180 results for “Diabetes Mellitus”.
Diabetes Mellitus
According to the World Diabetes Foundation, diabetes mellitus is considered to be the fastest growing chronic condition in the world (Chorbev et al., 2011). The diabetes epidemic afflicted an estimated 285 million people in 2010, equivalent to 6.4% of the adult population of the world. Since diabetes is largely a preventable condition, public health efforts must be directed at primary care centered on awareness and education regarding, causes, risk factors, prevention, and treatment for diabetes. However, there remains a discrepancy between the direction public health should be heading and the current state of health care. The following discussion outlines the necessity for public health change, how it can be implemented, as well as theoretical bases for the projected success of change and progress for public health models involved in diabetes awareness, prevention, and care.
Creative tension is essentially a conflict between different or opposing viewpoints or approaches regarding…
References
Chorbev, I., Sotirovska, M., Mihajlov, D. (2011). Virtual communities for diabetes chronic disease healthcare. International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications, published online 2011 November 3. doi: 10.1155/2011/721654.
Harch, S., Reeve, D., Reeve, C. (2012). Management of type 2 diabetes: a community partnership approach. Australian Family Physician, 41(1/2), 73-6.
van Gils, P.F., Lambooij, M.S., Flanderijn, M.H.W., van den Berg, M., de Wit, G.A., Schuit, A.J., Struijs, J.N. (2011). Willingness to participate in a lifestyle intervention program of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a conjoint analysis. Patient Preference and Adherence, 5, 537-46.
Frequent symptoms of either hypo or hyperglycemia may occur, but if symptoms are unknown to the woman may be associated with normal pregnancy announces and not followed up on. "The severity of the symptoms and the rate at which they develop may differ, depending on the type of diabetes." (Clark, 2004, p. 3) Increased urine production, glucose in the blood and urine, ketones (undigested protein) in the blood or urine, increased number of infections and decreased or limited healing of such infections, weight loss, or weight gain and occasionally (in extreme cases) numbness and/or tingling in extremities and vision disturbances are all symptoms of diabetes but as one can see from the list if such changes occur during pregnancy they could be attributed to normal pregnancy related changes, unless they become severe.
Particular attention should be paid to hypoglycemia and ketosis. Blood sugar control is essential, even in the first…
References
Childhood Obesity and Early Onset of Adult Diseases. (2005). JOPERD -- the Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 76(7), 4.
Clark, M. (2004). Understanding Diabetes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Edelwich, J., & Brodsky, a. (1998). Diabetes: Caring for Your Emotions as Well as Your Health. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.
Feinbloom, R.I. (2000). Pregnancy, Birth, and the Early Months: The Thinking Woman's Guide (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
Diabetes Concept
Concept Map: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathology
Aetilogy
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
isk Factors:
Weight, ace,
Inactivity, Family history,
Fat distribution, Age
Prevention:
Execrise, Eating habits,
egular checkups
Diagnosis:
Glycated hemoglobin
(A1C) test
andom or fasting blood sugar test
Oral glucose tolerance test
Structural Changes:
Potential brain structure changes
Myocardial degradation
Circulation changes
Possible amputation
Pancreatic changes
Signs and Symptoms:
Increased thrist, Frequent
urination, Increased hunger,
Weight loss, Fatigue, Blurred
vision, Frequent infections,
Sores/slow healing, Darker skin
Prognosis:
If untreated: Heart disease,
Stroke, Kidney disease,
Dialysis, Blindness,
Amputation
Treatment
Blood sugar monitoring, Exercise,
Healthy eating habits,
Possible medications / insulin therapy
Functional Chnages:
Chnages to kidney function, Changes to pancreas function,
Pancreatic Changes
There are some pancreatic changes that have been associated with the onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, especially the progressive failure of pancreatic beta-cells apparently as a response to insulin resistance and leading to under-production and a…
References
Feinglos, M. & Bethel, M. (2008). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New York: Springer.
Levene, S. & Donnelly, R. (2011). Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New York: Elsevier.
Serrano, M. (2009). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New York: Elsevier.
Diabetes Management
Diabetes mellitus is one of the non-communicable diseases that have continued to be in the forefront of public health challenges. Diabetes occurs when the body system is unable to produce sufficient insulin. Typically, insulin is a hormone secreted from the beta cell within the pancreases that regulates the blood sugar as well as assisting in conversion of glucose into energy. Diabetes occurs when there is high level of glucose in the blood, and when the body pancreas in unable to produce enough insulin.
Type 2 diabetes known as non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) accounts for more than 90% of diabetes globally. The type 2 diabetes occurs when a body is unable to produce sufficient insulin to overcome abnormality. There are three types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes,
Type 2 diabetes and Gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes is an autoimmune system where the diseases in…
References
Baker IDI (2012). Diabetes: The silent Pandemic and its Impact on Australia. Diabetes Australia.
Mcgraw-hill.(2009). Introduction to Pathophysiology. Mcgraw-hill Publication. UK.
Maple-Brown, L.J. Sinha, A.K. & Davis, E.A. (2010). Type 2 diabetes in indigenous Australian children and adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health, 46, 487-90
Mealey, B.L. (2010). Diabetes Pathophysiology. American Medical Network. Inc.
Type 2 diabetes, and its association with obesity, changes this relationship somewhat. Individuals with Type 2 diabetes typically have poor eating and exercise habits that contribute to the development of their disease, and these same risk factors also contribute to the risk for and progression of cardiovascular diseases and stroke (Mayo Clinic 2010; WebMD 2010). Though not necessarily directly related to diabetes their diabetes, these individuals have a much greater risk for heart attacks, strokes, cholesterol build-up in arteries, and a host of other cardiovascular diseases and conditions (Medline 2010; WebMD 2010). Still, with proper diet, exercise, and other methods for controlling the disease and correcting underlying conditions, much of this risk can be diminished or eliminated.
Treatment
As mentioned above, the primary treatment for diabetes is through proper dietary habits and monitoring of glucose levels, with the possibility of needing insulin injections. All of these treatments are aimed at…
References
Mayo Clinic. (2010). "Diabetes." Accessed 20 July 2010. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diabetes/DS01121/DSECTION=causes
Medline. (2010). "Diabetes." Accessed 20 July 2010. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001214.htm
WebMD. (2010). "Diabetes." Accessed 20 July 2010. http://diabetes.webmd.com/
Head injury, brain surgery, and brain tumor are potential causes of Central Diabetes Insipidus. Nephrogenic Diabetes Inspidus is far les common than Central Diabetes Inspipidus and is caused by kidney defects. Kidney disease, an X chromosomal abnormality, and certain pharmaceuticals such as lithium can cause Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus. Stopping the intake of culprit medications can often reverse Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus.
Symptoms of the different types of diabetes differ. Fatigue, excessive thirst, and excessive urination are symptoms in common to all forms of the disease. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus symptoms may include nausea and vomiting, as well as weight loss in spite of high appetite. Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus may also include male impotence and blurred vision. Diabetes Insipidus symptoms almost exclusively center on excessive thirst and urination, which can lead to secondary issues including dehydration.
Diabetes Mellitus is incurable and can only be treated. Lifestyle changes, especially diet…
References
Diabetes Insipidus." Family Doctor.org. Retrieved Oct 18, 2006 at http://familydoctor.org/048.xml
Mathur, Ruchi. "Diabetes Mellitus." MedicineNet.com. Retrieved Oct 18, 2006 at
Some patients feel helpless, hopeless, depressed, isolated from others, belittled, and do not know how to seek appropriate help from others (utter 2004). Socially supportive arrangements were addressed as the attributes of socially legitimate roles which provide for the meeting dependency needs without loss of esteem. Socially supportive environments were presented as pattern interpersonal relationships mediated through shared values and sentiments as well as facilitate the performance of social roles through which needs are met. In summation, social support has been defined as an intervening factor tied directly to the coping process (Pearson, 1986).
egardless of the differences in definition, social support has been the subject of medical and behavioral research for over two decades and the universal outcome has been that social support has therapeutic value in mental and physical health. The majority of studies have been correlational, and so statements about cause and effect remain tenuous. Nevertheless, it…
References
Equality and Diversity Awareness in Undergraduate Medical Education. 2007. 23 December. http://www.thelancetstudent.com/2007/11/29/equality-and-diversity-awareness-in-undergraduate-medical-education/
The Implications of Cultural Diversity for Health Care Practice: an anthropological perspective 23 December 2007. http://www.arts.manchester.ac.uk/casas/papers/pdfpapers/healthcare.pdf
Implications of Cultural Diversity in Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) Decision-Making. 2006 23 December 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3919/is_200601/ai_n17182212
Bridge, Caroline (1999). Religious Beliefs and Teenage Refusal of Medical
The symptoms are similar but type 2 can be more insidious as it is more commonly undiagnosed and could possibly have been prevented with early intervention lifestyle changes. Pain and reduced circulation in the extremities and/or long-term vision loss can also occur in type 2 as does permanent nerve damage in the eyes and extremities. Dependency on insulin is present in type 1 while in type 2 other pharmacological options and even simple lifestyle and diet changes can often suffice in the early stages of the disease, though many type 2 diabetics eventually become insulin dependant. (Clark, 2004, p. 4)
isk Factors
Ethnic minorities such as black, Asian, Pacific Islanders and Hispanic populations are more commonly effected by type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes but there is an increase in the Caucasian population. People who get type 2 diabetes are frequently overweight or obese, sedentary and can have other…
References
ADA Website (2009) "The Dangerous Toll…" http://www.diabetes.org /diabetes-statistics/dangerous-toll.jsp
ADA Website (2009) "Diabetes Statistics"
The development of new antidiabetic agents -- for example, insulin analogs and incretin-based therapies -- has led to new treatment strategies that will allow those patients with Type 2 DM to achieve target HbA1c levels (2011). However, he notes that there are many factors that can interfere with the ability of some patients to reach metabolic targets (2011). Clinical data shows that HbA1c concentration, blood pressure, and serum levels of lipids in patients with Type 2 DM are progressively decreasing toward the target goals set by the American Diabetes Association (2011). These improvements in metabolic regulation have resulted in a 30-40% decrease in reported microvascular and macrovascular complications of DM in the United States (2011). Gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese people with Type 2 DM leads to remission of the DM in the majority of patients and improvement in the rest of them (2011). A major contributor to this…
References
American Diabetes Association. (2007). "Diabetes cost calculator." American Diabetes
Association. Accessed on March 11, 2011:
http://www.diabetesarchive.net/advocacy-and-legalresources/cost-of-diabetes.jsp
Lebovitz, H. (2003). Therapy for diabetes mellitus and related disorders. American Diabetes Association; 3rd edition.
