Cause and Effect of Alcohol

Furthermore, alcoholism causes brain damage and
"thiamine deficiency is a common occurrence in people with alcoholism"
(NIAA 2004). The fact that brain damage is caused by excessive alcohol
abuse is a serious concern and one which cannot be overlooked. But
alcoholics are not alike and alcoholism has different origins for different
people. Therefore the effects vary considerably. But these, among many
other effects of alcohol abuse can be expected or at least there is a
possibility for them to exist.
Alcohol abuse also poses a risk on one's psychology. Although one
initially feels relaxed after drinking, this will soon turn into a negative
feeling. Someone who drinks too much will experience anxiety and this can
possibly lead to depression. Alcohol abuse is also related to sleep
problems, mood-swings, violent behavior, and possible suicide as 2/3 of all
suicide attempts involve alcohol (BUPA 2006). This is an extreme effect of
alcohol…… [Read More]

Cause and Effect of Great Depression

Great Depression refers to the serious economic decline that started in the United States towards the end of 1929 and spread to most industrial countries of the world, lasting until the early 1940s. The period saw sharp declines in the production and sale of goods and a sudden, severe rise in unemployment. Numerous businesses and banks closed down or went bankrupt, people lost their jobs, homes, and savings, and large sections of the population in hitherto prosperous countries had to depend on charity to survive. Economists have discussed and dissected the causes of the Depression ever since and its long-term effects have not even been fully overcome even today. In this paper we shall discuss some of the important causes and effects of the Great Depression.

Causes

The popular misconception about the Great Depression is that the sudden stock market crash of October 1929 caused it. Although the stock market…… [Read More]

Cause and Effect of Cars

Marcia Cedeno

Mrs. Kelley

Cars: Cause and ffect

The use of cars has been a major factor in modern life. Although most people would consider cars to be indispensable, there are many effects that cars cause on the environment and quality of life.

The environmental impact upon the environment is strong. Using a car is one of the most polluting activities an individual can do.(PA) In turn, the consequences of the resulting pollution include such problems as smog, respiratory problems, acid rain, and ozone depletion. However, improving on the efficiency of cars can help counteract this problem by reducing the emissions they produce. (Albrecht ) Indeed, the effect of switching from high fuel consumption vehicles to "greener" alternatives can have a significant effect on these problems.

Interestingly, environmental effects are not the only consequences of using cars, for they also affect human safety and health -- from accidents, obesity, and…… [Read More]

Steroids -- Cause and Effect

hat causes women to risk their health? Clearly the hoped-for effect is to improve their performances. Sutton explains that a woman on anabolic steroids will have less body fat and her body muscle mass will offer her more strength. "She may also develop euphoria and a heightened self-esteem… and have much more energy" (Sutton, 4). Moreover, women on steroids may experience "…heightened sexual arousal" and athletically inclined men are apt to be more attracted to her. She will have negative effects too, such as being irritable, experiencing dramatic mood swings, and she may even go into a "roid rage" -- or become depressed -- when she sees a woman that looks better than she does (Sutton, 5).

It should also be explained that women on anabolic steroids may begin to develop a body that is more like a man's body (after all, anabolic steroids increase testosterone production). Her breasts may…… [Read More]

Bullying Cause and Effect With Victim Depression

A number of individual, school and family risk factors contribute to this risk. Studies have identified exposure to domestic violence, child maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems, low self-worth and reduced assertiveness to increase children's risk of being bullied." (Shakoor, Jaffe et al., 380). In other words, victims may already be in a position where they could very well suffer mental health issues later in life, but it is undeniable that the bullying worsens any prognosis. Indeed, Farrington et al. In a 2011 study have shown that if anything victims tend to understate their own mental health difficulties (at least in contrast to parental assessments): they write that "victimization (being bullied) according to mothers was a strong and significant predictor of depression, even after controlling for ten key risk factors. Victimization according to boys was a weak but nevertheless significant predictor, especially when it was measured at the youngest age of…… [Read More]

Baseball Pirates Cause and Effect

If the team managers were to infuse players with a greater sense of camaraderie and a winning approach to playing, the team may perform well.

Often the media uses derogatory terms when describing the team, such as the team that "spoiled" the best stadium in the nation (Spagnolo, 2007). Proclamations as this can also turn sentiment into reality, and cause poor self-esteem among players. It seems as though the owners and managers have also made poor choices when it comes to trading and keeping players, trading out certain players that may have helped the team achieve victory, and adopting players that did not affect the team positively. Some team members during the last decade experienced injuries resulting in further loss of good players.

There is also evidence of team managers hiring players who averaged well over the "average" number of strikeouts one would expect from a decent player (Spagnolo, 2007).…… [Read More]

Teen Smoking Cause and Effects of Teen

Teen Smoking

Cause and Effects of Teen Smoking

For more than a half-century, the deadly effects of cancer smoking in humans has been well-known and scientifically documented. Due to the strong addiction element of cigarettes, a nationwide anti-smoking campaign, meant for full efficiency, soon appeared to be doomed, as smokers continued smoking, despite knowing about the deadly effects of cigarettes.

Slowly, the scientific community was able to effectively bring a halt to the legal selling of nicotine products to children under the age of 18. For years after the initial banning of adolescent tobacco use, these children were still targeted for advertisement as the incoming generation of smoking adults, a crucial demographic for cigarette companies. The causes of teen smoking include targeted advertisement by tobacco companies and the ever-present problem of peer pressure, and the negative effects of teenage tobacco use are early symptoms of lung disease, cancer, and lifelong…… [Read More]

Human Behavior Cause and Effects

Behavior-Cause and Effects

Cause and effect.

There are many circumstances in life that result in positive as well as negative effects. The causes or causative factors that result in certain effects however cannot just be considered from a purely subjective point-of-view. One should also consider the environmental and societal factors that act as causes that affect one's feelings and behaviour in life. A central thesis therefore that will be explored in this paper is that social and environmental factors determine one's life and experiences but that knowledge of the way one's life is affected can be used positively in terms of contentment and satisfaction.

