherein fasting blood glucose levels lie between 100 and 125 milligrams/deciliter (when nothing has been consumed throughout the night) (Thomaskutty & Dwivedi, 2011).

After pre-diabetes sets in, beta cells lose their function progressively, resulting in the onset of diabetes. Type 2 diabetics characteristically have by high blood sugar levels, a condition that, with time, damages blood vessels and nerves, thereby giving rise to…

Obesity cause Diabetes Type 2?

From the time people came into existence; they have witnessed changes in virtually every aspect of life including the global environment, food production, health concerns, demographic growth, and so forth. Nevertheless, the capacity to adapt to the changes has facilitated the inhabitants to survive and have an improved lifestyle. However, as the globe penetrated into the twenty-first century, the standard of living of numerous people has altered to a great extent due to the technological advancements and innovations. People are now in a race where everyone wants to win success, prosperity, and affluence because of which they have neglected or overlooked the aspect of their health (Stern & Kazaks, 2009). Therefore, health has become an escalating and emerging concern in this epoch across the world.

However, when taking health issues under consideration, obesity has been observed as one of the epidemics that have been witnessed…

References

Barnett, A. (2012). Type 2 Diabetes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Bouatia-Naji, N., Bonnefond, A., Cavalcanti-Proenca, C., Sparso, T., Holmkvis, J., Marchand, M., Delplanque, J., Lobbens, S., Rocheleau, G., Durand, E., Franck De Graeve, Chevre, J., Borch-Johnsen, K., Hartikainen, A., Ruokonen, A., Tichet, J., Marre, M., Weill, J., Heude, B., Tauber, M., Lemaire, K., Schuit, F., Elliott, P., Jorgensen, T., Charpentier, G., Hadjadj, S., Cauchi, S., Vaxillaire, M., Sladek, R., Visvikis-Siest, S., Balkau, B., Levy-Marchal, C., Pattou, F., Meyre, D., Blakemore, A.I., Jarvelin, M., Walley, A.J., Hansen, T., Dina, C., Pedersen, O. & Froguel, P. (2009). A variant near MTNR1B is associated with increased fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes risk. PubMed, 41(1): 89-94.

Gastaldelli, A., Ferrannini, E., Miyazaki, Y., Matsuda, M. & DeFronzo, R.A. (2004). Beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance: results from the San Antonio metabolism (SAM) study. PubMed, 47(1): 31-39.

Lim, S., Ahn, S.Y., Song, I.C., Chung, M.H., Jang, H.C., Park, K.S., Lee, K., Pak, Y.K. & Lee, H.K. (2009). Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Atrazine, Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. PubMed, 4(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005186

Even in the second half of the 17th century did doctors prescribe apparently absurd remedies such as viper's flesh, red coral, sweet almonds, and fresh flowers for diabetes sufferers (DiabetesHealth.com). Of course, these had little effect, and sufferers were generally condemned to death. The first breakthrough before the 1920s came in the form of Dr. John Rollo, who built on the work of Dr. Dobson of Liverpool to prescribe the first relatively successful treatment of the disease: a diet that was high in fat and meat and low in grains and breads. This improved the prognosis significantly, and for the first time in history could diabetes sufferers expect an extended life.

The year 1921 saw a miraculous discovery that would change the treatment of diabetes forever (Sattley). The surgeon Frederick Banting and his assistant Charles Best were instrumental in the discovery of insulin as an effective treatment for the disease.…

Works Cited

Canadian Diabetes Association. The History of Diabetes. 2009.  http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/what/history/ 

Diabetes Health. History of Diabetes: From Raw Quinces & Gruel to Insulin.  http://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/1992/11/01/25/history-of-diabetes-from-raw-quinces-and-gruel-to-insulin/ 

Health.Savvy. A Timeline of the History of Diabetes. Feb 8, 2008.  http://health.savvy-cafe.com/a-timeline-of-the-history-of-diabetes-2008-02-08/ 

