Intellectual Disability and Speech Impairment esources in Duval County, Florida
Today, the State of Florida is tasked with providing high quality educational services to a broad range of students with differing abilities and disabilities. To determine the current state of their educational programming, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature and Florida Department of Education's Web site concerning intellectual disabilities and speech impairments, including a full description of the disability, possible causes, possible treatments, and the teacher accommodations that are provided. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning the provision of educational services to students with intellectual disabilities and speech impairments is provided in the conclusion.

eview and Analysis

Intellectual Disability

Full description of the disability. The definition provided by the State of Florida Department of Education (FLDOE) states that this condition "is defined as significantly below average general intellectual and adaptive functioning manifested during the developmental period, with…...

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References

Intellectual disabilities. (2013). State of Florida Department of Education. Retrieved from  http://www.fldoe.org/ese/ind.asp .

Morin, D., Cobigo, V., Rivard, M,. & Lepine, M. (2010, August). Intellectual disabilities and depression: How to adapt psychological assessment and intervention. Canadian Psychology, 51(3), 185-192.

Speech impairments. (2013). State of Florida Department of Education. Retrieved from  http://www.fldoe.org/ese/si.asp .

Tatham, M. & Morton, K. (2011). A guide to speech production and perception. Edinburgh:

Intellectual Disability
INTELLECTUALDISABILITY|

This paper will look into the subject matter of disability by examining a mental illness' mass media representation, i.e., Intellectual Disability in the movie, The Other Sister that is a 1999 romantic comedy movie. Carla Tate, a 22-year-old American female, has a mild mental deficiency. She goes back home to her rich family in California after getting a certificate from a secluded private boarding school. Carla's parents feel guilty for sending her away and Carl's greatest problem now is coping with her overprotective, snobby mother, Elizabeth. More than anything else, Carla wishes to be responsible and independent. Later on, after pursuing a course in trade school, she meets a guy called Daniel who also has mental deficiency. Carla and Daniel became close, finally having a romantic relationship (Kantor, 2014).

Case Study

The movie, The Other Sister, focuses on Carla who goes back and tries to be independent and responsible in spite…...

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REFERENCES

Kantor, J. (2014, November 18). The Other Sister. Retrieved November 25, 2016, from Prezi:  https://prezi.com/78mherbqueiz/the-other-sister/ 

Parmenter, T. (2011). Promoting Training and Employment Opportunities for People with Intellectual Disabilities: International Experience. Retrieved from:  http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1560&context=gladnetcollect 

Rillota, F. (2012, June). Intellectual Disability. Special Education Resource Unit, 22(2), 1-46. Retrieved from http://seru.sa.edu.au/pdfs/SERUpdate%20June%202012Intellectual%20Disability.pdf

Bhaumik, S., Gangadharan, S., Hiremath, A., & Russell, P. S. (2011). Psychological treatments in intellectual disability: the challenges of building a good evidence base. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(6), 428-430. Retrieved from  http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/198/6/428

IEP
Student With Intellectual Disability

Goals and IEPs: Aiden

One of the critical components of any IEP is 'goal setting.' Goals are determined for each individual student and a specific instructional plan is designed to meet those goals. Goals are usually set annually but each annual goal has a series of short-term goals designed to facilitate reaching that objective. In the case of 'Aiden,' for example, a student identified as having ADHD, the first major goal was for the student to pass all of his classes. Despite testing with a near-normal IQ, Aiden struggled with paying attention in class and often acted as a distraction to other students. His grades did not reflect his abilities because of his difficulty in focusing. Short-term goals designed to achieve this long-term objective including turning homework assignments in on time, getting a C. Or above on all in-class tests and quizzes, and making a positive contribution to…...

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References

Helping the student with ADHD in the classroom: Strategies for teachers. (1998). LD Online.

Retrieved:  http://www.ldonline.org/article/5911/ 

Sample IEP goals. (n.d.). netreach. Retrieved:

 http://www.netreach.net/~bhohlfeld/thohlfeld/study_skills/iepgoal.html

Trisomy 13 or Patau Syndrome is a genetic disease in which the person has 3 copies of the genetic material from chromosome 13 instead of having 2 copies. It occurs when the extra DNA from chromosome 13 appears in some or all of the body's cells. The treatment of this disorder differs from child to child and depends on the symptoms.
Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)

Background (description of the disease, its symptoms, and impacted population)

Klaus Patau was a German-American geneticist, and together with his research colleagues, described the condition in 1960. The syndrome's clinical appearances were described in 1657 for the first time by Erasmus Bartholin, but he did not know its aetiology (Patient Information, n.d.). Trisomy 13 is a chromosomal condition linked with severe physical and intellectual disability. Those suffering from Trisomy usually have spinal or brain abnormalities, heart defects and smaller, not fully developed eyes -a condition referred to as…...