The study found that triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in controls, while high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower in patients with diabetes. The researchers thus found that in Ethiopians with diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia occurs more frequently than in controls. Because of this, the researchers recommended periodic screening for dyslipidemia in all Ethiopian patients with diabetes. They also suggested the need for other studies to assess the potential negative effect of dyslipidemia and obesity on morbidity and mortality in Ethiopians with diabetes (Siraj et al. 706-710).
The rise in childhood obesity has been linked to a rise in diabetes both in childhood and in later life, leading to speculation that there may be an increase in Type 2 diabetes in the next few years. A study by Eva M. Vivian finds a rise in Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents worldwide. Vivian…
Works Cited
Boulanger, E., J.L. Wautier, P. Dequiedt, and a.M. Schmidt. "Glycation, glycoxidation and diabetes mellitus."
Nephrological Therapy (2006) 2 Suppl 1, S8-16.
Schiel, R., S. Franke, T. Appel, U. Voigt, I.S. Ross, R. Kientsch-Engel, U.A. Muller, and G. Stein. "Improvement of the quality of diabetes control and decrease in the concentrations of AGE-products in patients with type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a 10-year-prospective, population-based survey on the quality of diabetes care in Germany (JEVIN)." http://www.medscape.com/medline/publicationbrowser/123?pmid=15337629 " European Journal of Medical Research
2004), 9(8), 391-9.
In cases where glycemic control is not achieved by dietary adjustments, commencing insulin therapy is strongly recommended. It is also essential to monitor the fetal health using ultrasound screening to avoid any complications during delivery of the baby. Regular monitoring of maternal glycemic levels and proper obstetric care should greatly help in reducing the potential health complications associated with diabetes during pregnancy.
ibliography
1) Alana luman Jincoe, (2006), 'Diabetes: Monitoring maternal and Fetal Wellbeing', ritish Journal of Midwifery, Vol 14, no 2.
2) Terry J. Rosenberg, PhD, Samantha Garbers, MPA, Heather Lipkind, MD, and Mary Ann Chiasson, DrPH (Sep 2005), 'Maternal Obesity and diabetes as risk factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences among four Racial Ethnic Groups', American Journal of Public Health Vol 95, no 9.
3) Huether, S & McCance K (2008), 'Understanding Pathophysiology', Mosby Elseiver.
4) Medscape, (2004), 'Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology', retrieved Nov 3rd 2010, from, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/483810_2…
Bibliography
1) Alana Bluman Jincoe, (2006), 'Diabetes: Monitoring maternal and Fetal Wellbeing', British Journal of Midwifery, Vol 14, no 2.
2) Terry J. Rosenberg, PhD, Samantha Garbers, MPA, Heather Lipkind, MD, and Mary Ann Chiasson, DrPH (Sep 2005), 'Maternal Obesity and diabetes as risk factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences among four Racial Ethnic Groups', American Journal of Public Health Vol 95, no 9.
3) Huether, S & McCance K (2008), 'Understanding Pathophysiology', Mosby Elseiver.
4) Medscape, (2004), 'Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology', retrieved Nov 3rd 2010, from, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/483810_2
Bckground -- Diabetes mellitus is also known as Type II Diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes (adult onset diabetes in certain cases). The disorder is due to a number of variables that are present in the modern, developed world -- sugary foods, fast foods, lack of exercise, etc. It is characterized by higher than normal blood glucose levels that play havoc with insulin deficiency and resistance. Insulin resistance means that cells do not respond appropriately when there is free insulin in the blood system. Essentially, they body is reacting to an improper balance of sugars and insulin. Because obesity is often present, research suggests that even thought the mechanisms controling glucose and insulin are unclear, the adopose tissue likely plays a crucial role in the lack of proper uptake of sugards. Two new emergent ideas show that there is an issue of ectopic fat storage (fatty deposits in the muscles, liver, and…
REFERENCES
American Diabetes Association. (2009, March). Statistics. Retrieved from Diabetic.org: http://www.diabetes.org /news-research/research/diabetes-statistics/total-prevelance.html
Boseman, J., & Victor, L. (2004). Aging Americans and Diabetes: A Public Health and Clinical Resopnse. Geriatrics, 59(4), 14-17.
Evans, M. (2010). Evidence-Based Practice Protocol to Improve Glucose Control in Individuals with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nursing, 317-22.
Foster, G.D. (2010). The Effects of a Pre-Packaged, Portion Controlled Meal Plan on Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Control: A Comparison Study. Temple Univeristy.
versus Type II Diabetes Mellitus in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcome
This intention of this dissertation is to firstly provide an overview of the most recent research into the issue of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, with the aim of examining in detail specific aspects and differences between the two types and the impact of diabetes mellitus on pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. A further focus of this study is the emphasis on Type II diabetes and on the non-physical causative and prognostic factors in pregnancy. Issues such as naturalistic therapies and environmental and hereditary issues will form part of the overall discussion. The study also attempts to provide a balanced and comprehensive view of both types of the disease from various perspectives.
Overview: The essential difference between Type I and Type II diabetes
There are two forms of diabetes mellitus. Type I is insulin dependent while Type II is…
Bibliography
Auslander, Wendy F., et al. "Family Stress and Resources: Potential Areas of Intervention in Children Recently Diagnosed with Diabetes." Health and Social Work 18.2 (1993): 101+. Questia. 6 Jan. 2005 http://www.questia.com / .
Binder, Markus, et al. "A Pilot Study Examining the Effect of Distant Healing on Type II Diabetes Patients." The Journal of Parapsychology 63.3 (1999): 1998.
Decoster, Vaughn A. "CHALLENGES OF TYPE 2 DIABETES AND ROLE OF HEALTH CARE SOCIAL WORK: A Neglected Area of Practice." Health and Social Work 26.1 (2001): 26. Questia. 6 Jan. 2005
EBP
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has become a common condition afflicting individuals worldwide. There are an increasing number of women in the reproductive age group presenting with type 2 diabetes, which necessitates appropriate risk management in order to reduce the likelihood of any negative effects for mothers and fetuses (Mahmud & Mazza, 2010). Prevention of any complications among this high risk group is best achieved through preconception care including counseling that effectively provides women with type 2 diabetes with information and guidance in order to achieve the most successful pregnancy outcomes. How is this preconception care most effectively delivered and how are pregnancy outcomes impacted?
Guidelines for preconception care should consist of counseling surrounding risks that uncontrolled preconceptional blood sugar poses regarding congenital malformation, and how appropriate blood sugar control should be achieved prior to conception, thus placing emphasis on the importance of effective contraception (Mahmud & Mazza, 2010). However,…
References
Brooten, D., Youngblut, J.M., Brown, L., Finkler, S.A., Madigan, E. (2001). A randomized trial of nurse specialist home care for women with high-risk pregnancies: outcomes and costs. American Journal of Managed Care, 7(8), 793-803.
Charron-Prowchownik, D., Sereika, S.M., Wang, S.L., Hannan, M.F., Fischl, A.R., Stewart, S.H., Dean McElhinny, T. (2006). Reproductive health and preconception counseling awareness in adolescents with diabetes: what they don't know can hurt them. Diabetes Education, 32(2), 235-42.
Fischl, A.F., Herman, W.H., Sereika, S.M., Hannan, M., Becker, D., Mansfield, M.J., Freytag, L.L., Milaszewski, K., Botscheller, A.N., Charron-Prochownik, D. (2010). Impact of a preconception counseling program for teens with type 1 diabetes (READY-Girls) on patient provider interaction, resource utilization, and cost. Diabetes Care, 33(4), 701-5.
Herman, W.H., Janz, N.K., Becker, M.P., Charron-Prochownik, D. (1999). Diabetes and pregnancy: preconception care, pregnancy outcomes, resource utilization and costs. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 44(1), 33-8.
Diabetes Mellitus Type II
Diabetes is described as a condition that results from a chronic problem of hyperglycaemia that is brought about by insulin inaction in the body system. Diabetes type II is a condition that fronts the case for a range of diabetic problems characterised by some pathophysiological symptoms, including increased insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. The problems observed in the cell function and the deteriorating pancreatic conditions develop over a period of time. The root and development of diabetes type II is linked to the abnormal secretion of insulin, its action and endogenous output of glucose (EGO Type II diabetes affects over 6.4% of the world's population. This percentage represents over 285 million people the world over. It is expected that the number will increase to 7.7% (439 million) by the year 2030. The epidemic of Diabetes mellitus II (T2DM) as perceived by medical experts is an…
References
Imran, M., Ardasenov, Z., Brown, K., Maz, M., & Magadan, J. (2015). Diabetic Myonecrosis of Bilateral Thighs in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Kohei, K. A. K. U. (2010). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its treatment policy.