Sattley, Melissa. The History of Diabetes. Dec. 17, 2008. Diabetes Health.  http://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/2008/12/17/715/the-history-of-diabetes/

Ketoacidosis occurs when patients with Type 1 diabetes do not take their insulin shots or when patients with Type 2 diabetes develop ancillary complications such as chest or urinary tract infections. Therefore, the condition can be prevented with proper care and effective monitoring of blood sugar levels.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNK) results from an excess concentration of sugar in the blood, which occurs mostly in patients with Type 2 diabetes. The onset of HHNK occurs gradually when patients do not take their medications or when they develop other complications or are under stress. Symptoms include tiredness, increased thirst, increased urination, and weight loss. The extreme fatigue may cause the patient to become unconscious, which is why the condition is a type of coma. Preventing HHNK is a matter of regulating blood sugar levels, through medications and insulin.

orks Cited

Complications of Diabetes." Diabetes and You. http://www.sokkari.com/complications.htm.

Diabetes Mellitus. http://www.sghhealth4u.com.sg/health4u/endocrinology/Diabetes_Mellitus.html.

Works Cited

Complications of Diabetes." Diabetes and You.  http://www.sokkari.com/complications.htm .

Diabetes Mellitus. http://www.sghhealth4u.com.sg/health4u/endocrinology/Diabetes_Mellitus.html.

Healthy People 2020 and Diabetes

Diabetes is a community health problem that is also a Healthy People 2020 priority area. abish (2007) has cited it as a growing epidemic occurring all over the world. Because diabetes has been linked to obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise, it is reasonable to arrive at the conclusion that if people ate better and exercised more the rising spread of diabetes could be reversed. his is the contention of researchers such as Davis (2008) and Cunninghamm-Myrie, heall, Younger et al. (2015). In short, diabetes is impacting everyone. All who consume "fast food" type of diets are at risk of developing diabetes according to these studies.

he public health leadership problem related to this health issue is that public health leaders appear all too willing to simply treat the symptoms of diabetes instead of attacking the causes of the disease. Better leadership in this…

Tabish, S. (2007). Is Diabetes Becoming the Biggest Epidemic of the Twenty-first

Century? International Journal of Health Science, 1(2): 5-8.

Wilmot, E., Idris, I. (2014). Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, 5(6): 234-244.

Medical Conditions -- There are a number of factors that can increase the likelyhood of type-2 diabetes: hypertension, eleveted cholesterol, and a condition called Symdrome X, or metabolic syndrome (combination of obesity, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, stress, and poor diet). Cushing's syndrome, cortisol excess and testosterone deficiency are also associated with the disease. Often, it is a number of co-dependent conditions that seem to give rise to diabetes (Jack & Boseman, 2004).

Genetics -- There is ample evidence that there is a strong inheritable genetic condition in type-2 diabetes. In addition, there is a genetic mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in early onset diabetes (Lee & Hasim, 2001). There is a stronger inheritance pattern for type-2 diabetes with a significant association between family members. Typically, this is excacerbated by cultural and lifestyle factors that, while not inherited, are culturally shared. Gene expression promoted by a diet…

Long-Term Management for Diabetic Patients Under the Home Setting

Aubert .E., et.al, (1998).Nurse case Management to Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization. A randomized, controlled trial. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786807

This is a report on the research on the comparison of diabetes control in patients receiving nurse case management and patients receiving usual care. The research took a randomized controlled trial model. The research was conducted in primary care clinics in a group model health maintenance organization. It involved 121 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 17 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The intervention that was used in this case study was that the nurse case manager followed the written management algorithm with the direction of the family physician and an endocrinologist. If there were any changes then they would be communicated to the primary care physician. The patients received ongoing care through their primary care…

References

Aubert R.E., et.al, (1998).Nurse case Management to Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization. A randomized, controlled trial. Retrieved June 13, 2017 from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786807 

Baty P.J., at.al. (2010). A Systematic Approach to Diabetes Mellitus Care in Underserved Populations: Improving Care of Minority and Homeless Persons. Retrieved June 13, 2017 from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927670

Diagnostic Treatment and Interventions for Diabetes in Children

"Diabetes can affect many parts of the body with serious complications ... heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-limb amputations ... " (CDC).

