Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental disorder in which an individual has an intense, overwhelming preoccupation with a perceived flaw in his or her appearance. A person with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has a highly distorted sense of his or her own appearance, and any part of his or her body can be a subject of that concern. Sometimes the perceived defect is completely imagined, and sometimes an actual "flaw" is the subject of a disproportionate level of obsessive concern. The root of the problem lies not with the person's actual appearance, but with the individual's self-image and self-esteem. BDD can be extremely debilitating to those who suffer from it, because the constant preoccupation with one's appearance can impair social function and make the most basic activities of daily life, including friendship, employment, and leisure time, particularly distressing. This essay will outline the symptoms, common behaviors, causes, and treatment of…...

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Works Cited

Ahmed, I., Genen, L, & Cook, T. "Body dysmorphic disorder." Sep. 2010. Web.  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/291182-overview .

Phillips, K.A. (2005). The broken mirror: understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

-. (2009). Understanding body dysmorphic disorder. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Massachusetts General Hospital. "Body dysmorphic disorder." Nov. 2010. Web. <  http://www.mghocd.org/bdd/info.htm# >.

unning head: WEEK OUTLINE 12Social Anxiety DisorderI. IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder is termed as Social Phobia in DSM-5 (2013). The conversation can be inadequately assertive or overly submissive or, less generally, highly dominated by individuals with a social anxiety disorder. They can show an excessively stiff posture of the body or insufficient contact with the eyes, or speak in an overly polite manner. Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder may seem reluctant to open to anybody while having a conversation. They tend to be reserved with people around them (APA, 2013).A. Social anxiety disorder is a neuropsychological disorder resulting from modifications in the neurological system, which results in psychological issues related to mental health.B. Diagnostic CriteriaAccording to the DSM-5, Diagnostic Criteria for a social anxiety disorder is such that there is noticeable fear or anxiety and it is linked to social situations in which an individual is expected to be observed by…...

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ReferencesAcquah, E. O., Topalli, P-Z., Wilson., M. L., Junttila, N., & Niemi, P. M. (2016). Adolescent loneliness and social anxiety as predictors of bullying victimisation. Int J Adolesc Youth, 21, 320–331.American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), American Psychiatric Pub, Washington, DC.Andrews Kukes Foundation for Social Anxiety. (2020). Lifestyle matters: Insights for supporting individuals with social anxiety. Retrieved from   B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 19(2), 93-107. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelowBhatt, N. (2019). What are the major central nervous system (CNS) mediators of anxiety disorder symptoms? Retrieved from  https://www.medscape.com/ Bass-Hoogendam, J. M. (2020). Imaging the socially-anxious brain: recent advances and future prospects. F1000Res, 9. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122428/pdf/f1000research-9-23354.pdf Higuera, V. (2018). Social anxiety disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/social-phobia#symptoms Inam, A., Mahjabeen, A., & Abiodullah, M. (2017). Causes of social anxiety among elementary grade children. Bulletin of Education and Research, 39(2), 31-42. Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PLoS ONE 15(9): e0239133.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239133 Khetrapal, A. (2019). Neural mechanisms of Social Anxiety Disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx Kodal, A., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Wergeland, G., Havik, O., Heiervang, E., & Fjermestad, K. (2017). Subtyping social anxiety in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 49, 40-47.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.009 Litner, J. (2020). What to know about social anxiety disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176891 Mayo Foundation. (2017). Social anxiety disorder (social phobia). Retrieved from  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353567 Norton, A., & Abbott, M. (2017). The role of environmental factors in the aetiology of social anxiety disorder: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Cambridge Core, 34(2), 76-97Shpancer, N. (2020). How SAD happens: The development of Social Anxiety Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/insight-therapy/202002/how-sad-happens-the-development-social-anxiety-disorderUniversity of Bonn. (2017). Social phobia: Indication of a genetic cause. Retrieved from  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170309120629.htm Zhang, W., Yang, X., Lui, S., Meng, Y., Yao, L., Xiao, Y. . ., & Gong, Q. (2015). Diagnostic prediction for social anxiety disorder via multivariate pattern analysis of the regional homogeneity. BioMed Research International, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/763965https://akfsa.org/lifestyle-matters-insights-for-supporting-individuals-with-social-anxiety/ Bandelow,

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In addition, to media images that bombard men there are also biological factors that influence the development of BDD in men.