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Reference:  https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/trisomy-13# 

Misanovic, V., Jonuzi, F., Bisacevic, E., & Vegar, S. (2002). [The Patau syndrome]. Med Arh., 42-3.

NICHD. (2013). March Is Trisomy Awareness Month. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

NS. (2011). Trisomy 13. Retrieved from Living Naturally:  http://www.livingnaturally.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?StoreID=70CDC1C8F3B5425B8CCB5B230415A520&DocID=condition-trisomy13#COMPLICATIONS 

PHC. (2013). Patau Syndrome. Retrieved from Prime Health Channel:  http://www.primehealthchannel.com/patau-syndrome.html

Intellectual Functioning
Your IQ

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scales

Analysis of Wechsler Adult Intelligence and Stanford -- Binet Intelligence

Present use of Stanford -- Binet Intelligence and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Precautions

esults from Studies

The performance IQ

Assessment of Intellectual Functioning

Psychological testing -- also known as the psychological assessment -- is basically the foundation of how psychologists are able to get a better understanding a person and their behavior. It is a process of problem solving for many professionals -- to try and regulate the core components of a person's psychological or mental health difficulties, personality, IQ, or some other element. It is likewise some kind of process that aids and identifies not just flaws of a person, but also all of their strengths. Psychological testing are done to measure a person's performance at a particular point in time. Psychologists discuss about an individual's "present functioning" in expressions of their test data (Gonzalez-Gordon,…...

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References

Arrigo, B.A. (2009). Police corruption and psychological testing: A strategy for preemployment screening. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 12(3), 23-45.

Emerson, E., Einfeld, S., & Stancliffe, R.J. (2010). The mental health of young children with intellectual disabilities or borderline intellectual functioning. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(21), 21-34.

Gonzalez-Gordon, R.G., Salvador-Carulla, L., Romero, C., Gonzalez-Saiz, F., & Romero, D. (2012). Feasibility, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disability: A structured psychiatric interview for intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 21(6), 111-120.

Maeda, S., Kita, F., Miyawaki, T., & Takeuchi. (2012). Assessment of patients with intellectual disability using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to evaluate dental treatment tolerability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 24(9), 253-259.

Article Critique 1 – A Phenomenological Study This article critique analyses the article by Corb, Taggart and Cousins (2015) titled “People with intellectual disability and human science research: A systematic review of phenomenological studies using interviews for data collection”. The researchers, Deirdre, Taggart and Cousins (2015), examined the manner in which people suffering from intellectual disabilities could consent to their participation in a research. The researchers also discuss the methods of information dissemination and the methodology used in that dissemination hence increasing research value. Further, the researchers examine the manner in which Heideggerian phenomenology can be applied on people suffering intellectual disabilities.
This research by Corb, Taggart and Cousins (2015) utilizes a systematic investigation review that utilized phenomenological methods in conducting interviews among intellectually disabled participants. The research entailed 4 electronic data bases. The inclusion criteria utilization occasioned the twenty eight relevant publications. The articles selected were examined and pertinent data derived.…...

JAMES' CASE STUDY
Case Study on James in IDEA

Case Study on James in IDEA

James is a six years old boy living with his parents in first grade. With his intellectual disability, he has been placed under special education classroom having 15 other students. James has some challenges related to learning due to the poor memory and delays in language development. One of the strengths that James has is that he is confident in school and is not easily frustrated. He can communicate effectively with adults but socializing with his peers is a challenge. One of the major challenges that he faces is the fact that he has low achievement in most of the academic areas. These include reading comprehension, mathematics, and written expressions. His interests are in sports, games although he is challenged by isolation from his peers. He has faced delays in cognitive, social and adaptive behavior skills in the…...