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) approximately 1.25 million American children and adults have diabetes type 1. As for children, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2014 that 22 out of every 100,000 children under the age of 10 in the U.S. have type 1 diabetes. And a 2014 report in USA Today quotes a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association that shows that "... nearly 167,000 children and teens younger than 20 have type 1 diabetes" (Szabo, 2014). That data conflicts with the ADA data that reports 208,000 Americans under 20 have type 1 diabetes. No matter the conflicting data, it is clear that the rate of diabetes in…

Works Cited

American Diabetes Association. (2014). Statistics About Diabetes. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from  http://www.diabetes.org .

Bukara-Radujkovic, G, Zdravkovic, D., and Lakic, S. (2011). Short-term use of continuous

Glucose monitoring system adds to glycaemic control in young type 1 diabetes mellitus

Patients in the long run: A clinical trial. Vojnosanitetski Pregled (VSP), 68(8), 650-660.

Community based Screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus
The diabetes menace in the US is rampant and a national concern for the health agencies particularly rearing the high rates of new diabetes cases that emerge each year. It is estimated that by 1958, only 1% of the American population were diabetic, this has tremendously shot up to the estimated 9.4% by 2015. This number includes 30.2 million adults of 18 years and over. Of even greater concern in this evaluation or screening process is that nearly a quarter of the individuals with this condition do not know that they have it (Murrel D., 2018). This informs the screening initiative with the sole aim of increasing the number of screened individuals, hence awareness of their diabetes status.
Conceptual model
The screening is projected to have a long term effect of the participants knowing their predisposition to the cardiovascular complications since blood…

The CDC has provided almost $7 million in funding to establish DPPs for research purposes, which means the number of pre-diabetes individuals helped by these programs will be very limited (CDC, 2012). While these programs will probably provide free or nearly-free diabetes preventive services to a large number of individuals, most underserved patients will not benefit from these programs.

S. 452 is worded in such a way that establishing DPPs under Medicaid will be optional for states (Sebelius, 2010). As of 2010, 43 states covered the expense of screening Medicaid patients for diabetes, but only 13 states provided reimbursement for obesity preventive services. This suggests that states are willing to pay for screening, but not preventive services like lifestyle interventions; however, if only a few states implement DPPs for Medicaid recipients, this will provide a proof-of-principle experiment in a real-world setting and establish the overall healthcare savings such programs can…

References

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2012). National Diabetes Prevention Program. Funded Organizations. CDC.gov. Retrieved 17 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.cdc.gov /diabetes/prevention/foa/index.htm.

Civic Impulse, LLC. (2013). S. 452: Medicare Diabetes Prevention Act of 2013. GovTrack.U.S.. Retrieved 17 Apr. 2013 from  http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s452 .

DPPRG (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group). (2003). Costs associated with the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care, 26, 36-47.

Green, Lawrence W., Brancati, Frederick L., Albright, Ann, and PPDWG (Primary Prevention of Diabetes Working Group). (2012). Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes: Integrative public health and primary care opportunities, challenges and strategies. Family Practice, 29, i13-i23.

Beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the United Kingdom.

The beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the UK

Science of the problem

Type II diabetes progresses through two stages. The initial stage is referred to as insulin resistance. During this stage, the pancreas produces enough insulin, but the body's cell are unable to respond to insulin. The pancreas increases the production of insulin in the body to compensate for the resistance. The body cells absorb more and more insulin resulting in the pancreas continuously increasing its insulin production. Eventually, the pancreas will shut down the production of insulin because it is unable to keep up with the demand, which results in type II diabetes. The lack of sugar for conversion to energy results in the starvation of cells and there is a buildup of glucose levels in the…

References

Carter, P, et al. "A Mediterranean Diet Improves Hba1c but Not Fasting Blood Glucose Compared to Alternative Dietary Strategies: A Network Meta-Analysis." Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 27.3 (2014): 280-97. Print.