If one thinks in the larger context one has to come to the conclusion that certain social, socio-economic as well as political factors are causative factors in our lives. One could consider as a primary factor in our lives the various social and political structures which…… [Read More]

School Violence Cause and Effect Leary El

School Violence: Cause and Effect

Leary el al. (2003) have noted that, "Case studies were conducted of 15 school shootings between 1995 and 2001 to examine the possible role of social rejection in school violence. Acute or chronic rejection -- in the form of ostracism, bullying, and/or romantic rejection -- was present in all but two of the incidents." This study drew extremely clear connections between incidents of social ostracism, bulling, and social rejection and incidents of school violence, including shootings. For example, incidents of school violence frequently occur as a direct result of negative interaction between members of a peer group. esearchers such as Leary et al. have provided conclusive evidence of this link. School violence prevention must, therefore, focus on ways in which school communities can mitigate these negative and potentially harmful social interactions and issues. In this sense, the cause of school violence is bullying and negative…… [Read More]

Smoking Cause and Effect Smoking Has Always

Smoking: Cause and Effect

Smoking has always been a serious and controversial issue since it is on the one hand projected as a health hazard while on the other, we see all the glamorous, so-called health conscious people with cigarettes in their hands all around us. Therefore most people find themselves faced with a dilemma when it comes to the issue of quitting smoking. They cannot be convinced that it is a health hazard that could not only reduce number of years in one's life but can also affect one's quality of life. It is therefore extremely important to focus on the effects of smoking in the light of research and explain that smoking is actually the cause of several health problems.

Let us first focus on the effects of Smoking on Life expectancy. As mentioned earlier, smoking is a serious health hazard that can reduce the number of years…… [Read More]

Dialogue Cause and Effect A Misunderstanding at

Dialogue

Cause and Effect: A Misunderstanding

At three in the afternoon their parents were still at work and they had the house to themselves. They had left campus at lunch, nobody the wiser. This had been going on for months. Today they were at Sebastian's in the garage. Both of their parents worked in order to make ends meet. Because of this they had little supervision in the afternoon. For Sebastian and May it was a bonus, free time.

"I don't like what you're doing," said May.

"Yes you do," Sebastian swung hard.

May tried to dodge, but was too slow and got hit in the middle of the forehead. "Damn it!"

"That's game." Sebastian put the paddle down next to his cell phone on the work bench and walked around the ping-pong table.

And I should care beeeecaaauussee?" She flirted.

"Because at five cents a point you now own…… [Read More]

Running by Luis Rodriguez Cause and Effect

Running by Luis Rodriguez

Cause and Effect as Found in Always Running La Vida Loca: Gang Days in L.A.

A by Luis Rodriguez

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction" Sir Isaac Newton once wrote. Such is the case in the life of author Luis Rodriguez. The short essay found on pages 160-164 of his book, Always Running, describes the unjust imprisonment (effect) Rodriguez faced following his participation in the "Chicano Moratorium Against the Vietnam ar" protest of August 29th, 1970. (cause) (p.160)

Before discussing the effects of his actions, it is important to know the reasons behind his behavior. Rodriguez wanted to attend the march because he was interested in being a part of a cause greater than he was.

The Vietnam ar was going on. Many Hispanics were opposed to the war because of the large numbers of Hispanic casualties overseas. The number of Hispanics dying was…… [Read More]

Yellow Dust Cause and Effect

When the storm occurs, people are asked to restrict their outdoor activities so they will breathe in the polluted air. The magnitude of impact is directly connected with the intensity of the storm. The more severe ones can cause problems for people going to work and hence can disrupt economic activities. Some of the respiratory problems caused by the YDS can be severe enough to prove fatal. It has been noticed that in areas that encounter yellow dust storms annually, there is an increase in mortality rate.

The effect on farm land is also serious in nature. While the dust itself doesn't harm the farm activities, it is the sulphuric emission and acid rain resulting from the storm that destroy crop by damaging the soil. When soil is affected, animal life is also seriously harmed by the storms especially the cattle. But the effect on sea life is even graver.…… [Read More]

Measure Cause and Effect of

Gillard's Government is a party to a UN agreement that Climate Change Minister Greg Combet signed in December at a under which approximately 10 per cent of carbon taxes in developed countries will go to a Green Climate Fund. While Ms Gillard has been denying she would support a carbon tax last August, her government had already committed to spend $599 million on climate change handouts over the current three-year Budget period. This will occur mainly in the Pacific and South-East Asia, $470 million of which has been allocated already (Murray 2011).

Solutions and eclamation

So, what is the middle path? Can a compromise be reached? While there was some support in the time of the former Howard government, the current situation may jeopardize this as the then administration assessed its options with regard to the situation Australian Government 2011). This was also the opinion expressed in a Bloomberg piece…… [Read More]

Teacher Burnout in Special Education Cause and Effect and Possible Solutions

pecial Education Teachers

pecial Education Vacancies

Recruitment, Hiring, and Retention

Barriers to Hiring

Barriers to retaining special education personnel.

Incentives used to improve retention.

Recommendations to Improve Recruitment and Retention

Adequate upply of pecial Education Professionals

Resources

Teachers today are subject to more stress than ever. Increasing certification requirements, re-certification, assessments, federal standards, demanding children, apathetic parents and an unsupportive administration are just the tip of the iceberg. pecial education teachers have special circumstances. While other schoolteachers have some teachers who don't want to learn, special ed teachers are charged with the task of teaching to students who have difficulty learning, whose behavior problems are associated with an illness or handicap, whose needs for special attention are great. Teacher burnout is on the rise, and it's no wonder. This study will examine existing sources as well as conducting a survey of a sample population to assess the primary causes of…… [Read More]

Cause and Effect World War 2

College and High School Life

High School and College education are the last two phases in an individual's life as one prepares to go and live in the 'real world.' These phases in an individual's educational development is necessary to make a person well-equipped with the necessary tools that all people need in going through life in the real world: knowledge and skills. Through knowledge and skills, an individual can develop himself better, and what better way to become successful in the real world but to live high school and college life in the most productive way as possible.