According to an article entitled "Bigger Isn't Always Better - muscle dysmorphia in men" the most severe cases of muscle dysmorphia involve a biological predisposition for the disease (Bartlett 2001). The author explains that from a biological standpoint the man suffering with the disease has a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Bartlett 2001). For instance someone who washes his hands 10 times per day is normal, however washing your hands one hundred times per day to the point that it hampers with the rest of your life is a symptom of a greater problem (Bartlett 2001). According to the article this example is used to illustrate "there isn't anything pathological about going to the gym regularly or dieting," but there is a problem when "a huge number of boys and men…...

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Works Cited

Bartlett J. (2001) Bigger Isn't Always Better - muscle dysmorphia in men

American Fitness. Retrieved July 8, 2005 from;  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0675/is_1_19/ai_69651755 

First Controlled Study of Muscle Dysmorphia Published, 2005. Retrieved July 8, 2005 from;  http://www.driesen.com/muscle_dysmorphia.htm 

Grieve F.G., Lorenzen L.A., Thomas a. (2004) Exposure to Muscular Male Models Decreases Men's Body Satisfaction.Sex Roles: A Journal of Research. Volume: 51: 743+.

Clinically meaningful differences between juvenile and adult participants were also found. Compared to adults, juveniles were more likely to be male, recall an earlier age at OCD onset, and have different lifetime comorbidity patterns. Significant outcomes were that children were less likely than either adolescent or adults to report aggressive obsessions and mental rituals.
The glaring - and possibly only -- distractions that I see with this study are that groups are ill matched. There is a large range of ages even amongst each group (children ranged between 6-12 whilst adolescents ranged between 13-18); they were ill-matched in OCD symptoms too; there were far less children than adolescents; and adults more than doubled the size of the juvenile and children group combined. Self-reported OCD symptom could have been produced by an alternate factor (another determinant) that was not taken into account. What could have been taken then as start of…...

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References

Abramowitz, J. (1997) Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a quantitative review Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 1-35

Fineberg, N.A. & Gale, T.M. (2005). Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J. Neuropsychopharmacol; 8, 107-29.

Foa, E.B. & Goldstein, a. (1978) Continuous exposure and complete response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behav Ther; 9, 821-9.

Freeman, J.B. et al. (2008). Early Childhood OCD: Preliminary Findings From a Family-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Approach J. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 47, 593 -- 602

2).
The availability of the Internet, many beleaguered doctors fear, will make it easier for hypochondriac patients to find new and rare illnesses to diagnose themselves with -- however, even doctors acknowledge the value of the Internet in their own work, when cases baffle them. "eb-based search engines such as Google are becoming the latest tools in clinical medicine, and doctors in training need to become proficient in their use....Using clusters of symptom-related words, they [the doctors] searched Google for a correct diagnosis and compared the internet diagnosis with those in the journals....Google searches found the correct diagnosis in 15 - or 58 per cent - of cases proving, say the authors, that the engine is a useful aid, particularly if the condition has 'unique' symptoms...But patients doing a Google search may be less likely to reach the correct diagnosis" ("GPs should Google diagnosis: study," Nine MSNBC, 2007). Again, one of…...

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Works Cited

Austen, Jane. Emma. Full e-text available 18 Apr 2008 at  http://www.austen.com/emma/ 

GPs should Google diagnosis: study." Nine MSNBC. 18 Nov 2007. 10 Apr 2008. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=160924

Hypochondriasis." The Cleveland Clinic Department of Patient Education and Health

Information. 17 Apr 2008. http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/health-info/docs/3700/3783.asp?index=9886

Essay Topic Examples

1. The Impact of Media ortrayals on Body Dysmorphia among Black Teens:
Explore how the underrepresentation or misrepresentation of black individuals in media contributes to the development of body dysmorphia in black teenagers. Delve into the role television, magazines, and social media play in presenting beauty standards that are often unattainable or do not reflect the diversity of black body types, leading to dissatisfaction and distortion of self-image.

2. Comparing Cross-Cultural erspectives on Beauty and Their Effects on Black Teen Body Image:
Investigate how beauty standards and perceptions differ between various cultures and how these differing standards impact black teens' perceptions of their own bodies. Consider body dysmorphia as a response to the conflict between cultural beauty ideals and personal identity.