Ceriello, Antonio, et al. "The Protective Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Endothelial Resistance to Glp-1 in Type 2 Diabetes: A Preliminary Report." Cardiovascular diabetology 13.1 (2014): 140. Print.

Huo, R, et al. "Effects of Mediterranean-Style Diet on Glycemic Control, Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Individuals: A Meta-Analysis." European journal of clinical nutrition (2014). Print.

InterAct Consortium. "Mediterranean Diet and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Epic) Study the Interact Project." Diabetes Care 34.9 (2011): 1913-18. Print.

Diabetes

The pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes is found in the way the body's relationship with insulin. Either the body produces too little of it to meet the body's own needs or else there is a resistance to the insulin that the body has developed (which makes the insulin unable to do what it should -- thus there could be enough insulin in the body, it is just that cells in the body do not respond to it). The cause is due to "a combination of genetic factors related to impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance" and impacts from external factors "such as obesity," inadequate exercise, aging, etc. (Kaku, 2010, p. 41).

Wilmot and Idris (2014) show that there is an age continuum risk associated with separating Type 2 diabetes diagnosis onsets into two separate categories -- pediatric (under 20 years of age) and adult (over 20). They assert that…

References

Billings, L., Florez, J. (2010). The genetics of type 2 diabetes: what have we learned from GWAS? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1212: 59-77

Cunningham-Myrie, C., Theall, K., Yonger, N., et al. (2015). Associations between neighborhood effects and physical activity, obesity, and diabetes: The Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey, 2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(9): 970-978.

Davis, B. (2012). Defeating Diabetes: Lessons from the Marshall Islands. Today's

Dietitian, 10(8): 24.

Teaching Proposal on Diabetes

In recent years, an increase in demand for expansion of education programs for diabetes patients has been observed and for Federal Government or third party payers to support these programs. A survey by Veterans Administration Hospital evaluating the capability of patient for diabetes management, reported lack of formal training in over 35% of patients interviewed (Miller, Goldstein & Nicolaisen, 1978, p. 275). Similarly, accomplishing proper management of self-administration of insulin also continues to be a critical concern. Therefore, an educator needs to set appropriate and reasonable, specific, mutually agreed goals; and should remain sensitive to individual fears and anxieties while setting these goals.

Project Narrative

Introduction

Diabetes education is a lifetime learning process, which is developed and modified as per the requirements of people afflicted with diabetes. However, assessment of these requirements is time-taking, still vital for customizing diabetes education. Thus, to determine one's educational requirements…

References

Diehl, L. (2002-2016). Teaching Plan for Diabetes Mellitus. Nursesaregreat.com. Retrieved 13 August 2016 from  http://www.nursesaregreat.com/teaching-plan-for-diabetes.php 

Miller, L. V., Goldstein, J. & Nicolaisen, G. (Sep-Oct. 1978). Patients' Knowledge of Diabetes Self-Care. Diabetes Care, 1(5), 275-280. Retrieved 11 August 2016 from  http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/1/5/275 

Ozcan, S. & Erol, O. (Nov 2007). Teaching and Learning in Diabetes: Techniques and Methods. Diabetes Voice, 52(special issue), 23-25. Retrieved 13 August 2016 from https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/article_554_en.pdf

Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., Maryniuk, M. D., Siminerio, L. & Vivian, Eva. (Jul 2015). Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes care, 38(7), 1372-1382.  http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0730 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 from  http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/7/1372