Although high school and college education are both part of an individual's educational development, they vary in treatment and scope of learning of an individual. In comparing these two educational developments, three important classifications are important: first, the scope of educational learning of an individual, second, the degree of social interaction…… [Read More]

Cause and Effect Essay Example Climate Change & Hurricanes

Writing doesnt have to be a chore.

To prove it, heres a cause and effect essay example that gets down and dirty with a semi-controversial issue that polarizes a lot of people (no pun intended): yes, were talking about climate change.

This topic has been in the news for a good long while.
Topic
Climate Change

There have been movies made about it, conferences held about it, and many works of scholarly and not-so-scholarly literature written about it.

So lets take a look at how to turn this subject into the main topic of a cause and effect essay.

Well start off with a title, give you the hook, underline the thesis, and highlight some important parts for you to consider.

Best of all, well show you how to have fun with your essay. Lets go!
Outline
I. Intro
a. Hook
b. Did climate change cause Harvey et al.?
c.…… [Read More]

Deployment on Military Families Cause Deployment Effect

Deployment on Military Families

Cause (Deployment) Effect (Stress on Families / Children)

The stress on military families when the father or mother is deployed -- whether the deployment is to a war zone or to another place -- can be very intense and psychologically stressful. There is a great deal of literature on what military families experience before, during, and after deployment, and this paper provides several peer-reviewed articles that discuss and assess the situations that military families must deal with during deployment. Thesis: families left at home when a military parent is deployed face social and psychological issues that do not necessarily end when that parent returns from deployment; however, there are strategies to reduce the stress once the parent returns home from the deployment.

The Literature -- Psychological Adjustment for Children

The psychological adjustments that children must make -- especially children with "…preexisting psychological conditions" such as depression…… [Read More]

Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

Causes of Juvenile Delinquency

Criminal Justice

The problem of juvenile delinquency is becoming more complicated and universal, and crime prevention programs are either unequipped to deal with the present realities or do not exist. Many developing countries have done little or nothing to deal with these problems, and international programs are obviously insufficient. Developed countries are engaged in activities aimed at juvenile crime prevention, but the overall effect of these programs is rather weak because the mechanisms in place are often inadequate to address the existing situation. On the whole, current efforts to fight juvenile delinquency are characterized by the lack of systematic action and the absence of task-oriented and effective social work with both offenders and victims, whether real or potential. Analysis is further complicated by a lack of international comparative data. (WY, 2003) The paper is a meditation and investigation of the causes of juvenile delinquency. While it…… [Read More]

Causes of Human Behavior Compare

However, unlike Leucippus, Holbach is not simply interested in the science of materialism, and is more apt to entertain different explanations for specific types of matter. There is more to be understood than mere appearance in the rearrangement of material essences: "Determinism is universal, in Holbach's view, but different sorts of bodies may have peculiar properties that require peculiar explanations. Despite his avowed materialism, Holbach does not demand the sorts of reductive explanations of mental events that materialism might ordinarily seem to require (LeBuffe 2002). For Holbach, there is more interesting unpredictability in the behavior of types of matter, and the observation of what Leucippus might call mere surface differences.

orks Cited

Berryman, Sylvia. "Leucippus." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002. April 18, 2009.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/#2

LeBuffe, Michael. "Holbach." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2002. April 18, 2009.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/#2… [Read More]

Cause and Effects of the Great Depression

Economics

The Great Depression

The Great Depression started in 1929 and lasted until the end of the Second World War, it was the most severe depression seen in the western world. The depression had far reaching economic, social, and political consequences. To understand the depression it is necessary to look at the event itself, underlying causes, the impacts and the way in which recovery took place.

The Great Depression may be argued as starting in August of 1929, when the countries GDP started to decline; but it is the cash of October 1929 that marks the official beginning of the crisis (obbins & Weidenbaum, 2009). The stock market crash of 1929 was a surprise for many; the previous decade had been one of growth and prosperity. On Black Tuesday 29th of October the bottom dropped out of the stock market, which resulted in panic selling loosing 40% of the paper…… [Read More]

Causes and Effects of World War I

1st orld ar (I) was a global scale military conflict, which erupted in 1914. Virtually, the whole of Europe was involved as well as countries and kingdoms from other regions of the globe (Strachan 9). It should however be noted that the countries that engaged in this war entered the said war at different times and joined different alliances. Essentially, the war was between two alliances - the Central Powers and the Allies. In addition to these two sides, there was a neutral group of nations that remained neutral to the war. However, some of the said groups later on started taking sides. The Allies according to Kelly consisted of Great Britain, Belgium, Ireland, Serbia, Montenegro, Russia, as well as France and they were later joined by some neutral nations including Romania, Greece, Italy, and Portugal. On the other hand, the Central Powers alliance included the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria…… [Read More]

Causes for the Popularity of

"In toy stores, children can become accustomed to food brands early by buying a Hostess bake set, Barbie's Pizza Hut play set or Fisher-Price's Oreo Matchin' Middles game. and, for budding math whizzes, there is a series of books from Hershey's Kisses on addition, subtraction and fractions" (Barboza, 2002).

