self-absorption. This becomes a time of self-reflection and if all bodes well a time of increased creativity (Erickson & Erickson, 1997). However, should there be increasing family or financial stress, if there has been problems with their husband or children or they find themselves with looming bankruptcies, the likelihood of depression increases tremendously (obinson, et.al., 2001) and the maladaptations of overextension and rejectivity (Erickson & Erickson, 1997) can lead to increased depression and difficulty in coping with menopausal changes.
Other factors that can influence mood states include gender differences in the approaches to middle age / midlife. For instance it has been noted that the empty nest syndrome can be different for both men and women. Furthermore, the deeper effect of this syndrome on women depended on a large degree on their level of activity. Whether this included involvement with work or simply volunteer or community service outside the home,….

Some of the more common tests include Estradiol, FSH and LH. Women can also request the assistance of obstetricians, who can identify changes in the vaginal lining as a result of decreasing levels of estrogen (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2010).
The highest concern with women is represented by the possibility of the menopause symptoms to be in fact indicative of a more severe health problem. This concern is best addressed in discussions with the personal doctor, and through the necessary medical investigations.

Another concern is represented by the diseases which can develop in connection with the menopause. At a general level, menopause does not generate any associated illnesses and the health condition is more so determined by the history and life style of the woman, rather than by the menopause. Nonetheless, there two specific illnesses which can develop in the postmenopause period:

Coronary artery disease, and Osteoporosis.

The coronary artery disease is….

While some people may also seek treatment for minor symptoms like hot flashes, it is when more serious symptoms occur that women should see a doctor. Osteoporosis occurs in the first few years of menopause whereby rapid bone loss is experienced thus making bones both weak and brittle. Many treatments are available including drugs such as Boniva. It is thus extremely important to consume more calcium during these years and also include Vitamin D in the diet in order to make calcium absorption easier. Physical exercise such as walking and jogging can also help in reducing bone loss and lending more strength to bones during menopause.
Urinary incontinence may also be experienced by some women as their vaginal tissues and urethra loses their original elasticity. Women may be prescribed a medicine for urinary control or they may be asked to adopt lifestyle changes such as including Kegel exercise in their….

Menopause: A Short History
From Human Anatomy and Physiology, Spence and Mason, 2nd Edition from 1983, comes this description of Menopause.

At about age 50, the ovarian and menstrual cycles gradually become irregular. Ovulation fails to occur during many of the irregular cycles and in most women the cycles cease altogether over the next several months or at most, a few years. The cessation of the menstrual cycle is referred to as menopause, and the entire period is called the female climacteric.

The female climacteric is thought to be caused by an inability of the ovaries to respond to hormonal signals, most probably due to a shortage of follicles resulting from their ovulation or degeneration during the reproductive years. As a result, production of estrogens and progesterone is quit low...(753)

The lady who gave me the above information from her old A&P book wants to make a correction. She was "pre-menopausal" for eleven years!!….

Although many of the symptoms commonly associated with menopause would suggest that women undergoing the change of life are no longer interested in sex, nothing could be farther from the truth. Many postmenopausal women "find it liberating to stop worrying about pregnancy and periods," (Mayo Clinic 2010). The BBC (2010) agrees: "some women find they enjoy sex more after the menopause. Freedom from worry about unwanted pregnancy can release your inhibitions, bringing with it spontaneity and an increase in sexual confidence. For some couples, it can be a new beginning," ("What is the Menopause?" 2010). Women who are divorced, or who get divorced after menopause, might view the change of life as a chance to explore sexuality. This may entail exploring multiple partners or homosexuality for some women.
Some women undergoing menopause rethink their social roles, with some opting for divorce after being trapped in loveless marriages for decades (Gibbs….

transitions and symptoms that menopause can cause. The writer also explores things that can be done to ease the transition of menopause. There were five sources used to complete this paper.
When mankind was created, somebody made a mistake. As it stands menopause hits women right about the time that her children enter their late teen years. What a recipe for disaster. Menopause is a process that is either reached naturally, or induced artificially, but sooner or later every woman has to go through it. Menopause impacts different women in different ways. While one woman may have many bothersome symptoms that last for years, another woman may have a few symptoms that last a short while. Menopause is something that marks the end of the childbearing years, but also provides a new phase of life that can be fulfilling and fun.

Before one can begin to understand the total impact that….

Women Transition Pre-Menopause Menopause
Menopause

Hormonal changes

Physical Changes

Physiological Changes

Changes in Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis

Emotional Changes

Menstruation takes place in the women as a result of a cyclical loss of the ovarian follicles every month. When this monthly cycle ends, it is termed as menopause. With menopause, the natural reproductive cycle of the women ends as well. Here it can be added that the menopause results from the alterations that take place in the ovarian functions when egg production is no more the function of the ovaries. Some of the main symptoms of the menopause as highlighted in the studies include an irregularity seen in menstruation, a menopausal transitions that begins when the women turns 40. This menopause is divided in an early as well as a late phase by conventional clinical and medical studies (Burger, Hale, obertson, and Dennerstein, 2007, p. 559). Based on a great decrease in the levels of hormones estrogen as well….

Carrying on: The experience of premature menopause in women with early stage breast cancer," concerning its rigor as a grounded theory study, its contribution to nursing and its usefulness in practice. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion.
Description and Summarize of Key esearch Components:

The title of the journal article under consideration is "Carrying on: The experience of premature menopause in women with early stage breast cancer," by T.M. Knobf (2002), appearing in Nursing esearch, volume 51, issue 1, pages 9-17.

In her abstract, the researcher includes the background of the problem, the objectives of the study, the methods used and the results obtained, as well as conclusions and key words.

