Statistics Essays (Examples)

Statistics and Their Importance to Research Investigation. Although all research activities do not require the use of statistical data analysis when an investigator wants to report upon the differences, effects and/or relationships between and amongst groups or phenomena (i.e. variables) there must a concerted effort to measure the phenomenon with as much precision and accuracy as possible (Mendenhall & Ramey, 1973). This is, of course, accomplished through the use of statistics. Situations wherein statistical processes are not required are generally reserved for qualitative types of research such as historical, philosophical, and/or cultural trend studies.

One of man's greatest fears is that of the power of numbers. For most people numbers are nothing more than a hodgepodge of digits that are bewildering and often meaningless. As a result individuals often prefer to judge events, occurrences, phenomena, and situations from a traditionalist point-of-view wherein reason, conclusion, and inference are made on the…

Statistics and Juries

In the video "How Statistics Fool Juries," Oxford mathematician Peter Donnelly attempts to demonstrate through a number of examples how statistics, when viewed in a common manner, can be misunderstood and how this can have legal repercussions. Through a number of thought experiments, Donnelly provides the audience with examples of how seemingly simple statistics can be misinterpreted and how many more variables must be taken into account when calculating chance. Primarily he exposes the audience to the concept of relative difference, or the difference in likelihood between two possibilities in the same scenario. He then goes on to explain that without an understanding of this concept, many juries misunderstand statistics used in trials and very often convict people based on this faulty understanding.

Donnelly begins his presentation with a thought experiment involving the tossing of a coin and predicts the possibility of a certain series of results.…

One of the most common fallacies is to confuse correlation with causation, but the two are actually distinct. My demonstrating that construction of snowmen and outbreak of acne occur simultaneously does not mean that snowmen produce acne. It may imply an underlying matter, such as the snow itself may contain some component that may instigate the outbreak, or the children who build the snowmen may be particularly vulnerable to acne, and during that period of the year, and so forth. Two factors happening concurrently, does not mean that one influences the other.

Readers may also take the percentage face blank unaware of the notion of margin of error. Margin of error implies that the data shows only an approximate result of the sampled population (usually 95%). There is a certain percentage of error either way, and so the end results can only be approximate, never absolutely certain.

Using statistics in…

As explained earlier, statisticians in the academe and in specialist industries apply principles and techniques of statistics in different ways. Statisticians in the academe apply their knowledge of statistics in more scientific approaches: multivariate analyses, for example, are reported in a scientific manner, usually communicated in a scholarly approach through journal articles and published or unpublished research reports. Industry specialists, meanwhile, implement statistical principles and techniques more creatively, for their clients/end-users to understand the statistical techniques used and findings culled out from the analyses. Multivariate analyses that may have been reported scientifically by academicians would be converted and simplified as "maps" (e.g., perceptual maps, quadrant maps) to 'laymanize' statistical findings and make it easier for clients to relate the findings to their business needs and issues.

In effect, statisticians market their expertise in different ways, depending on the end-users of their statistical projects. For academicians, statistics is marketed as a…

Statistics are the tools to describe the systematic body of information that assist policy makers or managers to make decision about important issues. Statistics provide the accurate methodology to draw the accurate inference from the sample of data to the full population. Despite the benefits derived from applied statistics, there are challenges that policy makers face in measuring social issues.

Answer to Question A

In public sector, statistical approach is used to carry out the measurement. Measurement is the process of assigning number to the issue that policy makers are interested in studying or analyzing. There are various methods to go about measuring social problem. First, the attitude of the total population to a social problem could be measured by sampling the opinion of the population towards the issue. Meier et al. (2011) reveal the method in measuring complex issue such as measuring the religion preference of a particular racial…

In a follow-up experimentalinvestigation among female college students, Onwuegbuzie (1995) reported asignificant interaction between statistics test anxiety and type of examination (i.e.