3. The Role of Family and Community in Shaping Body Image Among Black Teens:
Analyze the influence of family attitudes…...

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Primary Sources

Robinson, Monnica T., et al. \"Racial and Ethnic Differences in Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms and Related Distress.\" Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 75, no. 5, May 2019, pp. 798-811.

Williams, Jioni L., and Lonnie R. Snowden. \"The Relationship between Racial or Skin Color Internalization and Body Dysmorphia: An Exploratory Study of Black Adolescents.\" Body Image, vol. 31, June 2019, pp. 125-129.

Franklin, M. E., et al. \"Body Dysmorphic Symptoms Among African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian Psychiatric Outpatients: Prevalence and Clinical Features.\" The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 202, no. 12, December 2014, pp. 877-885.

Taylor, Jerome, et al. \"The Cultural Context of Body Dysmorphia in Black Adolescents.\" Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pp. 117-126.

Rucker, Corliss D., and Suzanne C. Cash. \"Body Image, Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem among African American and European American Women.\" Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 3, September 1996, pp. 395-414.

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One form of self-mutilation can be thought of as culturally accepted, even in the United States. Tattoos, body piercings and earlobe earring holes are all fairly accepted in some if not all social milieux in the U.S. While these behaviors may be viewed by some as pointless self-mutilation, they have a long and multi-varied history in this and many other cultures. The focus of this article is on generally-accepted mutilation, which causes harm to the body and does not meet cultural norms. In its worst form, self-mutilation can include cutting off a limb or self-castration; it is thus a serious problem with a subset of those in the SI cohort. As with many forms of OCD, self-mutilation generally begins in late childhood and the early teen years.

The authors argue that moderate- to severe SI requires a combination of therapies. Since much of the etiology is based in family problems with…...

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Bibliography

Franklin, M.F. (2003). The Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study: Rationale, Design, and Methods. Journal of Child and Adolescent Pharmacology, 39-51.

Geller, D.B. (2003). Which SSRI? A Meta-Analysis of Pharmacotherapy Trials in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Am J. Psychiatry, n.p.

March, J. (2004). Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. JAMA, n.p.

Nelson, T.R. (2007). A Narrative Approach to Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 67-80.

Barry's "Machine Man"
Originally published in 2011, Max Barry's futuristic science fiction novel "Machine Man" was first made available to readers as an online serial, before being updated and collected into a full-fledged book. Barry bucked publishing industry protocol and posted excerpts from his "Machine Man" to his personal website, imploring his regular readers to submit criticism and feedback in the hope of collectively shaping his creative vision. As one of the first literary works to be "crowdsourced" in terms of content, the version of "Machine Man" which emerged from this collaborative process is, much like its conflicted protagonist, an amalgamation of various constituent parts which comes together to form a harmonious whole. Barry's thematic thrust with the novel -- which tells the tale of Charles Neumann, a subordinate scientist working for a military research conglomerate known as Better Future -- is humanity's ceaseless pursuit of perfection, and the consequences…...

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Works Cited

Barry, Max. Machine Man. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2011. Print.

Crerand, Canice E., and David B. Sarwer. "Body dysmorphic disorder." Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (2010).

Stress is delineated as demand that is made on a being for adaptation, coping, or adjusting. There is stress that is healthy and is referred to as eustress. Prolonged stress impacts moods, ruins capacity to have pleasure and is also harmful to the body. Some of the aspects that generate a great deal of stress include everyday hassles, changes in life and also health problems. According to a survey undertaken by the American Psychological Association, the two biggest sources of stress are money and work and this causes people to become irritable, angry and fatigued. There are four kinds of conflict. Approach-approach conflict is the least stressful, having two objectives that can be attained whereas avoidance-avoidance conflict has more stress as one is enthused to evade two adverse objectives. Approach-avoidance encompasses objectives that generate mixed intentions and lastly multiple approach-avoidance conflict include numerous alternative actions that have upsides and downsides.…...