Of course, the most notorious innovation in fast food, even more so than the Happy Meal, targeted at children, is the Supersized Meal. For people without children, for people for whom taste is not much of an issue, the issue of value often trumps everything. Supersizing means increasing the size of the cheapest parts of the traditional combo meal, the potatoes (starch) and the soda (high fructose corn syrup, cheaper even than real sugar). For only pennies more, people can get much larger portions, but because people tend to eat more food when more food is placed before them, this causes…… [Read More]

Causes of Globalization Introduction Means

"Real-time" communications is expedient as well as efficient which are two desired elements in the industry. The pursuit of foreign markets by the United States as well as those of the European and Latin American markets is causative factor in globalization. The companies that compete throughout the world are seeking methods for integration of all aspects of their corporation. Furthermore, companies sue 'international growth strategies for the express purpose of "acquiring suppliers of vital resources." (Abboushi, 1999) Expansion can also be accounted for due to the fact that companies in the United States seek expansion on an international basis because they are unable to obtain certain products in the United States.

II. Necessity: Policy Results

Another viewpoint is that globalization most likely arose out of necessity of some type. One example of the idea presented may be found in the Scandinavian Acta Sociologica in a work entitled" the Future of…… [Read More]

Causes Effects of Racism on US

Racism in America -- the Causes - Effects

hy has the ugly social scar of racism -- whites demonstrating racially biased attitudes and actions against African-Americans -- continued in the U.S. through the years? hat causes people to look down on those of another race -- or to otherwise hold people of another ethnicity in contempt? Given the fact that the U.S. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the Voting Rights Act (1965), and that Americans elected and re-elected a bi-racial president (Barack Obama), an objective observer from another country might imagine that racist attitudes have subsided (and in ways things have improved on racial issues).

There is still today -- and may always be -- white racism against blacks, and this paper points to the fact that racism has continued to be a social and moral blemish in the U.S. because it has become institutionalized and carried…… [Read More]

Causes of Violence John Monahan Details the

causes of violence, John Monahan details the limited knowledge and research that currently exists. He argues that, although biological, sociological, and psychological factors contribute individually to causing violence, the root of the problem lies in a combination of all three. In attempting to develop a multi-causal explanation, Monahan points to the influence and role of the family.

Although many theories have emphasized the importance of biological factors, such as hormones, chemical imbalances, brain injury, and genetics, in the causation of violence, the present level of scientific research has failed to identify any definite links. However, this same research has also failed to categorically disprove biological factors as a potential cause, thus supporting Monahan's call for an increase in the funding of study and research in this area.

The most commonly cited causes of violence are the many, and varied sociological factors. Although social science has been able to build an…… [Read More]

Effects of Working Night Shift and Getting Cancer

Working Night Shift and Getting Cancer

The increasing rate of women acquiring breast cancer disease has been an alarming issue in the medical history of cancer prevention and studies. The many research and studies conducted by medical professionals on breast cancer disease have found a number of cancer-causing habits and lifestyles. Among those that have been examined and found as risk factors of breast cancer on women is night-shift work.

Regularly working in night shift as a health-hazardous cause of breast cancer has been investigated by several studies of different cancer research institutions. Almost all studies were carried out based from employment histories of women diagnosed of breast cancer. In a population-based study conducted by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, it was found that women who regularly work at night are at 60% risk of developing breast cancer. The most significant risk factor to this is the exposure to bright…… [Read More]

Effects of Domestic Violence on Children

Domestic Violence on Children

Many people throughout the world have traditionally believed that women's natural roles were as mothers and wives and considered women to be better suited for childbearing and homemaking than for involvement in the public life of business or politics. This popular belief that women were somehow intellectually inferior to men, based in large part on religious authority, has led many societies throughout the world to limit women's education to learning domestic skills and relegating them to a second-class citizen status. By and large, the world has been run by well-educated, upper-class men who controlled most positions of employment and power in these societies and to a large extent continue to do so today. While the status of women today varies dramatically in different countries and, in some cases, among groups within the same country, such as ethnic groups or economic classes, women continue to experience the…… [Read More]

Effect of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries

downsizing on Manufacturing Industries

The amount of information on the effects of down sizing on manufacturing was not plentiful, however one main point that flows through all of the articles is that even though down sizing may be done to help a company it can end up hurting them in the long run. In the paragraphs to follow we look at the effects that downsizing has on people and companies as well as look at whether or not downsizing is truly the answer.

Parker (2003)eports that in 2003 the expected job losses among the manufacturing industries in Great Britain would create the effects of rising input costs and oil price increase on the job cuts; Downturn of the purchasing managers' index for manufacturing; Decrease in the rate of manufacturer's orders. So even though these cuts may be necessary he pointed out that it would have an overall negative effect.

The…… [Read More]

Causes of the Panic of 1857

Panic of 1857

"In the life of a nation, every year has its failures and disappointments, but 1857 had more than its share." ~ Kenneth M. Stampp[footnoteRef:1] [1: Stampp, Kenneth M. America in 1857 a Nation on the Brink. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. Print.]

There have been many times in American history where the people of the country gave into fear and paranoia and subsequently made what could have been a minor difficulty into a crisis of epic proportions. During the middle of the 19th century, several incidents occurred which had a decidedly negative effect on the American economy and the nation's moral overall. The economic setbacks followed by the discovery that several executives in charge of government finance were corrupted caused American citizens to turn against the nation's authority figures. This feeling of distrust, accompanied by the panic of an unstable economy laid the groundwork for the American…… [Read More]

Effects of Mental Illness

mental illness on the individual, family, and community, and identify mental health resources for individuals experiencing mental illness. Mental illness does not just affect the patient, it affects the entire patient's family and friends, and it can affect them throughout their life. Unfortunately, mental illness still invokes a stigma in this country, which has a negative affect on patients suffering from mental illness.