Specifically, three types of factors are identified: (a) situational factors, such as math experience (Betz, 1978; Roberts & Bilderback, 1980; Tomazic & Katz, 1988; Zeidner, 1991; Wilson, 1997; Balo_lu, 2001; Hong & Karstensson, 2002; Balo_lu, 2003), statistics experience (Sutarso, 1992), computer experience (Zimmer & Fuller, 1996), and research experience (Trimarco, 1997); (b) dispositional factors, such as math self-concept or self-esteem (Zeidner, 1991), scholastic competence or multiple intelligences (Birenbaum & Eylath, 1994; Daley & Onwuegbuzie, 1997; Onwuegbuzie, 2000c), perfectionism (Onwuegbuzie & Daley, 1999; Walsh & gumba-Agwunobi, 2002), hope (Onwuegbuzie. 1998b), and procrastination (Onwuegbuzie, 2000a; Walsh & gumba-Agwunobi, 2002); and - personal factors, such as learning style (Onwuegbuzie, 1998a; Wilson & Onwuegbuzie, 2001), age (Baloglu, 2003), gender (Betz, 1978; Roberts & Bilderback, 1980; Demaria-Mitton, 1987; Benson, 1989; Benson & Bandalos,…

Statistics in News eports

According to a recent article published on The Chart, CNN.com's comprehensive medical blog authored by Dr. Sanjay Gupta and Elizabeth Cohen, the number of American children who fall victim to accidental death each year has plummeted during the last decade. The article, entitled Accidental Death ate for Children Falls, details the dramatic decrease in the "death rate from unintentional injuries among children and adolescents from birth to age 19" (Gupta M.D. & Cohen, 2012), and provides a litany of statistical evidence to support this claim. As is always the case with the media's deployment of statistics, scientific records and other numerical support, a careful reader should avoid taking supposed facts and figures at face value without first subjecting the data to careful scrutiny. Until any statistical presentation can withstand the reader's rigorous examination, any conclusions drawn from the data in question must be considered to be…

Statistics and Econometrics

ID- 4119L

2011/12 LEVEL

STATISTICS AND ECONOMETICS

Present your data in a table showing the names of the variables. Make sure the full definitions and sources of each variable are given.

Birth ates: (thousands)

Quarter1 (Q1)

Quarter2 (Q2)

Quarter3 (Q3)

Quarter4 (Q4)

GDP per capita (GDP)

The GDP data used was from http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html in the table Economics, Business, and the Environment -- GDP: GDP per capita, current U.S. dollars

Current U.S.$ per person

GDP

The equation to be estimated is:

Bi = b0 + b1 GDPi+ ui (i)

(i) In terms of the literature on demand for children, what would you expect to find for the coefficient on b1 ?

is expected to have a negative value. There is an indirect negative relationship between the birth rate and GDP per capita of a country. Generally, as the GDP per capita increases, the birth rate decreases [James M.…

Statistics of Oil Peak

In the present times, the depletion of oil all over the world has become a major topic of concern all over, and this subject is indeed an extremely important one because of the fact that a world without oil is a frightening prospect and will hurt mankind and the very lifestyle of human beings everywhere. Since it is well-known that everywhere it is conventional oil that is being produced in large quantities today, it must be understood that the production of this oil has been dominating the oil production all over the world, in fact, about 95% of oil that has been produced so far is the conventional oil, and there is no doubt that it will continue to dominate oil supply all over the world for a great many years in the future. It was in the 1960's that the discovery of conventional oil actually…

Again, the presidential campaign acted as a catalyst for technology adoption, and led to first-time social networking users getting online. It also led to existing users creating additional profiles as well.

On the third most significant variable in determining the effects of social networks on which candidate would eventually win Q39. Do you have a single profile on each site, or do you have multiple profiles on one web site? Provides the most fascinating data from the three variables included in the analysis. Notice that the distribution of results is bifurcated from one spectrum to the other. This signals that through the use of the participative aspects of social networks, candidates were able to get the support of the top 5% of social networkers, as evidenced by having more than one profile on a given network. The mean value of this variable is 1.17 and it has a mode of…

DAY, YR.SMOKE, and CO.LEVEL).

f. Draw a scatterplot to illustrate the relationship between CIG.DAY and CO.LEVEL. Describe the slope of the scatterplot.

g. Is it correct to say that higher intake of cigarettes (CIG.DAY) causes higher levels of carbon monoxide (CO.LEVEL)? Based solely on your correlation coefficient, explain why or why not.