Plastic Surgery
Teen Plastic Surgery: A Controversial Medical Practice

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, in 2007, more than 87,000 teenagers had cosmetic surgery; and that number has grown exponentially since. Although aesthetic cosmetic surgery is popular amongst United States teens, physicians and plastic surgeons worry that such invasive surgery on teens' still growing bodies can be dangerous. Other developed countries, including Germany and Australia, are considering banning all but medically necessary plastic surgery for anyone under the age of 18. However, the question remains, if such a measure were taken like that in the United States for minors stem the tide of teenagers going under the knife? This paper will address the controversy associated with teenagers and aesthetic cosmetic surgery in the United States, and the business of plastic surgery for teens, from a legal, ethical, and social responsibility standpoint.

Introduction

In a country, and dare say a world where image…...

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References

Ali, K., & Lam, T. (2008). Teens under the knife: Is plastic surgery too dangerous for teens? Current Events, 108(1), 7-14.

American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2003). National totals for cosmetic procedures. Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank.

www.surgery.org/download/2003-stats.pdf:10. Accessed 25 July, 2011.

Bourdieu, P 1977, Outline of a Theory of practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Teen Girls and Media
Because of its pervasiveness, mass media such as magazines and television programs are increasingly in a position to influence the behavior and attitudes of teenage girls. In fact, television programs such as ER and sports-oriented teen magazines have been lauded for providing girls with positive role models.

Unfortunately, these programs and magazines remain the exception rather than the rule. Rather than promote healthy lifestyles or give positive role models, much of the media targeted to teens are both physically and psychologically harmful. This paper examines two of these main effects - the promotion of unhealthy habits and lifestyles and the growing tendency of these media to sexualize teens and turn them into consumers.

Unhealthy habits

For noted feminist Germaine Greer, the popularity of television shows such as Baywatch represent a growing pandemic, where all women are expected to conform to an unrealistic body shape. Greer terms this pandemic as "body…...

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Works Cited

Brumberg, Joan Jacobs and Jacquelyn Jackson. "The Burka and the Bikini." Boston Globe, November 23, 2001: A31.

Downey, Maureen. "Media give narrow view of women, study finds." The Atlanta Constitution, April 30, 1997: D11+.

Gardner, Marilyn. "Children and body images." Christian Science Monitor. December 16, 1998: 17+.

Gerhart, Ann. "Nipped in the Bud." The Washington Post, June 23, 1999: C01.

Irish poetry is unavoidably shaped by its historical, social, and political context. The Troubles have infiltrated poets throughout several generations, permitting unique artistic insight into the conflict. Younger poets writing about The Troubles in Northern Ireland understandably have a different point-of-view than poets from a previous generation. Their personal experiences were different, and the historical events they witnessed or were surrounded by in the media likewise differed from their predecessors. Yet there are also shared themes that provide the inextricable cultural links between all poets of Northern Ireland. Some poets, like Seamus Heaney, rely heavily on literalism and a direct political commentary in addition to poetic tropes like symbols of colonization. Likewise, Derek Mahon does not hold back in terms of diction related to The Troubles. hen examining poets from an earlier generation, who wrote during some of the most violent occasions of The Troubles, allusions and metaphors seem…...

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Works Cited

Heaney, Seamus.

Kearney, Timothy, Hewitt, John and Montague, John. "Beyond the Planter and the Gael: Interview with John Hewitt and John Montague on Northern Poetry and The Troubles." The Crane Bag. Vol. 4, No. 2 p. 85-92, 1980/1981.

Longley, Michael.

Mahon, Derek.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Evolution of Surgical Techniques:
    Trace the history and development of surgical methods from ancient times to the present, highlighting key innovations and advancements that have significantly improved patient outcomes and revolutionized the field.

2. The Ethical Implications of Cosmetic Surgery:
    Examine the ethical considerations surrounding cosmetic surgery, including the societal pressures for physical appearance, the risks versus benefits, and the moral responsibilities of surgeons in the industry.

3. Robotics and Automation in Surgery:
    Discuss the impact of robotics and automation in surgical procedures, exploring how technology is enhancing precision and efficiency in operations, as well as the potential implications for surgeon training and employment.

4. Anesthesia: The Game Changer in Surgical ractice:
    Delve into the critical role of anesthesia in surgery, detailing the advancements in anesthetic drugs and techniques, and how they have enabled more complex and less painful procedures, ultimately transforming surgical practice.