Even when people attempt to be open minded, there is still a stigma that revolves around people who suffer from mental health issues. Two authors note, "People suffering from mental illness and other mental health problems are among the most stigmatized, discriminated against, marginalized, disadvantaged and vulnerable members of our society" (Overton & Medina, 2008). This is just one of the negative affects of suffering from mental illness, and it can be as debilitating as the disease itself. In the past, (such as the middle ages, people…… [Read More]

Effect of Motivation of Employee Performance

Teamwork and Motivation

Various elements of an organization motivation plan are always aimed at encouraging low turnover, high-quality work, high productivity, and high job satisfaction. The first approach involved is the appreciation of employee feedback. The element of the motivation program includes the need to ensure that feedback offer the employees with established objectives. Organizational managers provide feedback through continuous processes without outright conformity during quarterly meetings. Managers focus on ensuring that they meet employees every quarter and updating them on the company's performance (Keller, 2009). Formal motivational reviews on a monthly basis are necessary and should exist in writing as opposed to other informal reviews under suggestions of weekly tracking. The quarterly feedback from top management becomes the basis for motivation plan evaluation and achievement determination for the employees. Objective ratings are based on scales of the set aspects of employee management. This element develops direct link to the…… [Read More]

What Is the Primary Cause of Homelessness in America

Cause of Homelessness in America

has numerous social problems. Homelessness seems to be one of the most important ones. There are several causes that determine homelessness. However, the primary cause of homelessness can be considered the reduced affordable housing level and the national increase in poverty. Other causes of homelessness refer to high unemployment rates, low salary levels in certain urban and rural areas, the inability of certain individuals to pay health care bills, the inability qualify for public assistance, domestic violence, mental illness, addiction disorders, and others. It is important to understand that there are specific factors that influence homelessness in the U.S., but these factors are allowed to develop because of the state's authorities. In other words, these authorities seem to not be able to manage the social situation of individuals in a homeless situation. If their situation is analyzed, it can be established that homeless people's actions…… [Read More]

Principles Causes and Effects of Teratology

Teratology is the scientific study of causes and mechanisms of malformation during the human development. Fetal diseases, mechanical effects and retarded development of the embryo and the fetus are some of the causes of CDDs (congenital developmental disorders) according to various studies. oth mystical and scientific theories were developed in the past to explain the origin of Teratology; some theories stating that it originated from the position of the stars, maternal impressions, hybridization, and oligohy dramnios, among others. Today, biological assumptions on abnormalities seem to have more weight than the unproven theories given in the past. Scientific studies have revealed that the real causes of congenital developmental disorders include: mechanical effects, biological factors, physical factors and chemical substances (Ujhazy, Mach, Navarova, rucknerova, & Dubovicky, 2012).

Fig. 1. 1. The irth of Modern Teratology (McCormick, 2012)

The contemporary science of teratology started in the 1930s with the release of a study…… [Read More]

The Causes and Effects of Gangs

Young people growing up in Compton, East Los Angeles, and other communities with high rates of poverty, social disorganization, and anomie are exposed to a number of risk factors that are conducive to gang membership. Those risk factors include "poverty, immigration, discrimination, social isolation, limited educational opportunities, low parental monitoring, drug use," and some degree of positive reinforcement for gang membership (Freng & Taylor, n.d., p. 135). Moreover, gangs have historically been entrenched in Los Angeles, and some contemporary gangs can trace their historical roots to the early 20th century, which imbues those social organizations with a relatively high social status coupled with nostalgia and family pressures. esearch has shown that tradition plays an important role in multigenerational gangs in that "the long history of multigenerational gangs, coupled with parents' former involvement with the same neighborhood gangs, brings a sense of tradition to the gangs," ("Gangs, Family, and the Gang…… [Read More]

Cause of Armed Conflict in the Aftermath

Cause of Armed Conflict

In the aftermath of 911 and as an effect of the 'War on Terror', religion can be clearly seen as major cause of armed conflict. Such views, however, have fallen on fertile ground, following the massive debates about Samuel P. Huntington's clash of civilizations thesis, and the increased analytical attention to the interface between religion and conflict throughout most of the 1990s. Although few analysts will argue that religion is a more prominent factor in conflict now than before, the alteration of awareness is in itself a significant change. This reflects, as Oliver McTernan points out, the "opinion of a number of academics that have recognized in the midst of social, historical, political, cultural and economic factors the salience of religion also" (McTernan 2003: 87-88).

eligion may feed conflict when its normative system is considered to legitimize the use of violence. As Elise Boulding has pointed…… [Read More]

Causes of Chronic Bronchitis in Workers This

Causes of Chronic Bronchitis in Workers

This review shows the literature and research available in the issue of respiratory diseases and the various occupations. The review shows that there is a pressing need to evaluate and conduct research in the known areas like coal, cement, and pesticides, but alarmingly agriculture and other industries have also to be included.

It is not only the factories that are hazardous. There are arguments to show that even farming can cause allergies. osenman (2012) in viewing "respiratory hazards that farmers and family members" argues that the grains that can be "contaminated with fungi, bacteria or microbial toxins; pesticides; solvents; gasoline and diesel fuels; and irritant gases such as oxides of nitrogen and ammonia." This may lead to occupational asthma and the allergens in such cases could be grain dust, cow dander, cow urine, egg yolk proteins, alternaria, aspergillus, cladosporium, meal worm, poultry mites, fungi,…… [Read More]

Causes of Increased Child Obesity Causes of

Causes of Increased Child Obesity

Causes of Increased Childhood Obesity in the 21st Century

Over the last several decades, the issue of childhood obesity has been increasingly brought to the forefront. Part of the reason for this, is because the overall number of children who are overweight or obese have risen dramatically. Evidence of this can be seen with a study that was conducted by the National Institute of Health (NIH). They found that the total number of children and teenagers who are obese / overweight is one out of every three. This is the highest amount of young people ever reported in either category. As, the underlying trends have continued to increase dramatically in the last 30 years. This is troubling, because in the future these individuals will more than likely suffer from a number of health issues. A few of the most notable include: hypertension, type two diabetes,…… [Read More]