2. Use the same data and compute the following using SPSS. Be sure to enter the data accurately into the program and to print off copies of your data and output files.

a. Determine the two Pearson correlation coefficients for the data provided below.

b. If you haven't already, analyze (using correlation ( bivariate) all three variables at once so that you see a correlation matrix in your printout.

c. Have SPSS generate three scatterplots: CIG.DAY and YR.SMOKE, CIG.DAY and CO.LEVEL, and YR.SMOKE and CO.LEVEL.

SEX

YR.SMOKE

CIG.DAY

CO.LEVEL

Female

20

15

17

Male

27

40

28

Female…

Managing to a significant reduction in variably is a key aspect of Six Sigma, which explains why statistics are used extensively throughout the quality management strategies of services companies and manufacturers alike (Bergquist, Albing, 2006).

Many organizations are creating enterprise-wide quality management systems that encompass product and service process audits, Six Sigma strategies for gaining greater performance from trimming wasted time and materials for processes, and the development of quality management levels (Elshennawy, 2004). In conjunction with all of these aspects of an enterprise quality management strategy, manufacturers are using Corrective Action/Preventative Action (CAPA) process workflows to evaluate how statistically evaluating product quality will affect preventative action taken to permanently remove variation from the sourcing, supply chain, production or services processes. Statistics are used to further analyze why a specific product or service process is out of its boundaries of performance over time. Further, statistics are also being used to…

tatistics and Airplane Part Maintenance

When one works within the aircraft repair industry it is essential to both demonstrate the utmost technical know-how, as well as possess an uncanny ability to somehow predict any potential problems that might arise with a particular aircraft or part. Of course, the reason this is so important is because of the nature of flight, itself. After all, it is hardly wise to wait until a critical part or system related problem arises to deal with it. In mid-air, one simply does not have the luxury of pulling over to the side of the road to fix the issue.

Within my work setting as an aircraft parts repair specialist, it is my job to prepare or repair parts for the airplanes on my military base. Although I do not install the parts, it is not only up to me to fix the parts that are…

Personality: Personality is a subtle and difficult to define aggregate of traits and qualities that define an individual. To talk about personality is to refer to the way someone communicates, thinks, and acts in the world. Differences in psychology are often due to differences in personality. When things like family background and neurology are ruled out, personality can account for why one friend is shy and another one is gregarious. Some people's personality changes, whereas others' personality remains relatively stable throughout their life.

Psychological Assessment: A psychological assessment can be based on clinical observations, interview data, or formal tests. Assessments are crucial to determine a client's needs, course of treatment, and to measure treatment outcomes. If a person experiences symptoms like extreme fatigue, that person would get assessed and the clinician may offer a diagnosis such as depression.

Social psychology: Social psychology refers to the impact of psychological factors on…

The morphological properties of the virion are non-enveloped, with isometric Necleocapsids 27 nm in diameter. The symmetry is icosahedral, with the Nucleocapsids round in shape. Further, there are 12 capsomers per neucleocapsid (ICTV). Additionally, the virions each hold one molecule of linear positive-sense single stranded RNA, with a total genome length of 7500 nt, and a hairpin structure (ICTV).

Treatment and Prevention:

The impact of the Hepatitis a can vary from mild to serious illness. It is normally transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water which has come in contact with the feces of a carrying person (again, usually through bad hand washing, or poor sewage systems). The symptoms vary, but usually result in liver involvement causing weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, fever and jaundice. Severe reactions can lead to liver damage, failure, and even death. Unfortunately, there is no specific (or effective) treatment for Hepatitis a Instead,…

Statistics

What I Learned About Statistics

The most important thing that I have learned about statistics is that there is no reason to be afraid. Prior to studying statistics and statistical methods many students view statistics as being extremely difficult, dense, and nearly impossible to understand. After learning about the various types of statistics, analyses, hypothesis testing, and so forth it becomes quite clear that statistics is a logical discipline that begins with basic assumptions and building blocks and then builds upon them more advanced and practical methods of understanding the world.