Self-Monitoring in Education
Putting individuals with "intellectual disabilities" and "challenging behaviors" into regular classrooms is clearly a good idea - the educational literature supports this. But what happens once they are in the classroom? How does one then improve the social behavior and learning opportunities of these students? One idea, cooperative learning (also called peer tutoring), does show some promise; however, another idea based around the technique of self-monitoring/self-recording is specifically highlighted in the article under discussion. This method (which trains a student to identify, record and modify inappropriate behavior) was introduced to a certain thirteen-year-old girl named Pauline who had lived in a Romanian orphanage for ten years and had suffered "severe deprivation and abuse." The specific behaviors targeted in Pauline were stereotypic in quality (body-rocking and hand gazing) as well as consistent in quantity (they occurred consistently throughout the school day).

This "targeting" of behavior took the form of an…...

I am a fourteen-year-old boy, studying at present, at a special education school. A few months after I turned one, my mom started noticing that I behaved differently or "strangely" (in her precise words) as compared to other toddlers. She also noted that such atypical behavior started surfacing immediately after I was administered a succession of vaccinations. As months passed, she started becoming anxious as I stopped making eye contact with all, even her. I refused to look people in the eye when addressed and started exhibiting repetitive behavioral patterns (for instance, I would solve a puzzle, jumble it, and again set about solving it) (Nagle, 2011). At age two, I'd stopped talking and seemed to be lost in my own world. If my parents took me out with them to supermarkets or other places having bright or flashing lights, I would grow fussy and distressed. Every small sound had…...

DISABILITY IGHTS MOVEMENTDisability ights MovementFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that working with individuals presenting with various disabilities would require that certain ethical, legal, and moral issues be taken into consideration. This is especially the case in efforts to ensure that the various concerns that arise in the course of the said interactions are adequately addressed. Further, highlighting concerns of this nature could be considered an ideal move in efforts to empower persons with disabilities. For instance, one of the moral issues that may create challenges when working with individuals with disabilities would be on the issue of trust. According to aspa et al. (2020), working with individuals with disabilities necessitates that the service providers be honest and open so as to create and sustain trust. This is more so the case given that the trust that such persons have had with other persons could have been…...

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ReferencesRaspa, M., Moultrie, R., Wagner, L., Edwards, A., Andrews, S., Frisch, M. K., Turner-Brown, L., & Wheeler, A. (2020). Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Related to the Inclusion of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities in Electronic Health Record Research: Scoping Review. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(5), e16734.  https://doi.org/10.2196/16734

Work Disability in Small Firms Chapter II
Work disabled ChII Lit Review

Review of Literature Demonstrates Information Gap and Identifies Methods

This chapter justifies the problem statement and research questions, and locates the results among existing research. Copious data and analysis describes pronounced unemployment for potential workers with disabilities and lower income where workers with disabilities are employed, compared to the general U.S. workforce, extensive policy intervention notwithstanding. Fewer studies focus on workers or potential workers with disabilities in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, Georgia metropolitan statistical area, and even at the national level, very few juried reports describe productivity and job satisfaction for workers with disabilities in firms smaller than fifteen employees. Firms with fewer than fifteen employees are exempt from compliance with Title I of the ADA, but stimulating employment for workers with disabilities in these firms may improve economic self-sufficiency for this historically disadvantaged population. Conversely, if productivity and job satisfaction are…...

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Policy disincentives probably affect productivity, satisfaction and employment.

Where consensus agrees is around a strong disincentive to work if medical costs covered by Medicaid exceed the level of income qualifying them for SSDI reimbursement. As numerous experts, administrators and disability employment program consumers testified to the 111th U.S. Congress in 2009 (U.S. Congress, 2011), once an individual earns more than a threshold that qualifies them for Medicaid coverage, they have to pay their medical costs out of pocket, and if those costs are more than the new earnings plus the SSDI transfer income, then the result is negative earnings plus often considerable effort and expense getting to work along with the labor of work itself. The result, not surprisingly, is often that potential workers with disability live off $674 per month income support in order not to lose Medicaid eligibility by earning more than qualifies them for federal health care coverage, i.e. $940 in one month (C. Bates-Harris, qtd. In U.S. Congress, 2011, p. 23-25), if total earnings become less or negative covering medical costs out of pocket, especially given exclusion from insurance for the pre-existing condition that justified Medicaid coverage in the first place before the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). PPACA made such exclusion illegal, but the results are still too new for empirical analysis as yet. The perverse incentive generated by high-enough out-of-pocket medical costs meant that a potential worker with disability had to go from earning little enough to qualify for Medicaid, to enough that they could cover those costs out of pocket and also the foregone monthly income transfer. This might often mean many thousands of dollars per year or month if disability required ongoing medical attention, a situation experts often call the "Cash Cliff" (Tremblay, Porter, Smith and Weathers, 2011, p. 19) due to the abrupt income threshold.