Leontis, L., & Hess, A. (n.d.). Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-risk-factors
JMAJ, 53(1), 41-46.
Managing Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
critical thinking managing patients with Diabetes Mellitus
The main goal of managing patients with diabetes mellitus is to eliminate symptoms and prevent the development of complications. There are differing methodologies that could be applied in the management of the disease. The type of diabetes affecting a patient determines the methodologies employed. Different health professionals who have the expertise in diabetes care and management best provide management of diabetes. American Diabetes Association (2010) states that the management of diabetes will include setting of appropriate goals, modifications to the diet and exercise of the patient, medications, regular monitoring of the patient for any complications, laboratory assessments, and employing self-monitoring of blood glucose. For an ideal management of diabetes, the levels of blood glucose should be near-normal levels. However, focusing on the management of glucose alone will not provide enough treatment for diabetic patients. Proper management and treatment…
References
American Diabetes Association. (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care, 33(Supplement 1), S62-S69.
Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., . . . Matthews, D.R. (2012). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes care, 35(6), 1364-1379.
Qaseem, A., Humphrey, L.L., Chou, R., Snow, V., & Shekelle, P. (2011). Use of intensive insulin therapy for the management of glycemic control in hospitalized patients: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 154(4), 260-267.
Riddle, M.C. (2010). Effects of intensive glucose lowering in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Circulation, 122(8), 844-846.
ACE INHIBITOS vs. TIGHT GLYCEMIC CONTOL
Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy: ACE Inhibitors vs. Tight Glycemic Control
Diabetic Nephropathy: ACE Inhibitors vs. Tight Glycemic Control
Proteinuria is considered a risk factor for end-stage renal disease and coronary artery disease, secondary to diabetes (reviewed by Tan, Jaung, Gamble, & Cundy, 2014). The recommended treatment approach relies on angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (AB), with the goal of proteinuria remission and the control of hypertension. This strategy is effective for approximately 50% of type 2 diabetes patients suffering from microalbuminuria. The same treatment approach has been used for type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients suffering from macroalbuminuria and researchers have shown that remission is possible in a percentage of type 1 diabetes patients.
Tight glycemic control vs. regular glycemic control were compared for efficacy in reducing the risk of cardiovascular adverse events and nephropathy in several recent large randomized-controlled…
References
ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) Study Group. (2008). Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(24), 2545-59.
Bailey, T. (2013). Options for combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: Comparison of the ADA/EASD Position Statement and AACE/ACE Algorithm. American Journal of Medicine, 126, S10-S20.
Ismail-Beigi, F., Craven, T., Banerji, M.A., Basile, J., Calles, J., Cohen, R.M. et al. (2010). Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An analysis of the ACCORD randomized trial. Lancet, 376(9739), 419-30.
Tan, J., Jaung, R., Gamble, G., & Cundy, T. (2014). Proteinuric renal disease in type 2 diabetes: Is remission of proteinuria associated with improved mortality and morbidity? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 103, 63-70.
Clinical Problem: Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Settings
Mid-range nursing theories can be extremely useful in understanding specific clinical issues. These theories are less broad and all-encompassing than so-called grand theories of nursing such as Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring and seek to offer a more technical and practical approach to applying theory in daily practice (Alligood, 2018). This paper will specifically examine the application of Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring to the treatment of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus living in rural settings without adequate access to healthcare. Virtually all nursing theories are composed of four essential core definitions, that of person, environment, health, and nursing itself. Swanson’s theory, however, specifically focuses on nursing, which Swanson defines as a very specific type of caring.
Clinical Issue
Although obesity is increasing across the nation, obesity is often particularly rife in rural settings with limited access to healthcare and healthy foods.…
NR 601 Week 5 Case StudyNR 601 Week 5 Case StudyThe World Health Organization (WHO) defines diabetes as a disease that affects the bodys ability to prepare or produce the hormone insulin, resulting in abnormal metabolism of blood glucose and elevated levels of the same in the blood (WHO, 2021). When an individual has diabetes, their body either does not make sufficient insulin or fails to make use of insulin as it should, causing elevated levels of blood sugar in the bloodstream. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes (CDC, 2020). The Center for Diseases Prevention and Control (CDC) estimates that 34 million (representing 1 in every 10) Americans have diabetes, and 90-95 percent of these patients have Type 2 diabetes (CDC, 2020). The high prevalence of diabetes calls for adequate understanding on the part of healthcare providers to ensure effective diagnosis…
ReferencesADA Standards of Medical Care (2021). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2021 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. American Diabetes Association. Retrieved from https://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/content/diaclin/early/2020/12/02/cd21-as01.full.pdfBibiloni, M., Salas, R., Garza, Y., Villareal, J., Sureda, A., & Tur, J.(2016). Serum Lipid Profile, Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Associated Risk Factors among Northern Mexican Adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 63(5), 544-49.Bigelow, A., & Freeland, B. (2017). Type II Diabetes Care in the Elderly. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 13(3), 181-86.CDC (2021). Diabetes Symptoms. Center for Diseases Prevention and Control (CDC). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/symptoms.htmlCDC (2020). What is Diabetes? Center for Diseases Prevention and Control (CDC). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.htmlFDA (2017). Glucophage. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020357s037s039,021202s021s023lbl.pdfGalicia-Garcia , U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K., Ostolaza, H., & Martin, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(17), 6275-81.Hill, M., & Bordoni, B. (2021). Hyperlipidemia. Treasure Island, FL: Statpearls PublishingHuang, W., Xu, W., Zhu, P., Yang, H., Su, L., & Tang, H.(2017). Analysis of Blood Glucose Distribution Characteristics in a Health Examination Population in Chengdu (2007-2015). Medicine, 96(49), Doi: 1097/MD.0000000000008765Molugulu, N., Yee, L., Ye, Y., Khee, T., Nie, L., Yee, N., Yee, T., Liang, T., & Kesharwani, P. (2017). Systematic Review of Metformin Monotherapy and Dual Therapy with Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor (SGLT-2) in Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 132(1), 157-68.NIH (2021). Diabetes Tests and Diagnoses. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/tests-diagnosis#whichtestsPiva , S., Susko, A., Khoja, S., Josbeno, D., Fitzgerald, G., & Toledo, F. (2015). Links between Osteoarthritis and Diabetes: Implications for a Physical Activity Perspective. Clinical Journal of Geriatric Medicine, 31(1), 67-87.Storey, H. L., Pelt, M., Bun, S., Daily, F., Neogi, T., Thompson, M., McGuire, H., & Weigl, B. (2017). Diabetes and Endocrinology, 8(3), 1-8.WHO (2021). Diabetes. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes#tab=tab_1
The high levels of blood glucose lead to the production of insulin therefore patients have excessive production of insulin. There is insulin resistance and hence body cells do not respond in an appropriate way in the presence of insulin (Mealey, 2010).
The main difference between diabetes insipidus, and diabetes mellitus, is that in diabetes mellitus insulin resistance is referred to being "post-receptor." This implies that the problem lies with the cells which respond to insulin as opposed to there being a problem in the production of insulin. The onset of diabetes mellitus is slow and the disorder might go undiagnosed for a very long period of time. Diabetes insipidus has an abrupt onset and it might be diagnosed at any age.
Factors affecting diagnosis and treatment prescription of diabetes
There are various factors that might affect the diagnosis and treatment of these two types of diabetes.one of these factors is…
References
Mealey, B.L. (2010).Diabetes Pathophysiology. Retrieved July 29, 2013 from http://www.health.am/db/diabetes-pathophysiology/
MediLexicon International Ltd.(2013). All about Diabetes. Retrieved July 29, 2013 from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/diabetes/
Diabetes in Australia
The Australian government and the relevant Health agencies have for many years strived to put the diabetes menace under close observation and management. There have been massive researches and huge sums directed towards good management and possible elimination of diabetes at the national levels. This commitment is exhibited by the specialized funds and efforts like the Juvenile Diabetes esearch Fund (JDF) that has been committed to striving to mitigate the effects of diabetes from the render age of the Australians.
