Leininger's Model
No Panaceas

Much of Western medicine is predicated on the idea that a cure that works for one person should work for everyone else. If penicillin or measles vaccinations work on one patient or one set of patients then they should -- after have been through a thorough vetting process -- be able to work reliably with other patients. This is central to the most basic scientific model: One of the core aspects of science is that knowledge is generalizable and transferable. The scientist, and others like her, do not have to reinvent the wheel each time a person comes down with a strep throat: What has worked before will work again in predictable ways.

And the above is in many ways true: The human body does respond in relatively predictable ways to a range of medical interventions. But it is also true that there are non-physiological aspects of the practice….

Leininger's Theory on Care and Nursing
Leininger's View of Care and Nursing

Establishing a strong theory of practice often requires consideration of theories from a multitude of disciplines, folding the strengths of each theoretical perspective into a cohesive whole (Barnum, 1998; Leininger, 1988). Madeleine Leininger's theory of care and nursing is a prime example of how knowledge taken from one field can synergistically benefit another (Leininger, 1988). In her early clinical practices, Leininger recognized the influence that various cultural orientations could have on nursing practice and the construction of nursing knowledge (Leininger, 1988). In the early 1960s, Leininger worked with the Gadsup people of New Guinea (Leininger, 1988). Her experiences there helped her research and formulate a theory on ethnonursing (Leininger, 1988). Through the construction and evolution of an elegant medley of theory and knowledge from the fields of nursing and anthropology, Leininger realized it was possible to significantly enrich approaches….

Nursing Theory
Madeleine Leininger's Theory of Cultural Care: Background.

Leininger's Theory of Cultural Care began during the 1950s, when she developed a fascination with anthropology. While she was studying at the University of Cincinnati, she discussed this fascination and how it might influence her work as a professional nurse with visiting professor Margaret Mead (Munoz, 2012). Particularly, she was interested in acknowledging cultural differentiation factors in her nursing practice. She found many concepts that are pertinent to the discipline of nursing within anthropology. This fascination led to her work in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea, where Leininger studied human behavior in two Gadsup villages to determing the convergence and divergence of human behavior in these locations. She received a national League of Nursing Fellowship for this work. This fascination blended into her studies, and she was the first professional nurse to receive a PhD in cultural and social anthropology in 1965.….

Nursing Theory and Leininger
The world of contemporary nursing is a complex, yet rewarding, career choice. Far from the outdated paradigm of the Nurse being just the Doctor's assistant, the contemporary nursing professional takes on a partnership role with both the doctor and patient as advocate caregiver, teacher, researcher, counselor, and case manager. The new model of health care holds that the predominant focus be quality patient care - which comprises three important factors -- 1) sound theoretical knowledge of the latest medical procedures, information and innovations; 2) superior communication skills that are multi-culturally based; and, 3) the ability to empathize appropriately with the patient and family to buttress the role of caregiver (Brown, 200). One of these, the Multicultural Nursing Paradigm of Madeleine Leininger, allows for the changes in demographics, psychographics, and indeed, multiculturalism within the field is that of humanistic and transcultural nursing.

Theory into Practice -- In the contemporary….

Nursing: Nursing Theorist Madeleine Leininger and Imogene King
The objective of this study is to compare the nursing of nursing theorist Madeleine Leininger and Imogene King and to address how pain is perceived by the patient and how it is addressed by the nurse. Nursing theorists have defined their theoretical frameworks though their experiences that are "personal, socioeconomic, political, spiritual and educational…" (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003, p.20) These elements have been applied by the nursing theorists in the development of their theories and in defining terms and concepts that assist in explaining those theories. (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003, paraphrased) Three models of nursing include: (1) interactive; (2) systems; and (3) developmental. Theories and concepts of nursing are reported to develop "as scientific knowledge is supported by research and nursing practice." (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003, p.22)

Leininger

Madeline Leininger started the development of the first transcultural theory of nursing in the 1950s known….

Cultural Diversity and Nursing Using Leininger Model
The concept of trans-cultural nursing came from Leininger and the principal goal was put as being to provide culturally specific care. The difficulties of this can be understood only when an individual understands the concepts behind 'culture, cultural values, culturally diverse nursing care, ethnocentrism, race and ethnography'. (The Basic Concepts of Trans-cultural Nursing) The definition given by Leininger was "A humanistic and scientific area of formal study and practice in nursing which is focused upon differences and similarities among cultures with respect to human care, health, and illness based upon the people's cultural values, beliefs, and practices, and to use this knowledge to provide cultural specific or culturally congruent nursing care to people." (The Basic Concepts of Trans-cultural Nursing) In this context it is important to know the parts of human life that we are referring to.

Culture is the norms and practices of a….

healthcare practices and history of nursing in the Jewish culture.
There are several healthcare practices within the Jewish culture. According to the rabbinic lore, no aging process existed until the time that Abraham was born. No disease also existed until the time when Jacob came to existence.

The connections of Jews to the healing process at patients as well as physician level is noted to be ancient with a deep root in history and theology (MyJewishLearning.com, 2011).In most religions, the idea of medical treatment was largely an anathema. In most traditional religions, disease, deformity and accident were regarded as parts of God's creation that those of human beings. Anything to do with medical treatment was largely considered to be a process of meddling with the Creator's (God's) work and will. Judaism however, views the concept of medical treatment in appositive light. It views medical treatment as an obligation on the basis….