2012, 1.5 million lives were lost to diabetes globally. It ranked eighth among the causes of deaths across both sexes and fifth among women (WHO, 2016). Higher than optimal glucose levels, even those that fall below diabetes diagnostic threshold, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes' diagnostic criterion is fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L which is a diagnostic point chosen because of micro-vascular issues such as diabetes retinotherapy. The likelihood of having a macro-vascular disease such as stroke or a heart attack begins to increase even before this point is reached (ellamy, Casas, Hingorani & Williams, 2009). To comprehend the impact blood glucose levels can have on mortality, one ought to view blood glucose related mortality as a risk factor. The total lives that were lost to high blood glucose levels in 2012 have been estimated to be about 3.7 million. The number includes those…

Bibliography

ADA. (n.d.). Statistics About Diabetes. Retrieved from American Diabetes Association:  

diabetes.org/news-research/research/).

17) Can the outcomes be measured through standard care? Yes, qualitative and quantitative measurements are standard and needed based on the increasing number of Type II diabetes patients. This increase is primarily cultural, and due to obesity and an unhealthy diet.

One of the more serious aspects of type II diabetes is the new prevalence of onset during later teen years, most likely completely due to rising obesity patterns in children. Symptoms for both children and adults range from chronic fatigue, general weakness and malaise to excessive thirst, blurred vision, lethargy, and more serious internal dysfunction. There also appears to be a strong connection in type II diabetes to a genetic predisposition -- which is ironically a similar predisposition to hypertension, cholesterol issues and obesity. Clearly, the epidemic proportions of the disease have increased due to a rapidly aging population, high-fat diets, and a far less active lifestyle (Zimmer,…

REFERENCES

American Diabetes Association. (2011). Standards of Care. Cited in:

http://www.care.diabetesjournals.org

Yach, D., et.al. (2006). Epidemiologic and Economic consequences of the Global Epidemics

Of Obesity and Diabetes. Nature. 12 (1): 62-66.

Childhood type diabetes and obesity

Which three databases will you use?

CNAL

Medline

ProQuest

Search each database, using key words, for relevant research on this subject. What key words did you use in the Search Strategy fields? nclude all attempts and limitations used to refine your search.

Diabetes obesity

Childhood obesity diabetes

Childhood obesity diabetes

Report the number of citations identified from each database in the number of articles found field.

Select one article from a peer-reviewed nursing journal published within the last three years -- or a germinal article which may contain an earlier publication date -- and provide the citation in APA format.

Hayden, M.R., Joginpally, T., Salam, M., & Sowers, J.R. (2011). Childhood and adolescent obesity in cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A clinical vignette and ultrastructure study. Diabetes Management, 1(6), 601-614. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/dmt.11.50

Answer the following questions using your selected research article:

Q1. s this…

I limited the search range for peer-reviewed journals. Also, the journal has a doi; a volume number and serial number; and is authored by research scientists who provided their personal histories and sources of their funding.

Q3. Does this research article generate support for evidence-based practice? If not, state why it does not. Please review the critical appraisal guideline on pg. 466-480.

The authors of the study specifically state that it has implications for evidence-based practice. If adolescent obesity causes permanent changes to the structure of the tissue of sufferers, this has longstanding implications for public policy: it means that adolescents may be unlikely to outlive their parents' generation. Despite numerous improvements in diabetes management, diabetes often suffer severe health consequences. It is imperative that diabetes be thwarted by reducing the likelihood of early-onset obesity, not simply managed in a secondary and tertiary manner after the fact. "This current epidemic-pandemic of CAOO causes a red flag to be raised in order to have primary-care providers become more involved and understand this complex problem. The CAOO pandemic may alter the future course of human disease unless we as primary-care physicians intervene" (Hayden 2011 et al.).