Since diabetes is such a big challenge to Australia as a whole, diabetes mellitus was declared a National Health Priority Area in 1996 during the Australian Health Minister's Conference and this was as recognition to the high levels of diabetes prevalence within Australia, the mortality rates that were due to it, the impact it had on morbidity and the possibility of the health improvements that can be…
However, advancements in pharmacogenetics promises new and better ways of managing diabetes. Studies have shown that Lisofylline, an anti-inflammatory compound is very effective in suppressing the autoimmune activity and in improving the islet secretion of insulin. Mice studies showed significant difference (25% vs. 91.6%) in the onset of diabetes among Lisofylline treated mice compared to placebo mice. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines IFN-? And TNF-? levels correlated with reduction in ss cell apoptosis. [Yang et.al, 2003] Recent study by Lipsett et.al (2007) has shown that Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein (INGAP) is useful as a pancreatic regeneration agent. Successful tests in mice and regeneration of cultured human pancreatic cells have encouraged the researchers to seriously consider INGAP as an effective agent for improving insulin synthesis. [Lipsett et.al, (2007)]
A recent Cornell University study focused on an entirely different approach to diabetes management. The researchers examined the possibility of recombinant Commensal bacteria engineered to…
Bibliography
1) George S. Eisenbarth, (2007) 'Update in Type 1 Diabetes', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 92, No.7. http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/7/2403
2) McGill University, 'Deficient Regulators in the Immune System Responsible for Type 1 Diabetes', Updated 25 Jan 2008, Available at, http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/article.php?q=08012539
3) Kent SC, Chen Y, & Bregoli L. et.al (2005) 'Expanded T cells from pancreatic lymph nodes of type 1 diabetic subjects recognize an insulin epitope'. Nature 435:224 -- 228
4) Mathieu C, Gysemans C. et.al (Jul 2005), 'Vitamin D and Diabetes', Diabetologia. 48(7):1247-57
Diabetes Among Middle Age Males:
One of the major public health issues among middle age males is diabetes since they are twice as likely to suffer from the disease as compared to their female counterparts. Generally, the rate of diabetes has increased in the recent past to an extent that 8% of the American population have the disease, especially children and adults. The main reason for the increase of the rate of diabetes is that the risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age. The other risk factors include an inactive lifestyle, being obese or overweight, a history of the disease in immediate family, and a diet with high sugar and low fiber. As the rate of diabetes has increased among children and adults, much increase has occurred among the male population, especially middle age males. Therefore, it is increasingly important to examine the major health risks incurred by the…
References:
American Diabetes Association. (2002, January). Screening for Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25(1),
S21-S24. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/suppl_1/s21.full.pdf
"America's Middle Boomers." (2013). Demographic Profile. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/Profiles/mmi-middle-boomer-demographic-profile.pdf
David et al. (1994, May). Health Behaviors and Survival Among Middle-Aged Men and Women
Diabetes Education
What is Diabetes?
Interventions
Management
Self-Care
Diabetes Education
Clinical Practice ecommendations
Diabetes Education
Diabetes is considered to be a chronic disease which really needs some kind of long-term nursing and medical intermediations. esearch shows that patients likewise need to take a part that is active in their own treatment and management, and the alter their lifestyles in order to keep their metabolic state at a level that is normal (Sperl-Hillen, 2010). One of the transformations in education is recognized as being electronic learning. This technique is interesting because it has all of these unique features which users are interested in using, and has made it possible to learn anywhere. It facilitates individual as well as group learning, and makes it conceivable to familiarize the material as stated by the users' needs. However, in the last 10 years, it has been very obvious that the Internet has turned out…
Reference:
EIJJ, V. (2009). Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane Library, 44(8), 1-44.
Marjatta Kelo, M.M. (2011). Self-care of school-age children with diabetes: an integrative review. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, 2096-2105.
Marzieh Moattari, M.H. (2012). The impact of electronic education on metabolic control indicators in patients with diabetes who need insulin: a randomised clinical control. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 32 -- 38.
Sperl-Hillen, J. (2010). Are benefits from Diabetes Self-Management education Sustained? American Journal of Managed Care is the property of Intellisphere, 104-113.
Diabetes
(Harvard Citation)
Studies conducted over decades have concluded that there is a significant link between diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. For instance, the most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes, which involves both the impairment in insulin resistance and the defective secretion of insulin by the pancreas. The development of diabetes often comes with a number of cardiovascular complications including "coronary heart disease (CDC), stroke, peripheral arterial disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and possibly neuropathy and cardiomyopathy." (Grundy 1999)
Specifically both diabetes type 1 and type 2 are considered to be risk factors for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. "Moreover, myocardial ischemeal due to coronary atherosclerosis commonly occurs without symptoms in patients with diabetes." (Grundy 1999) In other words, patients with diabetes are more likely to be stricken with congestive heart failure. But it is not only the risk of heart failure that diabetes sufferers are at risk from, another…
References
"eGFR." Lab Tests Online, Available from http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/gfr/tab/test
"Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)" National Kidney Foundation Available from http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/ckd/knowgfr.cfm
Grundy, Scott. Et al 1999, "Diabetes and Heart Disease: A Statement for Healthcare
Professionals from the American Heart Association" AHA Scientific Statement.
African-Americans and Diabetes
Diabetes in the African-American Adult Population
Diabetes is a serious public health issue, and often seen in the African-American adult population. According to the CDC, African-Americans are twice as likely to have type II diabetes as Caucasians (Diabetes, 2011). This is highly significant, since 90 to 95% of new diabetes cases each year are type II (Diabetes, 2011). There are several reasons for these cases, and genetics is one of them. Additionally, people can develop type II diabetes from obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, age, and poor eating habits. In order to thoroughly address the issue, it is important to look at what African-Americans know and do not know about diabetes, and how they handle the disease if they do develop it or are told they are at risk for developing it. Many of them have pre-diabetes, and can avoid the disease if they are conscientious regarding the…
References
Agurs-Collins, T.D., Kumanyika, S.K., Ten Have, T.R., Adams-Campbell, L.L. (1997). A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction and exercise for diabetes management in older African-American subjects. Diabetes Care, 20(10): 1503-1511.
Baptiste-Roberts, K., Gary, T.L., Beckles, G.L.A., Gregg, E.W., Owens, M., Porterfield, D., & Engelgau, M.M. (2007). Family history of diabetes, awareness of risk factors, and health behaviors among African-Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97(5): 907-912.
Diabetes. (2011). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov /chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/ddt.htm.
McCleary-Jones, V. (2011). Health literacy and its association with diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy and disease self-management among African-Americans with diabetes mellitus. The ABNF Journal: 25-32.
This means these children have a much higher chance of developing other diabetes related illnesses as they grow older, including serious damage to the eyes, nerves, heart, kidneys, and blood vessels (Bren, 2004). If they do not learn how to self-manage the disease when they are children, they will have more serious side effects as they grow older, and they will be a drain on the healthcare and insurance areas, as well.
One way to prevent diabetes is to treat the underlying causes, such as poor nutrition, lack of education, and obesity. This education should start in childhood, and the population should have resources available to help them deal with and self-treat the disease. Perhaps "diabetes centers" could open in inner city neighborhoods, that provided treatment kits, education, and even cooking and nutrition classes to help with patients cope with their disease.
In conclusion, Type 2 diabetes hits minority victims…
References
Bren, L. (2004, July/August). Diabetes prevention, treatment. FDA Consumer, 38, 18+.
Clark, M. (2004). Understanding diabetes. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Cox, R.H., Carpenter, J.P., Bruce, F.A., Poole, K.P., & Gaylord, C.K. (2004). Characteristics of low-income African-American and Caucasian adults that Are important in self-management of Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Community Health, 29(2), 155+.
Dabelko, H.I., & Decoster, V.A. (2007). Diabetes and adult day health services. Health and Social Work, 32(4), 279+.
Indigenous Australians and Diabetes
In Adelaide the first case of diabetes in Indigenous people was noted in 1923. The records clearly show that Indigenous people didn't diagnose diabetes at the time as they were fit, lean and in good shape. Apart from that, they didn't have any metabolic ailment at the time. Till the 1960's, the estimates of diabetes in Indigenous people weren't taken and no investigation done until then. Then a connection was found between indigenous population and westernized living in the population as type-2 diabetes was slowly starting to materialize. Since then, type 2 diabetes has been deemed as the most worrying health problems in Australia as the probability of it being in the population is four times (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2007a).
Diabetes and the afflicted person
Diabetes can affect a person in many ways as shown below:
Family
Work
Daily life
Emotionally
Monetarily
Physically (Shaw, 2012)
Physical…
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2006) The health and welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 2006. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (2007a) Review of diabetes among Indigenous peoples. Retrieved June 7, 2014 from http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/chronic-conditions/diabetes/reviews/our-review
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (2007b) Background information on Diabetes. Retrieved June 7, 2014 from http://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/chronic-conditions/diabetes/reviews/background-information
Bhattacharyya et al. (2002). Inpatient management of diabetes mellitus and patient satisfaction. Diabetic medicine: A journal of the British Diabetic Association, 19 (5), 412-416.
Diabetes -- Literature eview
It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people, or over a third of the population, have prediabetes in some populations such as the City of New York; diabetes and diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death in the region accounting for roughly two-thirds of the deaths and the rates of diabetes has lead this trend to be referred to as the diabetes epidemic (Frieden, 2006). The same trends can be found in a greater or lesser extend in most Western nations in the world. Furthermore, there has been a strong correlation between childhood obesity and childhood diseases, such as diabetes, that has now been identified (Dietz & Bellizzi, 1999).
The link between childhood obesity and adult diseases has been the subject of much attention in recent years. Much of the research has considered the programming of adult metabolic processes and…
References
Dietz, W., & Bellizzi, M. (1999). Introduction: the use of body mass index to assess obesity in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1235-1255.
Fernandez-Twinn, D., & Ozanne, S. (2010). Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 78-96.
Frieden, T. (2006). Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. Retrieved from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/diabetes_chart_book.pdf
John, W., Hillson, R., & Alberti, S. (2011). Use of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance . Practical Diabetes, 12-13.