Extensive testimony to Congress (2011) described problems within SSDI programs themselves. Income verification requirements where employment was successfully accomplished, for example, resulted in overpayment and then reversal of awarded transfers that left workers with obligations to reimburse SSDI for in one case $115,000 where a worker with psychiatric disability had benefits retroactively revoked for the prior six years, for "sporadically, very occasionally exceeding the substantial gainful activity level by small amounts, due to his disability, and there is no dispute that he reported his work attempts" (Landry, Anderson, Lacava and Bronstein, qtd. In 111th Congress, 2011, p. 88). Another was overpaid $60,000; another over $56,000; none of these individuals have worked since, which their program administrators attributed to their

fifth of all Americans have some type of disability (United States Census Bureau, 2000).
Alarming? Yes, however, disabilities do not discriminate and people of all ages, race, and socioeconomic backgrounds can be affected or have a family member who has a disability. Disabilities in children may include, but are not limited to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Asperger's Disorder, Autism, Central Auditory Processing Disorder, Dyscalculia, Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dysprazia, Learning Disabilities, and Nonverbal Learning Disability. While these are only a few of the ever-growing list of disabilities discovered in children, the list continues to grow as additional research is conducted to identify more disabilities in children. This paper will discuss the issues, concepts, and findings of recent literature on the important issue of children with disabilities. It will also include information on how a disabled child and the parents search for help and resources with an emphasis being on treatment and educational…...

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References

Administration for Children and Families. (2004). Head Start Bureau.

Accessed March 30, 2004, from, http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/hsb/index.htm

American Dietetic Association. (2004). Position of the American Dietetic Association: providing nutrition services for infants, children, and adults with developmental disabilities and special health care needs. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104 (1) 97-108.

Bayerl, C., Ries J., Bettencourt M., & Fisher P. (1993). Nutrition issues of children in early intervention programs: primary care team approach. Semin Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutrition 4:11-15.

Specific Learning Disability DyslexiaDyslexia is known as a reading disability. It is a learning disability that hinders reading and other language-based processing skills (Muktamath et al., 2021). Dyslexia accounts for around 80 percent of all learning disabilities, thus, considered the most common. It can hinder reading comprehension, recall, spelling, decoding, and reading fluency; in some cases, speech can exist together with other linked disorders (Shaywitz & Shaywitz, 2020). In some instances, Dyslexia is referred to as a language-based learning disability. Nonetheless, severity varies from one individual to the other.Dyslexia is a word that originated from Greek, and it means impaired. Dyslexia as a specific learning disability originates neurobiologically and is characterized by poor spelling, inaccurate word recognition, and poor decoding abilities (Muktamath et al., 2021). Such challenges are usually triggered by a deficit in the phonological aspect of language.According to research findings, reading impairments are believed to be initiated by…...

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ReferencesBohl, H., & Hoult, S. (2016). Supporting Children with Dyslexia. Routledge.Burns, M. K., Jacob, S., & Wagner, A. R. (2008). Ethical and legal issues associated with using response-to-intervention to assess learning disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 46(3), 263-279.Dawson, K., Antonenko, P., Lane, H., & Zhu, J. (2019). Assistive technologies to support students with dyslexia. Teaching exceptional children, 51(3), 226-239.Khan, R. U., Oon, Y. B., Haq, M. I. U., & Hajarah, S. (2018). Proposed user interface design criteria for children with dyslexia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 5253-5257.Muktamath, V. U., Hegde, P. R., & Chand, S. (2021). Types of Specific Learning Disability. In Learning Disabilities-Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features, and Treatments. IntechOpen.Parker, L., Karliychuk, T., Gillies, D., Mintzes, B., Raven, M., & Grundy, Q. (2017). A health app developer’s guide to law and policy: a multi-sector policy analysis. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 17(1), 1-13.Saputra, M. R. U., & Risqi, M. (2015). LexiPal: Design, implementation, and evaluation of gamification on learning application for dyslexia. International Journal of Computer Applications, 131(7), 37-43.Shaywitz, B. A., & Shaywitz, S. E. (2020). The American experience: Towards a 21st-century definition of dyslexia. Oxford Review of Education, 46(4), 454-471.Ward-Lonergan, J. M., & Duthie, J. K. (2018). The state of dyslexia: Recent legislation and guidelines for serving school-age children and adolescents with dyslexia. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(4), 810-816.Weppner, J., & Lukowicz, P. (2014, May). Emergency app for people with hearing and speech disabilities: design, implementation, and evaluation according to legal requirements in Germany. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (pp. 182-185).