At the basic level descriptive statistics serve as the foundation for the entire field (Black, 2011). Descriptive statistics summarize data, data being observations of the world that are given quantitative values (Tanner & Youssef -- Morgan, 2013). The most commonly used sets of descriptive statistics are measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion (Tanner & Youssef --…

."

Where the data consists of numerical things like number of cows that give birth to bulls in a region, the answer may be straightforward. But where there is interaction between the chosen variables, especially where the humans are involved as a variable unlike inanimate objects like gases or salt will not produce the same linear results that could be expected from a scientific experiment as in physics for example. In contrast, the interaction between the multifarious individuals that comprise of the data collected may actually delay or change the patterns of the results based on many factors "that actually may dampen the individual effects of the two variables, as when two noises combine to create a zone of apparent quiet. Two gases may be relatively harmless when released into the atmosphere separately, but may yield lethal toxins when released together."

When we test the interaction effects in the case…

statistics also identify various types as well as levels of the same. Further, the role statistics plays in business decision making will also be explored. Later on, a number of examples will be presented in an attempt to identify situations in which statistics can be put to use.

A review of literature demonstrates that over time, different authors have given varying definitions of statistics. According to Siegel (2011), "statistics is the art and science of collecting and understanding data." However, a more common and realistic definition of statistics is that given by Webster's Third New International Dictionary. In this case, statistics according to Black (2011) is defined as "a science dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data."

There are various levels and types of statistics. In general, statistical methods can be categorized into two i.e. inferential statistics and descriptive statistics. In the words of Black (2011),…

tatistics

The plant opening is only a few months away and the Board of Directors for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc. is interested in learning more about what you recommend for plant productivity analysis. pecifically, the board members want you to identify and describe the tools and techniques that are available that will help the plant's executive team better conduct statistical analyses for plant productivity evaluation. Be sure to define the management information systems in-place that will provide the productivity data required.

What quantitative research techniques/statistics would you recommend for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc.

What information would you expect the statistics to provide for ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc.

Analyze research quantitative techniques, business statistics, and data evaluation techniques.

ABC Complete Kitchens, Inc. will certainly be helped by using quantitative statistics to help it analyze its plant productivity. Research has consistently found that the most successful business are inevitably those that use…

Statistics have numerical data that reveals information that a person can conclude on a given social phenomenon. The information is usually not sufficient to understand the whole concept behind the research. Hence, additional information is required in order to know the full aim and target results of the study (Babbie, 2010).

What information do we miss when we look only at statistical data?

Statistical data cannot provide the mindset of the researcher. While a person is organizing a research, it is critical to understand the aim and objective of the research. These two aspects drive the research to the end. However, by receiving numerical or statistical data a person cannot know the intentions of the researcher to have a full picture of the study (Babbie, 2010).

A summary report on Diabetes

Diabetes is marked as one of the leading terminal disease in the U.S. The report compiled by Center for…

Statistics in the Workplace

Use of Statistics at Cincom Systems

The use of statistics in pervasive throughout Cincom Systems, from tracking customer behavior through research surveys to measuring software quality and continually striving to attain higher levels of application performance and stability. Statistics are specifically used for managing the ongoing investments in online marketing including Google AdWords analysis, where descriptive statistics are used for measuring the performance of specific programs and strategies. There are also inferentially-based statistics used for measuring the overall level of software quality today and what levels would need to be attained to keep on track for having all applications available on the Web via the Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model by 2015.