Problem Statement and Purpose of Study Self-care regimens that require a lot of input are necessary in making the study of diabetes effective. A lot of people with diabetes undergo distress. The diabetes distress is commonly described as the distress that arises from the effect of the diabetes symptoms, regimens for self management, the fear that there would be complications and functionality failure. The diabetes stress stabilizes after some time. It has been found that about a third of all diabetes type 2 patients are prone to diabetes stress regarded as clinically significant. Diabetes distress severely affects adult diabetic patients with a poor diabetes management plan. Such patients stand a high risk of diabetes-related complications. These developments are linked to poor glycemic control and self-management (Leeet al, 2018). The current research seeks to establish whether autonomy support by the health supporters of patients such as the members of their family…
Windshield Survey of Diabetes in the Asian-Indian Community in Plainsboro, New Jersey: Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
As the home to the second-largest population of Asian-Indians in the United States today (the first is another nearby small community, Edison, New Jersey) (Sahney, 2010). Out of a population of around 23,500, 16.97% of the residents of Plainsboro (or about 4,000) describe themselves as having Indian ancestry (Sahney, 2010). Although Plainsboro enjoys a high standard of living, a desirable community environment and state-of-the-art medical facilities, it is reasonable to suggest that some of the Asian-Indian population in this community remain marginalized due to an inability to afford these state-of-the-art health care services and the potential for cross-cultural differences in views about health care may further exacerbate this lack of access.
A growing body of evidence also indicates that Asian-Indians are among the highest-risk populations for developing diabetes, making this community an especially important…
References
About Plainsboro. (2015). Township of Plainsboro. Retrieved from http://www.plains boronj.com/content/about-plainsboro.
Anderson, E. N. (2014). Everyone eats: Understanding food and culture. New York: New York University Press.
Brooks, J. (2004, July 26). NLC membership offers many benefits to cities, towns. Nation's Cities Weekly, 27(30), 8.
Chandras, K. V. & Eddy, J. P. (1999, Winter). Counseling Asian-Americans: Implications for training. Education, 120(2), 239.
Diabetes and Thyroid
Diabetes
What is the mechanism of action of insulin and what are the differences in insulin therapy for Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus?
The pancreas secretes insulin, and it is used for the regulation of glucose from the blood into the cells. Insulin assists in lowering blood glucose by causing peripheral glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells. The breakdown of fat, proteins, and manufacture of glucose is inhibited by insulin. Insulin will also increase protein synthesis and the conversion of excess glucose to fat. Patients suffering from diabetes are not able to produce enough insulin, and this leads to hyperglycemia. Insulin therapy for type I diabetes mellitus is aimed at increasing or providing insulin in the patient's body (Trauner, ichert, & Luddeke, 2013). For type II diabetes, insulin therapy is aimed at controlling blood sugar, increasing insulin levels, and lowering the patient's resistance to insulin.…
References
Kahn, S.E. (2013). Incretin therapy and islet pathology: a time for caution. Diabetes, 62(7), 2178-2180.
Reinehr, T. (2010). Obesity and thyroid function. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 316(2), 165-171.
Stohl, H.E., Ouzounian, J., Rick, A.-M., Hueppchen, N.A., & Bienstock, J.L. (2013). Thyroid disease and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): is there a connection? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 26(11), 1139-1142.
Trauner, A., Richert, K., & Luddeke, H.-J. (2013). Start of an insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes patients. Diabetes aktuell fur die Hausarztpraxis, 11(06), 248-252.
Diabetes Handout
Diabetes was chosen as a topic because of the high percentage of the population that it affects coupled with the fact that it is a relatively preventable disease for most people. It is estimated that nearly five and a half million people in New York City, about a third of the population, have prediabetes, diabetes, and/or diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases and similar frequencies have been noted throughout the Western world. Diabetes has become the leading cause of death in the region accounting for roughly two-thirds of the deaths and the rates of diabetes has lead this trend to be referred to as the diabetes epidemic (Frieden, 2006). There are a range of different factors that can lead to diabetes but the two main culprits are an improper diet and lack of exercise.
Furthermore, this condition is not reserved for only adults. The number of children who have diagnosed with…
References
Dietz, W., & Bellizzi, M. (1999). Introduction: the use of body mass index to assess obesity in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1235-1255.
Fernandez-Twinn, D., & Ozanne, S. (2010). Early life nutrition and metabolic programming. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 78-96.
Frieden, T. (2006). Diabetes in New York City: Public Health Burden and Disparities. Retrieved from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: http://home2.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/epi/diabetes_chart_book.pdf
John, W., Hillson, R., & Alberti, S. (2011). Use of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance . Practical Diabetes, 12-13.
Diabetes and Self-Care Ability of High School Diabetics
Diabetes has been one of the biggest challenges that the health sector has been facing in the recent decades. There have been a soaring number of fast foods across the nation and with them the subsequent rise in the number of diabetic population and in specific the high school students who hardly have aby time to cook or access healthy foods. The change in the feeding habits is significantly informed and shaped by the change in trends and lifestyle where eating in fast foods is seen as both a fashionable trend and convenient despite the outright health challenges that come with it like the predisposition to diabetes due to wrong diet. Ferguson, T., Tulloch-eis, M., Wilks, . (2010) note that the last 50 years have seen the highest number of Western fast foods mushroom across the world and with it the significant…
References
Alice P., (2015). Self-Care Deficit Theory. http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/orem-self-care-deficit-theory.php
Ferguson, T., Tulloch-Reis, M., Wilks, R. (2010). The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Jamaica and the Caribbean: a historical review. West Indian Medical Journal, 59(3): 259-64.
Diabetes and Drug Treatments
TYPE II DIABETES AND DUG TEATMENTS
Differences
Type I Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type 1 result from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas. Subsequent shortage of insulin translates to increased urine and blood glucose. The developed world is associated with increasingly variant type I diabetes with a large cause of kidney failure and non-traumatic blindness. The link is based on an increased dementia and cognitive dysfunction risk through disease processes of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The complications are inclusive of sexual dysfunction, acanthosis nigricans, and frequent infections (Jones, et al., 2012).
Type II Diabetes
The classic diabetes symptoms include polyuria (frequent urination), increased thirst, increased hunger (polyphagia), and weight loss. Alternative symptoms commonly presented in the diagnosis include histories of blurred vision, fatigue, recurrent vaginal infections, peripheral neuropathy, and itchiness (Barnett, 2012). However, many people lack symptoms in the initial years and while…
References
Barnett, A. (2012). Type II Diabetes. New York: OUP Oxford.
Ezrin, C. & Kowalski, R. (2011). The Type 2 Diabetes Diet Book, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional
Jones, R. M. et al., (2012). New Therapeutic Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: Small Molecule Approaches. New York: Royal Society of Chemistry
Pereira, M. A. (2013). Nutrition and Type II Diabetes: Etiology and Prevention. New York: CRC Press.
Diabetes Teaching Project
Combine knowledge from sciences and liberal arts with that from nursing sciences, for understanding universal perspectives, employing latest technology, and encouraging critical thinking.
Consistent with the diabetes teaching project's first objective, we realize the need for holistic development of each student, and hence, our curriculum not only comprises nursing courses related to diabetes, but also requires that students enroll themselves in science and liberal arts courses. For students who have already taken courses like Literature, English language, Sociology and Philosophy, our academic advisor simply certifies these and allows students to proceed with core courses. Further, integrated into these courses is a comprehensive insight into the global perception, eliciting critical thinking. Through the subject 'Dimensions of Professional Nursing Practice' (Subject code: NU 342), I aided students in developing critical thinking ability, which they would need to employ when dealing with diabetic patients. This subject required them to study…
References
Ogrinc, G. (2003). A Framework for Teaching Medical Students and Residents about Practice-based Learning and Improvement, Synthesized from a Literature Review. Academic Medicine, 78(7), 748-756.
UKPDS. (1995). UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: UK Prospective Diabetes 16: Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. Diabetes, 44, 1249-1258.
Valentine, V. (2000). Educational Strategies at Diagnosis and Beyond, or Diabetes, Type 2, and What to Do! Diabetes Spectrum, 13(4), 197.
Diabetes Intervention
As a complex metabolic disease, diabetes does not lend itself to a wide variety of interventions and concurring the disease does not appear to be an event that medicine will see in the near horizon. For these reasons, and because diabetes can be such a devastating disease, research that shows promise of positively impacting the course of the disease is greeted with enthusiasm by the medical community and the public.
Blood glucose levels must be strictly regulated in order to avoid the complications that diabetes can create. A substantive stumbling block is the difficulty of achieving consistent glycemic control without occurrences of hypoglycemia. Indeed, this factor is a primary obstacle to obtaining regulatory approval of an artificial pancreas. Earlier research has focused on automatic systems that monitor the levels of glucose and stop insulin flow when the blood glucose drops too low. While this is a viable approach,…
References
Progress in artificial pancreas development: preventing and treating low blood glucose. (2014, September 11). American Diabetes Association. ADA-Novo Nordisk Award in Hypoglycemia and Diabetes. Supported by Novo Nordisk Inc. Retreived from http://www.diabetes.org /research-and-practice/we-are-research-leaders/recent-advances/progress-in-artificial-pancreas-development.html#sthash.HZwOqdlx.dpuf
Russell, S.J., El-Khatib, F.H., Sinha, M., Magyar, K.L., McKeon, K., Goergen, L.G., Balliero, C., Hillard, M.A., Nathan, D.M., & Damiano, E.R. (2014, July 24). Outpatient glycemic control with a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 371(4), 313-25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1314474. Epub 2014 Jun 15.
Psychological Influence of Diabetes
Diabetes
The National Diabetes Educational Program is under the sponsorship of the Disease control and prevention and the National institutes of health. The purpose of this joint interaction is to reduce the effects of diabetes and delay the onset of diabetes. The target audience for this program is children, Adults, families, caregivers, healthcare professionals, promoters and peers.