Introduction. The introduction is used to expand on the background initially presented in the abstract, including an overview of the prevalence of breast cancer in the United States and the treatments used for the disease.….

Once this takes place, we will be able to determine the underlying impact of menopause on our select population and the kinds of effects it is having on their overall quality of life. (Hopkins, 2008)
Study population and sampling

Like what was stated previously, our research will focus on those women who are suffering from menopause and others that are selected randomly. We will subdivide respondents into various groups based upon: their racial / ethnic group, income status and if they are seeking any kind of treatment. This will help to improve the overall quality of our survey by: focusing on what segments of the population that are having an adverse impact on their underlying levels of mental health. Once this occurs, we will be able to make specific inferences about their how their attitude is affecting their quality of life. At which point, we can support or refute the hypothesis….

Endocrine Disease/Disorder: MenopauseMenopause is a natural biological process that is regulated by the endocrine system which occurs at the end of a woman\\\'s reproductive years. The concomitant decline in estrogen and progesterone production that occurs during menopause can result in a range of physical and emotional symptoms, while other hormones also play a role. Although menopause is a natural part of the aging process, it can have a profound impact on womens health and quality of life. Moreover, because all women experience menopause, developing a better understanding concerning the relationship between the endocrine system and menopause is crucial for managing symptoms and supporting women\\\'s health during this transitional period in their lives. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature concerning the relationship between the endocrine system and menopause, including an overview of the physiological changes that occur during menopause, the role….

ecent CasePatient Information:Betty Thompson is a 45-year-old African American female. She works as a school teacher and lives with her husband and two teenage children.Subjective CC (chief complaint):Betty reports irregular periods and hot flashes for the last six months. She has also been feeling unusually tired recently.HPI: The key symptoms reported by Betty are irregular menstrual cycles, hot flashes, and fatigue. These symptoms can indicate the onset of perimenopause.Current Medications: Betty is currently taking multivitamins and calcium supplements.Allergies: Betty has an allergy to shellfish.PMH: No history related to surgery or immunization recorded.Soc & Substance Hx: She reports no tobacco or drug use and consumes alcohol socially. She exercises moderately and follows a balanced diet.Fam Hx: Her mother had breast cancer diagnosed at age 50.Surgical Hx: Betty underwent an appendectomy at age 20.Mental Hx: No history of mental illnesses.Violence Hx: No history of violence reported.eproductive Hx: Betty has two children and….

Endocrinology
It is generally assumed that iron stores increase during menopausal transition (Kim et al. 2012). However, no longitudinal studies have been conducted to ascertain this. Some women undergoing menopause experience increased insulin resistance and other cardiovascular conditions, which are not attributable to changes in adiposity or sex hormones. Iron is known to be a strong pro-oxidant, which catalyzes reactions tending to raise oxidative stress. This, in turn, is a risk factor for insulin resistance. Increased measures of iron during menopause may then contribute to insulin resistance at this period (Kim et al.).

In response, the Study of Women's Health across the Nation or SWAN was designed and conducted to determine and investigate biologic and sociologic changes during and after menopause (Kim et al. 2012). The researchers measured several iron markers at pre-menopause and post-menopause to find out if 1) iron measures increase from pre-menopause to post-menopause longitudinally; 2) there are an….

Hormone Replacement Therapy
Menopause and Its Consequences

Menopause is that inevitable and irreversible time when a woman's reproductive cycle and menstruation periods gradually end, as her ovaries cease to respond to male gonadotropins and her capacity to become pregnant stops (Mayeux, Jr. 1997). This spontaneously occurs between 45 and 55 in American women, with 51 as the median age.

A woman's ovaries at the menopause are nearly empty of primary follicles - which, in child-bearing age, are abundant, mature and can be fertilized by the male sperm cell, resulting in conception and pregnancy. At menopause, the ovaries' production of the hormone called estrogen becomes very minimal, and this altered condition of a lack of estrogen produces many unpleasant symptoms in approximately 70% of all postmenopausal women (Mayeux, Jr.). These symptoms include hot flushes and extreme warmth, profuse sweating, tremor, irritability, and depression. Physically, the female reproductive organs shrink and lose their fullness. The….

The picture to the left depicts the various elements that are responsible for thermoregulation in human skin. The illustrations shows the various layers of skin along with the veins, arteries and capillaries of the circulatory system that assist in insuring that the thermoregulatory system works properly. The sweat glands are responsible for selectively removing materials from the blood the sweat glands then concentrates or alters these toxins, and secretes them for elimination from the body. The perspiration or sweat is then removed through the sweat pore. This has a twofold purpose: to remove toxins and thermoregulation (in this case cooling the body).

Thermoregulation involving perspiration is brought about by both internal and environmental heat and exercise. As it relates to the latter, there have been many studies related to exercise and thermoregulation. According to Marino (2004)

"thermoregulatory effector responses of humans and concluded that temperature regulation during exercise is dissimilar to temperature….

Data Analysis

The researcher will gather all of the information collected from the self report questionnaires and analyze using a variety of techniques including summary, interpretation, classifying and describing. The author will use the data to measure change that occurs among the populations using HT therapy.

In conducting the study the researcher will undoubtedly run into some obstacles including determining how to measure change in the participants health and well being, examining the extent of change and the attributes of change for purposes of the study (King, 2001). Measuring change is a key concept vital to longitudinal research design (Kind, 2001). As this study is qualitative in nature the data will be presented via narratives, observations and transcripts from the survey to record and measure data appropriately (King, 2001).

The researcher will attempt to explain change and identify causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Data managing, reading, describing, interpreting and representing….