Caring in Nursing
Over time, nursing and caring have largely been regarded synonymous. With that in mind, it is important to note that quite a number of caring theories have been developed based on caring as a central concept. Some of these theories include the Cultural Care theory by Leininger as well as the Human Caring theory by Jean Watson whose development took place in 1970's. In this text, I will concern myself with caring as a concept in nursing. In so doing, I shall come up with a detailed evaluation of the nature of the practice theory gap most particularly in Bahrain as far as nursing is concerned.

Caring in Nursing: A Definition

To begin with, it is important to note that caring behaviors in the context of nursing can be taken to be those approaches as well as practices that are evidenced by nurses as they seek to care for….

Nursing Theories
Transcultural Care

For the past several decades, nursing theory has evolved with considerable considerations towards transcultural care. The concept of culture was derived from anthropology and the concept of care was derived from nursing. When one understands the derivative of nursing knowledge and the basis for cultural sensitivity, one may tailor and provide the best nursing care for diverse groups. Each group may have specific needs that may help or hinder healthcare delivery. Hence, if one fully understands the meanings, patterns, and processes, one can explain and predict health and well-being. Although many nursing theories exist, a closer evaluation will be given to Cultural Care Diversity & Universality and Purnell Model for Cultural Competence.

Cultural Competence & Influence

Cultural competence is deemed as essential component in providing healthcare today. Healthcare professionals in healthcare organizations are addressing multicultural diversity and ethnic disparities in health (Wilson, 2004). To better serve constituents, understanding cultural factors….

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing:
Nursing can be described as a science and practice that enlarges adaptive capabilities and improves the transformation of an individual and the environment. This profession focuses on promoting health, improving the quality of life, and facilitating dying with dignity. The nursing profession has certain theoretical foundations that govern the nurses in promoting adaptation for individuals and groups. These theoretical foundations include theories, theory integration, reflection, research and practice, and assimilation.

Grand Nursing Theory:

There are several grand nursing theories that were developed by various theorists including the Science of Unitary Human Beings by Martha ogers, Sister Callista oy's Adaptation Model, and Systems Model by Betty Neuman. Sister Callista oy's Adaptation Model is based on the consideration of the human being as an open system. She argues that the system reacts to environmental stimuli via cognator and regulator coping techniques for individuals. On the other hand, the stabilizer and innovator….

Culture Care Universality and Diversity
Leininger conceptualized the theory of care was developed in the 1950s and provided a way to bridge a culture and nursing care. "Leininger theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality" (Garmon 2011 p 1) is derived from the understanding the fields of culture and anthropology and is credited for her contribution to the nursing theory by establishing the transcultural concept in the nursing care. Typically, culture care is a holistic method of understanding, interpreting, explaining, and predicting care for the nursing practice. According to Leininger, culturally congruent care had been missing in the nursing practice and knowledge. Thus, a creative process of reformulation and integration of cultural practice is very critical for the development of nursing practice and knowledge. Leininger holds that a cultural care provides the most important and broadest means to explain, study and predict the nursing care practice. To discover patterns, and….

Caring
When most people are asked 'what do nurses do," there is a strong likelihood that the word 'caring' will arise in the conversation. Many nurses, particularly new nurses, identify caring as one of the personal qualities that attracted them to the profession. However, caring can be a very nebulous concept, as even non-nurses give 'care' to others and non-nurses can be 'caring' people. Nursing, in an effort to create an empirical and academic basis for itself as a discipline has fought against the idea that nursing is just about caring. However, it cannot 'ignore' the idea of caring, given that one of the concepts that distinguishes nursing from other forms of medical care is its patient-centric and individualistic perspective.

I have chosen caring as the concept I will focus on in this paper, with a specific focus on Jean Watson's Theory of Caring, given that it is one of the….

Caring
Nursing Concept Analysis: Caring

Caring is a concept central to nursing theory. Indeed, an esteemed constellation of nurses throughout history, including Nightingale, Watson, Henderson, and Benner, have integrated the concept of care into their theory and praxis. Caring has been considered a foundational element of nursing such that "compassion and therapeutic relationships" are viewed as essential "underpinnings" of nursing (Skillings, 2008). As with most disciplines, the complexities that accompany professional practice in contemporary settings can pose unanticipated challenges. The ethic of caring that is fundamental to nursing endures an onslaught of competing priorities, barriers to compassionate practice, and adaptations inherent to modern healthcare institutions (Skillings, 2008).

Most behaviors that the nursing discipline considers caring are readily recognized, such as "attentive listening, comforting, honest, patient, responsibility, providing information to the patient can make an informed decision, touch, sensitivity, respect, calling the patient by name" (Vance, 2003). Categorically, many nurse practitioners and nurse….

Downward Transition From the Role of Physician to That of Nurse
This paper looks at the ideal of a self-concept paper with a view of a personal look at how a person seeks to be part of the medical profession in a change over from the role of the physician to that of a nurse, taking into context their personal views, experiences, and previous roles within the professions..

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Nuse Leades as Academic Theoists

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