Diabetes as a health related issue has diverse effects on the psychological aspects of people infected. Diabetes as a disease falls into two categories: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes is as a result of destruction of insulin producing cells of the pancreas. The lack of insulin results to an increased urine or blood glucose (Penckofer et. al., 2007). If left untreated the disease may turn out being fatal. The illness may, however, be treated by administration…
References
Penckofer, S., Ferrans, C.E., Velsor-Friedrich, B., & Savoy, S. (2007). The psychological impact of living with diabetes women's day-to-day experiences. The Diabetes
Educator, 33(4), 680-690.
Sepa, A., Frodi, A., Vaarala, O., & Ludvigsson, J. (2005). Diabetes-related autoimmunity in infancy Psychological stress . Diabetes care, 28(2), 290-295.
Funnell, M.M., Brown, T.L., Childs, B.P., Haas, L.B., Hosey, G.M., Jensen, B., ... & Weiss, M.A. (2009). Self-management education and National standards for diabetes. Diabetes care, 32 (1), 87-94.
thirds of the global population lives within the Asia Pacific area where pervasiveness of diabetes has reached rampant proportion. With India and China being the most densely inhabited countries in the world, it is thought that over one hundred and fifty million diabetes cases reside in the area with more than a staggering 95% being of T2DM or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, other Pacific islands within the area have high rates of T2DM. These islands include Tonga, Nauru, French Polynesia, and Fiji.
The latter possesses the highest occurrence of T2DM per populace in the globe. Over the past twenty, New Zealand and Australia, the incidence of T2DM has actually doubled, largely midst the Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal and Maori peoples correspondingly. With the snowballing frequency of diabetes within the Asia Pacific area coupled with the inadequate number of resources, use of a consistent and efficient mode of diagnosis…
References
Bagley, A., & Malabu, U. (2014). Diabetes epidemic in the Asia Pacific region: has hemoglobin A1C finally earned its place as a diagnostic tool?. Asian Pacific Journal Of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(2), 85-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691 (14)60214-8
Pre-diabetes Condition
Burden of disease: disability/morbidity
The word 'pre-diabetes' applies to persons highly susceptible to contracting diabetes mellitus (type 2). Those diagnosed as pre-diabetic have sustained, higher-than-normal blood glucose levels; however, these levels are not sufficiently high to be characterized as diabetes. Pre-diabetics suffer from either IGT (impaired glucose tolerance), or IFG (impaired fasting glucose), or both. The former denotes a condition wherein glucose tolerance levels of individuals after two hours of glucose consumption lie between 140 and 199 milligrams/deciliter whereas the latter refers to a condition wherein fasting blood glucose levels lie between 100 and 125 milligrams/deciliter (when nothing has been consumed throughout the night) (Thomaskutty & Dwivedi, 2011).
After pre-diabetes sets in, beta cells lose their function progressively, resulting in the onset of diabetes. Type 2 diabetics characteristically have by high blood sugar levels, a condition that, with time, damages blood vessels and nerves, thereby giving rise to…
Obesity cause Diabetes Type 2?
From the time people came into existence; they have witnessed changes in virtually every aspect of life including the global environment, food production, health concerns, demographic growth, and so forth. Nevertheless, the capacity to adapt to the changes has facilitated the inhabitants to survive and have an improved lifestyle. However, as the globe penetrated into the twenty-first century, the standard of living of numerous people has altered to a great extent due to the technological advancements and innovations. People are now in a race where everyone wants to win success, prosperity, and affluence because of which they have neglected or overlooked the aspect of their health (Stern & Kazaks, 2009). Therefore, health has become an escalating and emerging concern in this epoch across the world.
However, when taking health issues under consideration, obesity has been observed as one of the epidemics that have been witnessed…
References
Barnett, A. (2012). Type 2 Diabetes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bouatia-Naji, N., Bonnefond, A., Cavalcanti-Proenca, C., Sparso, T., Holmkvis, J., Marchand, M., Delplanque, J., Lobbens, S., Rocheleau, G., Durand, E., Franck De Graeve, Chevre, J., Borch-Johnsen, K., Hartikainen, A., Ruokonen, A., Tichet, J., Marre, M., Weill, J., Heude, B., Tauber, M., Lemaire, K., Schuit, F., Elliott, P., Jorgensen, T., Charpentier, G., Hadjadj, S., Cauchi, S., Vaxillaire, M., Sladek, R., Visvikis-Siest, S., Balkau, B., Levy-Marchal, C., Pattou, F., Meyre, D., Blakemore, A.I., Jarvelin, M., Walley, A.J., Hansen, T., Dina, C., Pedersen, O. & Froguel, P. (2009). A variant near MTNR1B is associated with increased fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes risk. PubMed, 41(1): 89-94.
Gastaldelli, A., Ferrannini, E., Miyazaki, Y., Matsuda, M. & DeFronzo, R.A. (2004). Beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance: results from the San Antonio metabolism (SAM) study. PubMed, 47(1): 31-39.
Lim, S., Ahn, S.Y., Song, I.C., Chung, M.H., Jang, H.C., Park, K.S., Lee, K., Pak, Y.K. & Lee, H.K. (2009). Chronic Exposure to the Herbicide, Atrazine, Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. PubMed, 4(4). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005186
Even in the second half of the 17th century did doctors prescribe apparently absurd remedies such as viper's flesh, red coral, sweet almonds, and fresh flowers for diabetes sufferers (DiabetesHealth.com). Of course, these had little effect, and sufferers were generally condemned to death. The first breakthrough before the 1920s came in the form of Dr. John Rollo, who built on the work of Dr. Dobson of Liverpool to prescribe the first relatively successful treatment of the disease: a diet that was high in fat and meat and low in grains and breads. This improved the prognosis significantly, and for the first time in history could diabetes sufferers expect an extended life.
The year 1921 saw a miraculous discovery that would change the treatment of diabetes forever (Sattley). The surgeon Frederick Banting and his assistant Charles Best were instrumental in the discovery of insulin as an effective treatment for the disease.…
Works Cited
Canadian Diabetes Association. The History of Diabetes. 2009. http://www.diabetes.ca/about-diabetes/what/history/
Diabetes Health. History of Diabetes: From Raw Quinces & Gruel to Insulin. http://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/1992/11/01/25/history-of-diabetes-from-raw-quinces-and-gruel-to-insulin/
Health.Savvy. A Timeline of the History of Diabetes. Feb 8, 2008. http://health.savvy-cafe.com/a-timeline-of-the-history-of-diabetes-2008-02-08/
Sattley, Melissa. The History of Diabetes. Dec. 17, 2008. Diabetes Health. http://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/2008/12/17/715/the-history-of-diabetes/
Ketoacidosis occurs when patients with Type 1 diabetes do not take their insulin shots or when patients with Type 2 diabetes develop ancillary complications such as chest or urinary tract infections. Therefore, the condition can be prevented with proper care and effective monitoring of blood sugar levels.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNK) results from an excess concentration of sugar in the blood, which occurs mostly in patients with Type 2 diabetes. The onset of HHNK occurs gradually when patients do not take their medications or when they develop other complications or are under stress. Symptoms include tiredness, increased thirst, increased urination, and weight loss. The extreme fatigue may cause the patient to become unconscious, which is why the condition is a type of coma. Preventing HHNK is a matter of regulating blood sugar levels, through medications and insulin.
orks Cited
Complications of Diabetes." Diabetes and You. http://www.sokkari.com/complications.htm.
Diabetes Mellitus. http://www.sghhealth4u.com.sg/health4u/endocrinology/Diabetes_Mellitus.html.
Works Cited
Complications of Diabetes." Diabetes and You. http://www.sokkari.com/complications.htm .
Diabetes Mellitus. http://www.sghhealth4u.com.sg/health4u/endocrinology/Diabetes_Mellitus.html.
Healthy People 2020 and Diabetes
Diabetes is a community health problem that is also a Healthy People 2020 priority area. abish (2007) has cited it as a growing epidemic occurring all over the world. Because diabetes has been linked to obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise, it is reasonable to arrive at the conclusion that if people ate better and exercised more the rising spread of diabetes could be reversed. his is the contention of researchers such as Davis (2008) and Cunninghamm-Myrie, heall, Younger et al. (2015). In short, diabetes is impacting everyone. All who consume "fast food" type of diets are at risk of developing diabetes according to these studies.
he public health leadership problem related to this health issue is that public health leaders appear all too willing to simply treat the symptoms of diabetes instead of attacking the causes of the disease. Better leadership in this…
Tabish, S. (2007). Is Diabetes Becoming the Biggest Epidemic of the Twenty-first
Century? International Journal of Health Science, 1(2): 5-8.
Wilmot, E., Idris, I. (2014). Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease, 5(6): 234-244.
Endocrine Case StudyPatient 1 The parents of an 11-year-old girl bring her for an office visit. She has been developing normally and has been healthy and active. Her parents report that for the past several weeks, she has been feeling tired and weak, drinking more fluids than normal, and has been urinating so much she has wet the bed at night. Two days ago, they noticed that her breath smelled like fruit and she lost 8 pounds these last weeks. Yesterday she began breathing fast and deep.Initial DiagnosisThe symptoms presented are characteristics of early onset of type I diabetes with a secondary diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (Wherrett et al., 2018). The patient presents with polydipsia and polyuria, classic symptoms of diabetes, and due to her age, these fit with type I diabetes. Her Kussmaul respirations combined with the fruity breath are indicators for diabetic ketoacidosis, typically seen in type…
ReferencesBullard, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Lessem, S. E., Saydah, S. H., Menke, A., Geiss, L. S., . . . Imperatore, G. (2018). Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in adults by diabetes type—United States, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(12), 359. Wherrett, D. K., Ho, J., Huot, C., Legault, L., Nakhla, M., & Rosolowsky, E. (2018). Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Canadian journal of diabetes, 42, S234-S246.