Causes of Global Warming in the Past

Causes of Global Warming

In the past twenty (20) years, human society has consumed and emitted yearly total emissions of about 6 billion metric tons of "carbon dioxide equivalent" gases worldwide, according to National Geographic (2011). These yearly emissions may seem irrelevant as a number, but this is the amount of gases emitted that contributed to the worsening condition of global warming in the world today. Global warming has so far resulted to the alarming and gradual climate change happening in most parts of the world today. Summer time could be shortened because of global warming, followed by a period of strong rains in unexpected seasons. Harvest period for farmers are significantly changed as a result of unexpected draughts or shorter periods of rain in another part of the country. What was expected as rain turned out to be a shower of hail stones. These are just observed changes in…… [Read More]

Cause Related Marketing Does CRM

eferences

Brown, N..; Olsen, G.D. & Pracejus, J.W. (2003). "On the prevalence and impact of vague quantifiers in advertising: Cause related marketing." Journal of Advertising, 32(4):19

Fogel, E. (2005, January). "Cause-elated marketing: Does corporate America genuinely care?" Marketing Profs.com. etrieved February 20, 2005: http://www.marketingprofs.com/5/fogel2.asp

Holmes, C. (2004, April). "Brand Benefits - Cause elated Marketing." Business in the Community. Available: http://www.bitc.org.uk/resources/research/research_publications/brand_benefits.html

IEG. (2001). "IEG sponsorship report." Sponsorship.com, 20 (24): 4-5; From: Kelley & Kowalczyk, (2003), "Cause marketing: Opportunities for assisting exempt organizations and sponsors."

Kelley, C.L. & Kowalczyk, T.K. (2003). "Cause marketing: Opportunities for assisting exempt organizations and sponsors." The CPA Journal, 73(2):15

Marken, G.A. (2001). "P has to be more involved in company branding." Public

elations Quarterly, 46 (4): 31

NSPCC. (2002). "NSPCC - Cause related marketing." NSPCC Online. etrieved February 17, 2005: http://www.nspcc.org.uk/html/home/fundraisingvolunteering/causerelatedmarketing.htm

Pringle, H. & Thompson, M. (2000). "Brand Spirit - How cause related marketing builds brands." New…… [Read More]

Causes of Crime - Categories

Conversely, many individuals with comparatively fewer social benefits and apparent opportunities manage to overcome their disadvantages and achieve economic, educational, and vocational success and satisfaction.

However, criminal law is neither particularly well designed nor equipped to address the disparate influences on individuals with respect to the specific factors related to criminal conduct and the relative social advantages and disadvantages available to individuals. By definition, criminal law primarily serves three principal functions

(already described); except for the deterrence component, it is not specifically intended to address the causal factors underlying criminal conduct (Schmalleger, 2001). Admittedly, therefore, criminal law essentially ignores the root causes of the conduct it is intended to redress, notwithstanding the valuable role it plays with regard to doing so, after the fact.

The responsibility of addressing the myriad social factors and societal inequities that contribute to the actual causes underlying criminal conduct do not fall within the purview…… [Read More]

Cause Effect Neither a Borrower

Needing to borrow money can be a source of shame and a seeming sign of weakness for some people. Feeling ashamed can cause Tom to resent Rob for being wealthier than he is. Tom may feel even as ashamed as to avoid going out with Rob until the money is paid back. Once again, what was once a friendship built on good times becomes more like a business relationship and a power struggle. The effects of the imbalance could last for a long time. Tom might feel permanently inferior to Rob, who never needed to borrow money himself.

On the other hand, borrowing and lending money between friends can cause friction because the person who asks for money also places him or herself in a position of power. Unlike borrowing money from a bank, paying back money to a friend is completely voluntary. Most of the time, the friends do…… [Read More]

Causes of Financial Crisis

Causes of Financial Crisis

Ireland developed high growth rates based on rapid expansion of credit and a buildup of personal debt fueled by rising property prices (Ireland's economic crisis: how did it happen and what is being done about it?). This lead to risky bank lending practices. Banks also engaged in short-term borrowing from wholesale money markets causing increased risk appetite. Supervisors and regulators failed to identify and act on the emerging risks. Where construction was a large part of the employment and economy, it caused high unemployment rates and major bank losses in a bubble burst when household income could not afford to pay mortgage debt. Property value decreased making it harder to recover the mortgage value for banks. In turn, it created difficulty for the banks to pay back the short-term borrowing to the wholesale money markets. Where risks were not identified, no plans were put in place…… [Read More]

Effecting Change the Use of

According to a 2002 survey conducted under the auspices of NIH, ecstasy abuse among college and university students in general is a widespread trend that impedes academic performance (Bar-on, 2002). The NIH survey targeted 66 4-year American universities and colleges alike. The projected findings indicated a diminishing trend in undergraduate academic performance amongst students who indulge in binge drinking and abuse ecstasy in the process. Elsewhere, a Harvard College drug study indicated persistent drug users were more likely to miss lectures and delay in their coursework than the average student (Montgomery & Fisk, 2008).

A parallel IP esearch dubbed "Predictors of academic achievement and retention among college freshmen" projected that while certain students manage to cope with the new life role upon entering college, a good number of students flunk out of college before completing their freshman year. According to this research, 75% of the freshman drop out is related…… [Read More]

Causes and Effects of Mexican American War

Mexican-American War was fought between 1846 and 1848 and marked the first war for the United States that was primary fought on foreign soil. The war was initiated by the United States, with President Polk seeking to expand American territory under the doctrine of manifest destiny. This doctrine argued that the United States should spread across all of North America, and was used as justification military action such as this one. The major outcome of the war was a massive expansion of the United States across much of what is now the American Southwest. The U.S. absorbed New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and California as the result of this conflict, something that shapes America in many ways today (History.com, 2016).