Statistical Analysis and New Product Development

Using ongoing customer surveys and market research programs, much data has been collected on what customers want in future product released, and how important each of these features are. There…

The article “Watchdog Says L.A. Sheriff’s Department Collects Flawed Data, Reports Inaccurate Statistics” appears in the August 8 edition of the Los Angeles Times. In the article, reporter Maya Lau shows how the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department misuses statistics. This article shows how biases can guide not only the collection of data and the methodology used to test hypotheses, but also how biases can lead to actual changes in public policy with potentially detrimental or disastrous outcomes.
The Lau article is based on the primary source, the Huntsman report compiled by the Office of Inspector General of Los Angeles. Data was collected using multiple methods, as the report details different raw data measures presumably used and collected by the Sheriff’s Department. In fact, data was collected using different types of software that did not necessarily integrate with one another, according to both Huntsman and Lau. Duplicate entries or multiple…

Construct Confidence Intervals
Part 1
1. Explain the difference between a 95% confidence interval and a 99% confidence interval in terms of probability
a) To construct a 95% confidence interval for a population, mean µ, what is the correct critical value z*?
A 95% confidence interval implies that in the event that 100 different kinds of samples are taken into consideration and a 95% confidence interval is calculated for every sample, then roughly 95 out of the 100 confidence intervals will have the true mean value, which is µ
To construct a 95% confidence interval for a population, mean µ, the correct critical value of z* is P (-1.96 < Z < 1.96) = 0.95
b) To construct a 99% confidence interval for a population, mean µ, what is the correct critical value z*?
A 99% confidence interval implies that in the event that 100 different kinds of samples are…

Descriptive statistics are used “to synthesize and describe data” by supplying parameters commonly based on averages and percentages that are “calculated with data from a population” (Polit & Beck, 2017, p. 215). While descriptive statistics essentially describe characteristics of the data, there are levels of measurement that can be implemented to aid in that description. These levels include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal level offers the least amount of detail, while interval and ratio levels offer the most. At the nominal level, variables are categorized without any obvious meaning in the relationship: for instance, age and religious affiliation would be considered nominal level variables. In descriptive statistics, nominal level data is commonly used to measure frequencies and percentages.
With ordinal level variables, there tends to be more order or meaning in the grouping, based on hierarchical arrangement: for instance, runners in a race might be ranked according to where…

Working with Inferential Statistics
Discussion
In seeking to determine whether children exposed to movies created prior to the year 1980 caused more injuries than children who were exposed to movies after the year 1980, we formulate our null and alternative hypothesis as below:
H0:µ before 1980=µ after 1980
H1:µ before 1980 ? µ after 180
µ is the mean of injuries
The level of significance ?=0.05
From the result derived from the SPSS software at 95% confidence interval, we reject the null hypothesis and come to the conclusion that there is no significant difference between mean in the injuries for the movies created before 1980(M=0.74 s=1.010) and the injuries reported for the movies created after 1980(M=2.12 s=2.016) t(72), p=0.0015 ?=0.05. In the words of Hinton, Brownlow, and McMurray (2004), “if the Levene’s test is not significant (p>0.05), this indicates the variances are approximately equal” (180). In essence, it is evident…

Introduction
The business taken into account for the analysis is Google, Inc. The primary data being collected is on Google and on different mobile applications to evaluate the validity of whether the latter are becoming more significant and popular compared to Google. In this case, the independent variable is percentage of internet usage on Google for every period. Basically, the metric taken into consideration is the percentage of time spent on Google in a day against the percentage used on various other Mobile Applications. This is purposed to facilitate the establishment of trends between Google and Mobile Applications and attain a vivid picture of their individual popularities.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics takes into account the processes employed to provide a summarization and delineation of the significant characteristics of a set of measurements. Descriptive statistics provides basic sum-ups regarding the sample and the measures and in tandem with basic graphical examinations,…

Statistics Anxiety
My sources of statistics anxiety as I begin this course are mainly located in my general lack of precise knowledge about how statistics work and are generated. As the University of Kansas (2019) points out, many students put off taking statistics courses in college because it is the last thing they want to do. There is a great deal of nervousness experienced by people when it comes to analyzing data using statistics and mathematical equations that, to be frank, they simply do not understand. The main problem is the fact that it requires so much covering of so much new ground that the student has never before in all his or her education ever really encountered. So it is very much like entering into foreign territory or being adrift at sea. That is what makes me nervous and gives me statistics anxiety.
Another key point that has been…