Medical Conditions -- There are a number of factors that can increase the likelyhood of type-2 diabetes: hypertension, eleveted cholesterol, and a condition called Symdrome X, or metabolic syndrome (combination of obesity, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, stress, and poor diet). Cushing's syndrome, cortisol excess and testosterone deficiency are also associated with the disease. Often, it is a number of co-dependent conditions that seem to give rise to diabetes (Jack & Boseman, 2004).
Genetics -- There is ample evidence that there is a strong inheritable genetic condition in type-2 diabetes. In addition, there is a genetic mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in early onset diabetes (Lee & Hasim, 2001). There is a stronger inheritance pattern for type-2 diabetes with a significant association between family members. Typically, this is excacerbated by cultural and lifestyle factors that, while not inherited, are culturally shared. Gene expression promoted by a diet…
Long-Term Management for Diabetic Patients Under the Home Setting
Aubert .E., et.al, (1998).Nurse case Management to Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization. A randomized, controlled trial. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786807
This is a report on the research on the comparison of diabetes control in patients receiving nurse case management and patients receiving usual care. The research took a randomized controlled trial model. The research was conducted in primary care clinics in a group model health maintenance organization. It involved 121 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 17 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The intervention that was used in this case study was that the nurse case manager followed the written management algorithm with the direction of the family physician and an endocrinologist. If there were any changes then they would be communicated to the primary care physician. The patients received ongoing care through their primary care…
References
Aubert R.E., et.al, (1998).Nurse case Management to Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients in a Health Maintenance Organization. A randomized, controlled trial. Retrieved June 13, 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786807
Baty P.J., at.al. (2010). A Systematic Approach to Diabetes Mellitus Care in Underserved Populations: Improving Care of Minority and Homeless Persons. Retrieved June 13, 2017 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927670
Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Americans: Effectiveness of a Culturally Tailored Diabetes Education ProgramPICOT question: In Asian Americans with type 2 diabetes (P), does a culturally tailored diabetes education program, including patient-specific dietary and lifestyle modifications, (I) reduce A1C levels (O) after 2 months (T) versus a control group of Asian Americans?Literature eviewAccording to Nguyen, Fischer, Ha, and Tran (2015), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing epidemic in the United States. This is further collaborated by Wang, Wang, and Chan (2013) who observe that the condition is not only a concern in the United States but also across the world. This, according to the authors, is more so the case given that Type 2 diabetes has been associated with multiple complications and comorbidities. Some of the well-documented complications of type 2 diabetes include, but they are not limited to, nerve damage and heart disease.To demonstrate just how serious…
ReferencesHerman, W. & Rothberg, A.E. (2016). Prevalence of Diabetes in the United States: A Glimmer of Hope? JAMA, 314(10), 92-107. Ivey et al. (2012). Evaluating a Culturally and Linguistically Competent Health Coach Intervention for Chinese-American Patients with Diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum, 25(2), 93-102. Lee, J.W., Brancati, F.L. & Yeh, H. (2011). Trends in the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Asians versus Whites. Diabetes Care, 34(2), 353-357. Nguyen, T.H., Fischer, T., Ha, W. & Tran, T.V. (2015). Type 2 diabetes among Asian Americans: Prevalence and prevention. World J Diabetes, 6(4), 543-547. Sun, A.C., Tsoh, J.Y., Saw, A., Chan, J.L. & Cheng, J.W. (2012). Effectiveness of a Culturally Tailored Diabetes Self-Management Program for Chinese Americans. Diabetes Educ., 38(5), 685 – 694. Wang, E.J., Wong, E.C., Dixit, A.A., Fortmann, S.P., Linde, R.B. & Palanippan, L.P. (2011). Type 2 Diabetes: Identifying High Risk Asian American Subgroups in a Clinical Population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 93(2), 248-254.
Diagnostic Treatment and Interventions for Diabetes in Children
"Diabetes can affect many parts of the body with serious complications ... heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-limb amputations ... " (CDC).
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) approximately 1.25 million American children and adults have diabetes type 1. As for children, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2014 that 22 out of every 100,000 children under the age of 10 in the U.S. have type 1 diabetes. And a 2014 report in USA Today quotes a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association that shows that "... nearly 167,000 children and teens younger than 20 have type 1 diabetes" (Szabo, 2014). That data conflicts with the ADA data that reports 208,000 Americans under 20 have type 1 diabetes. No matter the conflicting data, it is clear that the rate of diabetes in…
Works Cited
American Diabetes Association. (2014). Statistics About Diabetes. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from http://www.diabetes.org .
Bukara-Radujkovic, G, Zdravkovic, D., and Lakic, S. (2011). Short-term use of continuous
Glucose monitoring system adds to glycaemic control in young type 1 diabetes mellitus
Patients in the long run: A clinical trial. Vojnosanitetski Pregled (VSP), 68(8), 650-660.
Community based Screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus
The diabetes menace in the US is rampant and a national concern for the health agencies particularly rearing the high rates of new diabetes cases that emerge each year. It is estimated that by 1958, only 1% of the American population were diabetic, this has tremendously shot up to the estimated 9.4% by 2015. This number includes 30.2 million adults of 18 years and over. Of even greater concern in this evaluation or screening process is that nearly a quarter of the individuals with this condition do not know that they have it (Murrel D., 2018). This informs the screening initiative with the sole aim of increasing the number of screened individuals, hence awareness of their diabetes status.
Conceptual model
The screening is projected to have a long term effect of the participants knowing their predisposition to the cardiovascular complications since blood…
2012, 1.5 million lives were lost to diabetes globally. It ranked eighth among the causes of deaths across both sexes and fifth among women (WHO, 2016). Higher than optimal glucose levels, even those that fall below diabetes diagnostic threshold, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Diabetes' diagnostic criterion is fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L which is a diagnostic point chosen because of micro-vascular issues such as diabetes retinotherapy. The likelihood of having a macro-vascular disease such as stroke or a heart attack begins to increase even before this point is reached (ellamy, Casas, Hingorani & Williams, 2009). To comprehend the impact blood glucose levels can have on mortality, one ought to view blood glucose related mortality as a risk factor. The total lives that were lost to high blood glucose levels in 2012 have been estimated to be about 3.7 million. The number includes those…
Public Health Advocacy Fact Sheet for DiabetesPart 1DIABETESDefinition of the IssueDiabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body\\\'s ability to process blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is characterized by the body\\\'s inability to produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the bodys inability to properly use insulin. In both cases, glucose builds up in the blood, leading to high blood sugar levels.According to the American Diabetes Association (2018), 10% or approximately 30 million people have diabetes in the U.S. 3 million of those with diabetes are children, which is another 10%--a huge number. In fact, diabetes is among the top ten leading causes of death in America, sitting at number 7 on the list (American Diabetes Association, 2018). Sugar and poor diet/exercise are among the top reasons for diabetes (Sami et al., 2017). Sugar consumption has risen dramatically in the US in direct…
ReferencesAmerican Diabetes Association. (2018). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org /diabetes-basics/statistics/Bray, G. A., Nielsen, S. J., & Popkin, B. M. (2004). Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(4), 537-543.Davis, B. (2008). Defeating Diabetes: Lessons from the Marshall Islands. Today’s Dietitian, 10(8), 24.Flynn, M. et al. (2015). Reducing obesity and related chronic disease risk in children and youth: A synthesis of evidence with \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'best practice\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' recommendations. Obesity Reviews, 7(Suppl 1), 7-66.Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B. (2015). The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics, 33(7), 673-689.Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N. S., & Ab Hamid, M. R. (2017). Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International journal of health sciences, 11(2), 65.Stanhope, K. L., Medici, V., Bremer, A. A., Lee, V., Lam, H. D., Nunez, M. V., ... & Havel, P. J. (2015). A dose-response study of consuming high-fructose corn syrup–sweetened beverages on lipid/lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults–. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 101(6), 1144-1154.
The CDC has provided almost $7 million in funding to establish DPPs for research purposes, which means the number of pre-diabetes individuals helped by these programs will be very limited (CDC, 2012). While these programs will probably provide free or nearly-free diabetes preventive services to a large number of individuals, most underserved patients will not benefit from these programs.
S. 452 is worded in such a way that establishing DPPs under Medicaid will be optional for states (Sebelius, 2010). As of 2010, 43 states covered the expense of screening Medicaid patients for diabetes, but only 13 states provided reimbursement for obesity preventive services. This suggests that states are willing to pay for screening, but not preventive services like lifestyle interventions; however, if only a few states implement DPPs for Medicaid recipients, this will provide a proof-of-principle experiment in a real-world setting and establish the overall healthcare savings such programs can…
References
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2012). National Diabetes Prevention Program. Funded Organizations. CDC.gov. Retrieved 17 Apr. 2013 from http://www.cdc.gov /diabetes/prevention/foa/index.htm.
Civic Impulse, LLC. (2013). S. 452: Medicare Diabetes Prevention Act of 2013. GovTrack.U.S.. Retrieved 17 Apr. 2013 from http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s452 .
DPPRG (Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group). (2003). Costs associated with the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care, 26, 36-47.
