Discretion in Law Enforcement
The work Wilson and Kelling published regarding their "Broken Windows" theory was largely premised on the research of Stanford University psychologist Philip Zimbardo. Working to test the theory of deindividuation, which described a proposed "process in which a series of antecedent social conditions lead to a change in perception of self and others, and thereby to a lowered threshold of normally restrained behavior" (1969), Zimbardo designed a number of ingenious experiments in the late 1960's that ultimately provided the foundations for Wilson and Kelling's eventual interpretation of the "Broken Window" phenomenon. By placing an identical pair of 1959 Oldsmobile autos on two distinctly different streets, one adjacent to the Bronx campus of New York University in an area where crime rates and gang activity were high, and the other on a street in Palo Alto, California near the affluent area surrounding the Stanford University campus, Zimbardo tested the effects of environmental cues on the willingness of individuals to commit an increasingly serious series of criminal act. Although in both cases the cars had left with no license plates and their hoods up, to provide what Zimbardo terms "releaser cues" that signal societal apathy, the behavior observed in Palo Alto, where manicured lawns adorned suburban strip malls and upper-class neighborhoods, was decidedly different than the scene in the Bronx.
Strategy Implementation at Kraft Foods Strategy Implementation
This paper presents an analysis of the strategy implementation at Kraft Foods by analyzing different internal processes and systems which can impact the strategy implementation process in positive or negative way. It includes an analysis of the people, processes, systems, and culture at Kraft Foods and evaluates their contributions, impacts, and strategic fit with its mission, strategy, and corporate principles.
Nursing Informatics Pioneers: Abbott and Chang's Impact
According to the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), nursing informatics has been classified as the "science and practice (that) integrates nursing, its information and knowledge, with management of information and communication technologies to promote the health of people, families, and communities worldwide" (2013), and this emerging field has the potential to dramatically improve the delivery of healthcare services across the board. Just as the intrepid Florence Nightingale paved the way for modern nursing as we know it today by establishing the first nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital in 1860, defining nursing in her famous notes on the profession as "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him to recovery" (Nightingale, 1860), the widespread adoption and integration of nursing informatics was made possible by the tireless contributions of several influential pioneers. As part of their continued efforts to document the history of nursing informatics, the AMIA has instituted the Nursing Informatics History Project, with 33 recognized leaders in the field submitting to extensive video-recorded and audio-transcribed interviews to provide their personal stories, glimpses into the early days of nursing informatics theory, and a review of the progress made while attempting to implement the practice within American hospitals and healthcare centers.
Obamacare and the Obama presidency: policy comparison
While both President Bill Clinton and President Barack Obama held office, there was a major debate regarding healthcare policies. At a time when people are living longer, it is evident that healthcare is of utmost pertinence. Although the policies that President Clinton and President Obama implemented were at different time spans, the policies implemented were utilized to answer the need of a crying people who without the policies would not receive healthcare.