Using statistics in criminal justice leads to evidence-based policy and practice. Criminal justice leadership can rely on statistical data to understand which policies are working and why, and how to change policies that are not yielding desired results. Leaders who rely on statistics are less likely to base policy decisions and judgments regarding criminal justice practices on politics rather than on achieving specific goals such as crime rate reduction. Therefore, criminal justice statistics can help improve organizational efficiency and integrity, allowing leaders to focus resources on policies and programs that yield demonstrable and significant results.
Statistical data helps criminal justice policy makers divert resources appropriately to fund studies that yield measurable results. Moreover, statistical research can help promote new techniques, tactics, programs, policies, procedures, and technologies that can help reduce rates of crime and create safer communities. According to the United States Department of Justice (2017), “research is critical to…

Statistical Techniques
Introduction
Statistics is defined as a methodology of gathering data, analyzing it, understanding the data and forming appropriate conclusions from the analysis. Not many subjects are as broad or have as many important applications as statistics (Wooldridge & Jeffrey, 2013). Mathematicians, scientists and researchers in general rely on statistics to interpret the information they collect or encounter in their specific fields of work. In general, nearly everything that covers the collection, interpretation, manipulation and presentation of data is considered statistics (Armitage, Berry, 2011). This paper discusses various statistical instruments, their assumptions and their uses. In the end, a conclusion is given.
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r, is a statistical instrument that looks at the strength and the direction of the relationship between any two variables. It is more accurately known as the Person product-moment correlation coefficient (Taylor, Jeremy 2010). Simply put, it is a statistical instrument meant…

Transversality and intersection theory / Sard’s theorem, topological analysis approach
Introduction
The concept of transversality deals with the intersection of two objects; in several ways, one may consider it the reverse of tangency. For transversality to occur between two sub- manifolds, their tangential spaces at every intersection point need to extend across the ambient manifold’s tangent space. Transversality, invariably, particularly fails in case of tangency between two sub- manifolds. However, a more notable point is, tangency lacks stability: all situations involving tangency between two objects may be effortlessly and somewhat disturbed into non- tangent situations, which isn’t true when it comes to transversality. Part of the reason why transversality is so sound a tool is its stability.
Rene Thom, a French mathematician, introduced the idea of transversality during the 50s. In his doctoral thesis performed in the year 1954, he included the proof and statement of his Transversality Theorem (Greenblatt,…

Construct a Research Design Using Secondary Data
Part 1
Secondary data takes into account data that is gathered by someone else aside from the user. Examples of sources of secondary data comprise of data gathered by government establishments, organizational records in addition to data that was initially gathered for other purposes of research. The secondary data selected for this paper is census. In delineation, a census is the process of methodically obtaining and recording data and information regarding the members of a certain population. It is a frequently recurring and formal count of a certain population. Moreover, it is a kind of administrative data, but it is gathered for the purpose of research at distinctive time periods and intervals. Census information is obtained from the United States Census Bureau. Reliability is delineated as the magnitude to which an appraisal tool generates steady and consistent outcomes. The census data obtained can…

Statistic Data From Department of Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, National Institute of Health

ADULTS

Every second person in Armenia, irrespective of sex, is a smoker. Only 15% of the population have never smoked before WOMEN and SMOKING

53,6% smoked some time in the past

39,6% smoke

Chart indicates % of women smoke... cigarettes per day

Chart indicates that in Armenia among the smoking women the percentage of women with higher education is significantly more than those having secondary education.

Qui Hing

Tobacco and Teenagers

In Armenia about half of the smokers start smoking reaching the age of 18, 36,6% of teenagers are smoke

Number of cigarettes per day

Boys and girls

Boys and young men in Armenia start smoking much sooner than girls, more than a half of a yang men start doing it before reaching the age of 18. Absolute majority of girls in Armenia start smoking after the…

A level of quality assurance should be indicated within the confines of any study or related matter provided in literature used to inform, mimic, or develop in the means of school counseling.