Persons with diabetes are at risk for complications such as amputations, heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney failure and gum disease (Arizona Department of Health Services, 2006). The Arizona Department of Health (2006) notes several activities that the individual and their family can follow to manage and prevent diabetes. For example, practicing a basic health regimen can reduce the risk of developing diabetes as well as preventing the complications once the disease is present. Family members should note that eating regular healthy meals is necessary, and complications can be prevented by recording blood sugar levels daily, exercise, and taking medication as prescribed.

Social and Economic Implications of Diabetes

There are many social and economic implications of diabetes in the Phoenix, Arizona population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is currently working with the Arizona Diabetes Prevention and Control Program to assist with the prevention of diabetes and develop the state's…

Bibliography

Arizona Department of Health Services. (2006). AZ Diabetes Prevention and Control

Program. Retrieved February 23, 2007, at  http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/oncdps/diabetes/igns.htm 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1997). National Diabetes Fact Sheet:

National estimates and general information on diabetes in the United States. Atlanta,

role of obesity in the spread of diabetes. It will examine how eating a healthy diet and exercising can help to reduce the risk of diabetes. Diabetes is a very dangerous problem for people all over the world (Butler, 2015). It has roots in obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise (Davis, 2008). It needs to be addressed as it is a serious health issue that is affecting even school children today (Flynn, McNeil, et al., 2005). If the problem of diabetes and obesity is not addressed, many lives will be negatively impacted. his study will be important to everyone who is suffering either directly or indirectly from diabetes/obesity. If loved ones are obese and could develop diabetes, this study will be important to them and those who care for them. As a societal issue, it should also be a concern because policies can be implemented if the issue is…

Tabish, S. (2007). Is Diabetes Becoming the Biggest Epidemic of the Twenty-first

Century? International Journal of Health Science, 1(2): 5-8.

Wechsler, H., McKenna, M., Lee, S., Dietz, W. (2004). The Role of Schools in Preventing Childhood Obesity. The State Education Standard: 4-12.

Diabetes

Type I diabetes

The type I diabetes is often referred to as the juvenile or the insulin-dependent diabetes. According to heem G., (2013) Type 1 diabetes is basically an auto-immune disease where the cells responsible for producing insulin in the pancreas are attacked by the immune system and the person has no control over this. Type 1 diabetes renders the patient dependent on lifelong injection of insulin into the body to help manage the blood glucose levels. It occurs predominantly among children and young adults, yet the Type 2 diabetes is predominant among the ages of 40 years and above. The victims of Type 1 diabetes are usually of normal weight or thin. Here, the body produces no insulin or too little to be of significant function for the body and the onset is usually observed to be sudden.

There are three cardinal signs of this type of diabetes…

References

American Academy of Otolaryngology, (2014). Dizziness and Motion Sickness. Retrieved November 8, 2014 from  http://www.entnet.org/content/dizziness-and-motion-sickness 

Diabetes Digital Media, (2014). Diabetes Signs. Retrieved November 8, 2014 from  http://www.diabetes.co.uk/The-big-three-diabetes-signs-and-symptoms.html 

Mayo Clinic, (2014). Type 1 Diabetes. Retrieved November 8, 2014 from  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/basics/symptoms/con-20019573 

Rheem G., (2013). Types 1 and 2 Diabetes: A Comparison and Contrast. Retrieved November 8, 2014 from  http://amarris.homestead.com/Type_I_and_II_diabetes.htm

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multisystem disease with both biochemical and anatomical consequences. It is a chronic disease of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by the lack of insulin. In type 1 diabetes, insulin is functionally absent because of the destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas. Type 1 DM occurs most commonly in juveniles but can occur in adults, especially in those in their late 30s and early 40s. Unlike people with type 2 DM, those with type 1 DM generally are not obese and may present initially with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

In this particular case, Yusuf, a 12-year-old boy was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes after exhibiting some of the following symptoms: weight loss, excessive urinating, and an unquenchable thirst. More recently, Yusuf was again admitted to the hospital after complaining of nausea, vomiting and intense thirst. The doctor observed that he appeared confused and was…