Inclusion of a Child With Disabilities
Child With Disability

Inclusion of a child with disabilities into a general education class

Inclusion is a right that should be provided to all children. Parents fight for access to quality education to their children even though they have disabilities. This fight has contributed to the provision of equal access to quality education opportunities and equal opportunities oach & Elliott, 2006.

The passage of the PL 94-142 lessened the fight that parents had to fight for general education. PL 94-142 made a call for education of those children who have special needs in an LE (least restrictive environment) Terman, Larner, Stevenson, & Behrman, 1996.

What constitutes the LE has led to a huge debate on how to best include those children who have disabilities into the regular education system.

Additionally, the amendments that were made to IDEA of 1996 put further emphasis on inclusion of disabled children in the public…...

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References

Berry, R.A.W. (2006). Inclusion, Power, and Community: Teachers and Students Interpret the Language of Community in an Inclusion Classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 43(3), 489-529.

Cawthon, S.W. (2007). Hidden Benefits and Unintended Consequences of 'No Child Left Behind' Policies for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing. American Educational Research Journal, 44(3), 460-492.

Conyers, L.M., Reynolds, A.J., & Ou, S.-R. (2003). The Effect of Early Childhood Intervention and Subsequent Special Education Services: Findings from the Chicago Child-Parent Centers. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 25(1), 75-95.

Cook, B.G. (2004). Inclusive Teachers' Attitudes toward Their Students with Disabilities: A Replication and Extension. The Elementary School Journal, 104(4), 307-320.

hear the word 'disability, the first images that come to mind are people with obvious disabilities, such as physical limitations. But now I know that disabilities come in many shapes and sizes. Learning disabilities are not always immediately apparent to even the trained eye of a seasoned teacher. A student with ADHD can seem very normal running around on the playground, and it is not until the child is sitting in a classroom environment that his or her 'disability' becomes evident on a test.
The first words which come to my mind when I hear 'disability' tend to be negative words: it is difficult not to see a disability as a liability rather than simply as a difference, although from the point-of-view of a teacher it is better to view it as such, and is more empowering for the students to do so as well.

Question Box 2 on

Most of the…...

Structural Analysis of John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men": Interplay of Time, Isolation, and the American Dream

Thesis Statement:

John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men" is a meticulously structured novel that employs a dynamic interplay of time, isolation, and the American Dream to explore the complexities of human existence and the fragility of hope. Through the novel's unique structural framework, Steinbeck illuminates the profound impact of these elements on the characters' relationships, choices, and ultimate fates.

Part I: Temporal Flux and the Illusion of Control

Non-Linear Narrative: The novel's unconventional structure juxtaposes past and present, fragmenting the narrative into disjointed memories and flashbacks.....

Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Introduction
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a leading cause of preventable birth defects. Exposure to alcohol in the womb can have severe and lifelong consequences for the developing fetus, leading to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

How Alcohol Affects the Fetus
Alcohol can cross the placenta and reach the fetus directly. Once in the fetal circulation, it can disrupt cell growth and differentiation, particularly in the brain and other organs that are rapidly developing. Additionally, alcohol can interfere with the production of essential nutrients, such as folic acid, which are....

Consequences of Unvaccinated MMR: A Comprehensive Overview

Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) are highly contagious viral diseases that can lead to severe complications. The MMR vaccine is a safe and effective way to protect individuals from these diseases. However, some people choose not to vaccinate their children against MMR, which poses significant risks to both the unvaccinated individuals and the broader community.

Measles

Complications: Measles can cause a range of complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis (brain inflammation), and even death.
Transmission: Measles is highly contagious and can spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Outbreaks: In countries with low....

1. The effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime
2. The ethical considerations and moral implications of the death penalty
3. The impact of the death penalty on families of victims and the families of those executed
4. The costs associated with the death penalty compared to life imprisonment
5. The disparities in the application of the death penalty based on race, class, and geographical location
6. The potential for wrongful convictions and the risk of executing innocent individuals
7. The role of mental illness and intellectual disability in death penalty cases
8. International perspectives on the death penalty and its place in global....