5. The Role of Surgery in Combatting ublic Health Crises:
    Analyze…...

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Primary Sources

Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 20th ed., edited by Courtney M. Townsend et al., Elsevier, 2016.

Schwartz\'s Principles of Surgery. 11th ed., edited by F. Charles Brunicardi et al., McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.

Journal of the American College of Surgeons. American College of Surgeons, Elsevier, latest issue.

Annals of Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, latest issue.

World Journal of Surgery. Springer, latest issue.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The sychological Impacts of lastic Surgery: A Deep Dive into Self-Esteem and Body Image:
    This essay would explore the various psychological effects that plastic surgery can have on individuals, specifically focusing on changes in self-esteem and body image. This topic invites examination of the emotional outcomes, both positive and negative, associated with cosmetic alterations and the broader social implications tied to these personal transformations.

2. The Evolution of lastic Surgery: From Reconstructive to Cosmetic:
    The essay centered around this topic would trace the historical development of plastic surgery, distinguishing between its origins in reconstructive procedures and its expansion to elective cosmetic surgeries. It could analyze how technological advances, cultural shifts, and medical improvements have influenced the field's growth and public perception.

3. Ethical Considerations in lastic Surgery: Medical Necessity vs. Vanity:
    In this topic, the focus would be on the ethical dilemmas faced by plastic surgeons and patients in distinguishing between surgeries…...

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Primary Sources

Rohrich, Rod J., and Jeffrey E. Janis. Essentials of Plastic Surgery. Quality Medical Publishing, 2014.

Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2022.

Matarasso, Alan, et al. \"Ethics in Plastic Surgery: A Mini Review.\" Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, vol. 6, no. 9, 2018, e1908.

Gilman, Sander L. Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery. Princeton University Press, 1999.

Atiyeh, Bishara S., et al. \"Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery and Ethical Challenges.\" Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, vol. 32, no. 6, 2008, pp. 829–839.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The sychological Impact of lastic Surgery:
    This essay could explore the various psychological outcomes associated with plastic surgery, including improved self-confidence and body image, as well as potential negative effects such as body dysmorphic disorder and post-surgery depression. The essay could also discuss how patient expectations measure up to real outcomes and the role of mental health support before and after surgery.

2. Ethical Considerations in Cosmetic Surgery:
    An essay on this topic would delve into the ethical debates within the field of plastic surgery, including the implications of performing surgery on patients who may not "need" it for medical reasons, the commercialization of the human body, and the moral obligations of surgeons to refuse procedures that may do more harm than good.…...

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Primary Sources

Rohrich, Rod J., and Jeffrey E. Janis. The Evolution of the Plastic Surgery Residency Program in the United States. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 138, no. 2, 2016, pp. 413e-422e.

Santoni-Rugiu, Paolo, and Philip J. Sykes. A History of Plastic Surgery. Springer-Verlag, 2007.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Plastic Surgery Statistics Report 2020. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2020.

Atiyeh, Bishara S., et al. \"Aesthetic/Cosmetic Surgery and Ethical Challenges.\" Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, vol. 32, no. 6, 2008, pp. 829-839.

Gilman, Sander L. Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery. Princeton University Press, 1999.

1. The constant exposure to unattainable beauty ideals on social media platforms fosters a culture of self-doubt and inadequacy, leading individuals to experience negative body image and diminished self-esteem.

2. The filtered and edited images prevalent on social media perpetuate an illusion of perfection, creating unrealistic expectations and dissatisfaction with one's own appearance.

3. The comparison of oneself to the idealized images displayed by influencers and celebrities on social media can trigger feelings of envy, inferiority, and a pursuit of perfection that can have detrimental effects on mental health.

4. The algorithms and targeted advertising employed by social media companies....

Correlation Between Dating App Usage Frequency, Self-Image, and Body Image Perception

Introduction
In the modern era of online dating, individuals increasingly rely on dating applications to connect with potential romantic partners. While dating apps offer convenience and accessibility, concerns arise regarding their potential impact on users' self-image and body perception. This essay explores the correlation between dating app usage frequency and self-image and body image perception, examining the latest research and perspectives on this topic.

Impact on Self-Image
Studies have indicated a correlation between frequent dating app usage and lower self-esteem. Constant exposure to idealized images and profiles on dating apps can lead to....