Causes of racial disparity in the American criminal justice system
Racism, which is defined by Schmid (2008) as the deliberate infliction of consideration in unequal measure and motivated by the general desire to basically dominate on the basis of race alone, is very common in the contemporary criminal justice system. In this paper, we discuss racism in the criminal court system. The paper discusses the background, development of rationale and justifications with an incorporation of the Saint Leo Core Value of Integrity.
Spain's role in Irish politics and English military response, 1580-1604
The overthrow of the Munster settlement in 1598, followed by the intervention of Spain to assist Hugh O'Neill and his confederates, brought it home to Queen Elizabeth and her advisers that a real possibility existed that England's interest in Ireland would be obliterated, and that Ireland would become a satellite jurisdiction of the Spanish monarchy. It was to prevent the effective encirclement of England by the power of Spain that the government authorized a level of military expenditure in Ireland such as could not have been imagined even a decade earlier.
At the height of the war effort, according to the calculations of John Mc Gurk, the strength of the army reached 21,000 men, and the total cost of maintaining this force came to £1,845,696 (Smyth, 2006). Most of the soldiers, as had previously been the case, came from the west of England and from Wales, but many of the new recruits, and their captains, assigned to the wars in Ireland were seasoned campaigners who had fought in the Netherlands or Brittany, rather than the raw conscripts who were more typical of the Irish service, and those placed in charge of the campaign, ranging from the queen's favorite Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, to Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, were people of the highest reputation in England' (Murphy, 2002). Therefore, as the queen and her officials fretted over the financial strain that the war was placing on the finances of the English state, they took consolation from the belief that some of the outlay would be recouped through the confiscations which would follow upon their eventual victory. Moreover they convinced themselves that the resulting plantations would prove enduring because they would be comprehensive, and would draw upon the talents of disciplined people with a commendable range of experience.
Mandatory class attendance policies undermine college student autonomy
Mandatory attendance policies are understandably necessary in elementary, middle, and secondary school, mainly because school attendance itself is mandatory, at least through the age of 16.