Background

At the outbreak of the war, Mexico held much of the territory that now comprises the U.S. southwest. Mexico was, however, a weak country. Its government was headquartered in…… [Read More]

Litter an Analysis of the Causes and

Litter

An Analysis of the Causes and Effects of Littering

Littering may be defined as a human behavior that results in the improper or inappropriate disposal of waste products. Litter can range from anything such as plastic bags and wrappers to appliances, electronics and biological hazardous materials. Litter can be classified as illegal dumping if the former crosses a level of quantity or volume. egardless of the volume, however, littering can have detrimental effects. In fact, studies show that even though littering "has decreased in the past 40 years" (Schultz, Stein, 2009, p. 6), "litter is still quite common" (Littering Behavior in America, 2009, p. 2). There is really only one primary cause of littering, which is nothing more than harmful human behavior. The effects of littering on humans, animals and the environment, however, are much more varied and diverse. This paper will analyze how human behavior causes littering to…… [Read More]

Fatal Flood -- Causes and

According to many historians, that relief effort was instrumental in propelling Hoover into the national spotlight and eventually helped him win the 1929 presidential election.

The Mississippi Flood as the ause of Racial Tension

Approximately 650,000 people were directly affected by the Mississippi Flood of 1927, having to relocate because their homes, property, and entire communities were completely destroyed by the flood. Almost half of them were housed in relief camps of whom almost three-quarters were African-American. In many cases, the conditions sparked racial tensions and events such as what occurred in Greenville, Mississippi. More than 10,000 people were stranded without drinking water, food, or any other supplies for several days.

When boats finally arrived, they initially rescued only children and white women, leaving white men, and African-Americans. In another event that made nationwide headlines, police had been sent to round up relief workers from the "Negro" areas. When an…… [Read More]

Solar Flares What Causes Solar Storms Why

Solar Flares

What causes solar storms? Why should people nearly a hundred million miles away on Earth care so much about them? Massive explosions of electrified plasma from the sun are identified as Solar Storms but often they just cause a beautiful light show in the farthest points of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The reason why human beings need to understand and care about solar storms is that they have the potential to cause devastating effects on the planet Earth. Those effects include problems that may affect daily life such as knocking out satellites, blacking out power grids, and completely altering the atmosphere and climate. Scientists have gathered plenty of information over the years to explain Solar storms and have even built a system to protect the Earth's energy. However, the earth is still vulnerable to solar activity, much of which remains a mystery to science. Scientists are also…… [Read More]

Mediator & Moderator Effects Applied Statistics There

MEDIATOR & MODERATOR EFFECTS

Applied Statistics

There are several goals of the article "Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research." (Frazier et al., 2004) One of the primary goals of the piece is clear delineation of each term and clear explanation of the differences (and similarities) between the two. Another goal of the authors' research is to reveal to researchers and professionals the potential depth and precision their research could achieve with knowledge and application of mediators and moderators in their studies. ith awareness and tracking of mediators and moderators, researchers can make more precise predictions, compile richer data, and provide more insightful analyses & conclusions after the study.

Interaction effects are not only important for intervention studies, however. There are many other instances in which researchers are interested in whether relations between predictor and outcome variables are stronger for some people than for others. The identification of…… [Read More]

Exposure Effects of Arsenic and Mercury Exposure

Exposure Effects of Arsenic and Mercury

Exposure Effects of Mercury and Arsenic

Symptoms of Effects of Exposure to Arsenic and Mercury

Mercury is considered as toxic metal causing neurological disorders while Arsenic is considered as a human carcinogen. Mercury mainly affects areas which are associated with the sensory, visual and auditory functions and those concerned with co-ordination. On the other hand, Arsenic exposure results in chronic diseases pertaining to skin tumors, hyper pigmentation and hyperkeratosis of palms. This paper revolves around the explanation of symptoms pertaining to the harmful exposure effects of mercury and arsenic, and also highlights how the symptoms of both differ from each other.

Symptoms of Effects of Exposure to Arsenic and Mercury

Elevated levels of exposure to Mercury and Arsenic cause harmful effects to human health, deteriorating human reproductive and nervous systems. Coal burning power plants emit mercury; home thermometers, "button" batteries, the new energy-saving fluorescent…… [Read More]

Flapper Movement the Effect of the Flappers

Flapper Movement

The Effect of the Flappers on Today's Women

The 1920's in the U.S. And UK can be described as a period of great change, both socially and economically. During this period the image of the women completely changed and a "new women" emerged who appears to have impacted social changes occurring in future generations of both men and women. This new symbol of the women was the Flapper. The Flapper was a new type of young woman that was rebellious, fun, bold and outspoken (Zeitz, 2006). This research paper explains the rise and fall of the Flapper in the 1920's, explores its historical and current impact on women in terms of culture, work, gender and social behavior and reflects on its long-term impact of the position of today's women.

Evolution of the Flapper

Flappers, most often characterized as the "New Woman," originally emerged in the 1920s in the…… [Read More]

Mitigating the Effects of Emerging Water Pollutants

Contaminants in Drinking Water and Wastewater and Effects on Environment

Drinking water and wastewater contamination pose a significant threat to the public health sector. The contaminants affect the society in various ways, including causing diseases, developmental and growth problems. The causes of the problem are identifiable and can be managed by using the most applicable strategies. As such, necessities for the adoption of strategies that will help identify the contributing factors, results and adopt effective strategies that will prevent and reduce waterway pollution. Therefore, the research provides analysis on the effects, studies, and recommendations appropriate in reducing drinking water and wastewater contamination.

Introduction

A number of chemicals play a significant role in influencing human activities of the daily living. They enable the development of new technologies and improve the standards and quality of life. Because of the widespread use of technology, chemicals enter the environment. Although, it is unintentional in…… [Read More]

Government - The Diversionary Effects

In this respect, it was not the reality which mattered but rather the perception of that reality. Most of the times during the Cold War, but especially after the fall of the Iron Curtain, the reality showed that the perception of the Russian Soviets as the strongest forces in the world was often not true. Still it motivated the U.S. To consider all sorts of side games to defeat the communist threat, which in fact was not as big as considered throughout the decades.