Green, Lawrence W., Brancati, Frederick L., Albright, Ann, and PPDWG (Primary Prevention of Diabetes Working Group). (2012). Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes: Integrative public health and primary care opportunities, challenges and strategies. Family Practice, 29, i13-i23.
Beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the United Kingdom.
The beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the UK
Science of the problem
Type II diabetes progresses through two stages. The initial stage is referred to as insulin resistance. During this stage, the pancreas produces enough insulin, but the body's cell are unable to respond to insulin. The pancreas increases the production of insulin in the body to compensate for the resistance. The body cells absorb more and more insulin resulting in the pancreas continuously increasing its insulin production. Eventually, the pancreas will shut down the production of insulin because it is unable to keep up with the demand, which results in type II diabetes. The lack of sugar for conversion to energy results in the starvation of cells and there is a buildup of glucose levels in the…
References
Carter, P, et al. "A Mediterranean Diet Improves Hba1c but Not Fasting Blood Glucose Compared to Alternative Dietary Strategies: A Network Meta-Analysis." Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 27.3 (2014): 280-97. Print.
Ceriello, Antonio, et al. "The Protective Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Endothelial Resistance to Glp-1 in Type 2 Diabetes: A Preliminary Report." Cardiovascular diabetology 13.1 (2014): 140. Print.
Huo, R, et al. "Effects of Mediterranean-Style Diet on Glycemic Control, Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Individuals: A Meta-Analysis." European journal of clinical nutrition (2014). Print.
InterAct Consortium. "Mediterranean Diet and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (Epic) Study the Interact Project." Diabetes Care 34.9 (2011): 1913-18. Print.
Diabetes
The pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes is found in the way the body's relationship with insulin. Either the body produces too little of it to meet the body's own needs or else there is a resistance to the insulin that the body has developed (which makes the insulin unable to do what it should -- thus there could be enough insulin in the body, it is just that cells in the body do not respond to it). The cause is due to "a combination of genetic factors related to impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance" and impacts from external factors "such as obesity," inadequate exercise, aging, etc. (Kaku, 2010, p. 41).
Wilmot and Idris (2014) show that there is an age continuum risk associated with separating Type 2 diabetes diagnosis onsets into two separate categories -- pediatric (under 20 years of age) and adult (over 20). They assert that…
References
Billings, L., Florez, J. (2010). The genetics of type 2 diabetes: what have we learned from GWAS? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1212: 59-77
Cunningham-Myrie, C., Theall, K., Yonger, N., et al. (2015). Associations between neighborhood effects and physical activity, obesity, and diabetes: The Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey, 2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 68(9): 970-978.
Davis, B. (2012). Defeating Diabetes: Lessons from the Marshall Islands. Today's
Dietitian, 10(8): 24.
Teaching Proposal on Diabetes
In recent years, an increase in demand for expansion of education programs for diabetes patients has been observed and for Federal Government or third party payers to support these programs. A survey by Veterans Administration Hospital evaluating the capability of patient for diabetes management, reported lack of formal training in over 35% of patients interviewed (Miller, Goldstein & Nicolaisen, 1978, p. 275). Similarly, accomplishing proper management of self-administration of insulin also continues to be a critical concern. Therefore, an educator needs to set appropriate and reasonable, specific, mutually agreed goals; and should remain sensitive to individual fears and anxieties while setting these goals.
Project Narrative
Introduction
Diabetes education is a lifetime learning process, which is developed and modified as per the requirements of people afflicted with diabetes. However, assessment of these requirements is time-taking, still vital for customizing diabetes education. Thus, to determine one's educational requirements…
References
Diehl, L. (2002-2016). Teaching Plan for Diabetes Mellitus. Nursesaregreat.com. Retrieved 13 August 2016 from http://www.nursesaregreat.com/teaching-plan-for-diabetes.php
Miller, L. V., Goldstein, J. & Nicolaisen, G. (Sep-Oct. 1978). Patients' Knowledge of Diabetes Self-Care. Diabetes Care, 1(5), 275-280. Retrieved 11 August 2016 from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/1/5/275
Ozcan, S. & Erol, O. (Nov 2007). Teaching and Learning in Diabetes: Techniques and Methods. Diabetes Voice, 52(special issue), 23-25. Retrieved 13 August 2016 from https://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/attachments/article_554_en.pdf
Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., Maryniuk, M. D., Siminerio, L. & Vivian, Eva. (Jul 2015). Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support in Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes care, 38(7), 1372-1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc15-0730 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 from http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/7/1372
diabetes.org/news-research/research/).
17) Can the outcomes be measured through standard care? Yes, qualitative and quantitative measurements are standard and needed based on the increasing number of Type II diabetes patients. This increase is primarily cultural, and due to obesity and an unhealthy diet.
One of the more serious aspects of type II diabetes is the new prevalence of onset during later teen years, most likely completely due to rising obesity patterns in children. Symptoms for both children and adults range from chronic fatigue, general weakness and malaise to excessive thirst, blurred vision, lethargy, and more serious internal dysfunction. There also appears to be a strong connection in type II diabetes to a genetic predisposition -- which is ironically a similar predisposition to hypertension, cholesterol issues and obesity. Clearly, the epidemic proportions of the disease have increased due to a rapidly aging population, high-fat diets, and a far less active lifestyle (Zimmer,…
REFERENCES
American Diabetes Association. (2011). Standards of Care. Cited in:
http://www.care.diabetesjournals.org
Yach, D., et.al. (2006). Epidemiologic and Economic consequences of the Global Epidemics
Of Obesity and Diabetes. Nature. 12 (1): 62-66.
Childhood type diabetes and obesity
Which three databases will you use?
CNAL
Medline
ProQuest
Search each database, using key words, for relevant research on this subject. What key words did you use in the Search Strategy fields? nclude all attempts and limitations used to refine your search.
Diabetes obesity
Childhood obesity diabetes
Childhood obesity diabetes
Report the number of citations identified from each database in the number of articles found field.
Select one article from a peer-reviewed nursing journal published within the last three years -- or a germinal article which may contain an earlier publication date -- and provide the citation in APA format.
Hayden, M.R., Joginpally, T., Salam, M., & Sowers, J.R. (2011). Childhood and adolescent obesity in cardiorenal metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: A clinical vignette and ultrastructure study. Diabetes Management, 1(6), 601-614. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/dmt.11.50
Answer the following questions using your selected research article:
Q1. s this…
I limited the search range for peer-reviewed journals. Also, the journal has a doi; a volume number and serial number; and is authored by research scientists who provided their personal histories and sources of their funding.
Q3. Does this research article generate support for evidence-based practice? If not, state why it does not. Please review the critical appraisal guideline on pg. 466-480.
The authors of the study specifically state that it has implications for evidence-based practice. If adolescent obesity causes permanent changes to the structure of the tissue of sufferers, this has longstanding implications for public policy: it means that adolescents may be unlikely to outlive their parents' generation. Despite numerous improvements in diabetes management, diabetes often suffer severe health consequences. It is imperative that diabetes be thwarted by reducing the likelihood of early-onset obesity, not simply managed in a secondary and tertiary manner after the fact. "This current epidemic-pandemic of CAOO causes a red flag to be raised in order to have primary-care providers become more involved and understand this complex problem. The CAOO pandemic may alter the future course of human disease unless we as primary-care physicians intervene" (Hayden 2011 et al.).
Healthcare: Diabetes
In the past few years, diabetes mellitus has emerged as a common endemic in the Phoenix, Arizona population. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, produces a hormone called insulin to help glucose, or sugar that human bodies use for energy, get into the body's cells. Diabetes is a disease that occurs when the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot use its own insulin as well as it should. Diabetes can cause serious health implications such as heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. In Arizona, the Arizona Diabetes Prevention and Control Program has been established to assist with the prevention of diabetes, and provide education and other community resources to effectively combat and educate the public about the disease. This paper will discuss diabetes, how it is acquired, communicated…
Healthcare
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Endocrine Case StudyPatient 1 The parents of an 11-year-old girl bring her for an office visit. She has been developing normally and has been healthy and active. Her…
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Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Americans: Effectiveness of a Culturally Tailored Diabetes Education ProgramPICOT question: In Asian Americans with type 2 diabetes (P), does a culturally tailored diabetes education…
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Diagnostic Treatment and Interventions for Diabetes in Children "Diabetes can affect many parts of the body with serious complications ... heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-limb amputations…
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Community based Screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus The diabetes menace in the US is rampant and a national concern for the health agencies particularly rearing the high rates…
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2012, 1.5 million lives were lost to diabetes globally. It ranked eighth among the causes of deaths across both sexes and fifth among women (WHO, 2016). Higher than optimal…
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Beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the United Kingdom. The beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Type 2 Diabetic Patients in the…
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Diabetes The pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes is found in the way the body's relationship with insulin. Either the body produces too little of it to meet the body's…
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Teaching Proposal on Diabetes In recent years, an increase in demand for expansion of education programs for diabetes patients has been observed and for Federal Government or third party…
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diabetes.org/news-research/research/). 17) Can the outcomes be measured through standard care? Yes, qualitative and quantitative measurements are standard and needed based on the increasing number of Type II diabetes patients.…
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Childhood type diabetes and obesity Which three databases will you use? CNAL Medline ProQuest Search each database, using key words, for relevant research on this subject. What key words…
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Healthcare: Diabetes In the past few years, diabetes mellitus has emerged as a common endemic in the Phoenix, Arizona population. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach,…
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