Diversionary war has its own motivation in terms of psychological impact on the population. People tend to view the international threat as being the ultimate point of reference for danger. The state in itself is the most trusted instrument for the insurance of security, and an international threat constitutes the questioning of this establishment. More precisely, it has been argued that "as the leader of one…… [Read More]

Goldenberg Et Al 2001 and Titled Cause

Goldenberg, et al. (2001), and titled "Cause or effect? A longitudinal study of immigrant Latino parents' aspirations and expectations of their children's school performance." (p. 547). The authors collected data using the longitudinal study from randomly selected immigrant Latino families whose children were mostly born in the United States. The research used the mixed method combining both quantitative and qualitative research, and the authors tracked N= 121 families of schools children in two Los Angeles school area districts, and the families of the children were tracked from "kindergarten to sixth grade." (Goldenberg, et al. 2001, p 547),

The procedures used in the research are by randomly selecting N= 32 families for the case study and the interviews were conducted for the families "10 times between the time their children were admitted into kindergarten and completed 6th grade." (Goldenberg, et al. 2001 p 554). The interviews were conducted within three years…… [Read More]

Downsizing the Effects of Downsizing a Noted

Downsizing

The Effects of Downsizing

A noted scholar recently assessed downsizing as "probably the most pervasive yet understudied phenomenon in the business world" (Cameron, 1994). While we have become numbed by the near daily accounts of new layoffs, a New York Times national survey finding is perhaps more telling: since 1980, a family member in one-third of all U.S. households has been laid off (New York Times, 1996). By some measures, downsizing has failed abjectly as a tool to achieve the main raison d'etre, reduced costs. According to a Wyatt Company survey covering the period between 1985 and 1990, 89% of organizations, which engaged in downsizing, reported expense reduction as their primary goal, while only 42% actually reduced expenses. Downsizing for the sake of cost reduction alone has been castigated intellectually as shortsighted and neglectful of what resources will be needed to increase the revenue stream of the future (Hamel…… [Read More]

Different Parenting Styles and Their Effect on Children's Behavior

Parenting Styles and their Effect on Children Behavior

Different Parenting Styles

This research paper is based on Baumrind's theory of parenting and covers the impact and consequences of different parenting styles on children's development extensively. Four parenting styles named authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved are discussed in detail. This paper also discusses parenting style of Canada, Japan and China in contrast with Baumrind's theory of parenting. All the impacts and influences on parenting style are deeply studied and discussed.

Early years of learning in a child's life is believed to make a significant difference in the way they develop and go on to learn throughout their lives (Kim, 1999). Developmental psychologists have been making research about the role played by parents and its impact on child development. However, developing a cause-and-effect link between parents behavior and brought up and its impact on child behavior and attitude is a relatively tough…… [Read More]

Physiological Effects of Chronic Stress

Continuous production of cortisol may also decrease the availability of tryptophan, the precursor for serotonin, resulting in depression, other mood disorders, and changes in appetite and sleep. Hyperactivity of the stress response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of melancholic depression, anxiety, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, and cardiovascular disease. Conversely, hyporeactivity of the stress response has been associated with disorders such as atypical depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypothyroidism, and obesity (Selhub, 2002).

It has been shown that there is a definite connection between chronic stress and physical and psychological responses in the body. Stress in small amounts is fine, but chronic stress over a long extended period of time has been shown to manifest itself in a number of different physical and physiological aliments. It is believed by many experts that people should take steps to decrease their stress levels in…… [Read More]

Perceived Effect of Culture on

This, he says, is a big challenge considering the fact that all team members along with the top management come from different cultural backgrounds.

Polley and ibbens (1998) in their pioneering research assert that team wellness has got to be tackled in order to create high performance teams. The challenges that need to be over come have been thoroughly researched. The most commonly found problems are: lack of commitment and consideration from top management; probability of sharing enhanced productivity; creation and sustenance of trust (Polley and ibbens, 1998); and skills to deal with conflicts; both within tasks and amongst people (Amason et al., 1995).

Polley and ibbens (1998) assert that emergence of these problems can be either (1) persistent; and/or (2) immediate and/or intense. Extending the team wellness concept, Beech and Crane (1999) outlined a five dimensional strategy to overcome the problems most event managers might face when creating high…… [Read More]

Oil Prices the Effects of

The member nations of OPEC are relatively few, making it easier for them to form a producing conglomerate; the idea of a consumer conglomerate is untenable, as OPEC will always be able to find an extensive enough market for its commodity with other countries not in this conglomerate, and thus they can still control the price.

Conclusion

The oil industry is not fueled by supply or demand so much as it is by the simple motivator of most economic decisions -- greed. Economies exist precisely because there is competition for limited resources. Any more, the resources that are actually necessary for life are not limited in the developed world, and the competition for unnecessary resources ends up depriving other regions of basic necessities. The oil producing countries of the world are cashing in on the system like and "intelligent" economic actor.

orks Cited

Econbrowser. "New study of the effects of…… [Read More]

Classical Causes of Criminal Behavior

43)

Foundation and Focus The foundation for the Classical Theory to crime focused less on the criminal and targeted more on securing a rational, fair system for controlling and putting punishments in order. Little concern was given to causes of criminal behaviors. Significant words/definitions related to this theory include:

Classicism - The Enlightenment view of crime that stresses free will and rationality and the corresponding rationality of the justice system....

Free will - According to the classical school, people possess reason. This means that they can calculate the course of action that is in their self-interest. This in turn gives them a degree of freedom....

Just deserts - A justification for punishment which insists that offenders should be punished only as severely as they deserve. It was a reaction against the unfair excesses of rehabilitation and the 'get tough' drive from conservatives during the 1970s." (Carrabine, Iganski, Lee, Plummer &…… [Read More]