Retrospective Studies = Research conducted by reviewing records or information about past events elicited through interviews with persons who have, and controls who do not have, a disease under investigation (UP, 2002). This term may apply to the study of habits or past behavior of subjects to who school counseling focus is directed. In observance of such habits and past behavior, proper and necessary approaches to certain students/subjects can effectively be taken.

Single-blind Design = Typically, a study designed in which the investigator, but not the subject, knows the treatment assigned. Occasionally, the subject, rather than the investigator, knows the assignment (UP, 2002). As in the Double-blind Design, this approach of study may be of such listed or…

statistics being studied were the general demographic statistics from the 2006 census. These statistics provide insight into the ethnic diversity of Canada. There were a number of significant statistics that were noted. The statistics on languages spoken at home reveal a number of different things. Among them is the substantial amount of diversity among First Nations, but also the lack of native language speakers in that group, with the largest being Cree at 47,190 speakers but most being only a few hundred or thousand speakers. Native speakers of other languages are also varied. There are sixteen languages with at least 100,000 people who speak the language at home. The list of languages spoken at least somewhat at home reveals even more about the diversity of the country with over 10,000 speakers of dozens of different languages, some quite obscure.

There are also interesting statistics with respect to the source of…

Statistics to Mislead

Statistics can be misleading. People can use misleading statistics to persuade others to buy a product or share their point-of-view. Britain's Sunday Times, for example, alerted readers more than a decade ago to this tactic, showing that insurance companies often use misleading figures to scare consumers into buying expensive coverage they may never need (Cooper, 2001). In Mathematics in Our World, Bluman (2011) provides numerous examples of the ways statistics are presented to lead the reader to a false conclusion. This paper answers two of the questions in Bluman's textbook about misleading statistics.

No mathematical calculations were required in answering these questions. One need only to give some thought to the information presented. Statistics, when read quickly and without consideration, may appear to tell a certain story, often one that is meant to alarm the reader and/or incite action. Closer examination, however, can reveal a completely different…

There are also ethical issues pertaining to the observational method that will be discussed later in this paper.

Experience surveys are widely used throughout qualitative research studies, due to their focus on bringing greater insights into the study through the interviewing of experts in chosen fields. There is also a strong focus on how to gain insights of experts in the future definition of the methodology being created, and how the research objectives can be more effectively accomplished as well. Experience surveys also are often used in the first stages of a research project. Another qualitative research technique, the case study, takes the concept of gaining insight and applies it to an organization and its dynamics. A case study seeks to define and complete a thorough analysis of one or more specific circumstances within institution of interest. The goal of case studies is to measure the relationships, inter-dependencies and cause-and-effect…

This makes the response more concrete and increases the ability to be reliable and valid. It must always be remembered that an operational definition is a matter of degree; there is an infinite factors that can be considered. The goal is not to have a completely concrete definition, but rather one that can be replicated by another researcher. The more information that is found the less subjectivity and possible bias. There is more information gained on the reason for enjoyment, for example, as noted above with "I enjoy my work," and "I find satisfaction in my work because I can demonstrate my best abilities to others." a) the researcher's assumption is not valid. The person could be ordering the magazine for a variety of reasons, such as wanting to buy a car or looking for the most cost-efficient green products. The purpose of validity is to know that you are…

Interestingly, however, only females reported over 60 hours per week. The scatterplot below shows the hours worked with females on the top axis:

Mean

29.0567

Standard Error

1.132015

Median

40

Mode

40

Standard Deviation

19.31074

Sample Variance

Kurtosis

-1.0554

Skewness

-0.26386

Range

80

Minimum

0

Maximum

80

Sum

Count

The correlation between the satisfaction with the weight in men and women is 0.097. As expected, this is also a weak correlation, but it does indicate that males are more likely to be satisfied with their weight. 46.6% of males and 37.3% of females indicated that they were satisfied with their weight. The chart below shows females in pink and men in blue. The top axis represents the number that are not satisfied with their weight and the lower axis, the ones that are.

Mean

1.584192

Standard Error

0.028942

Median

2

Mode

2

Standard Deviation

0.49371

Sample Variance

0.243749

Kurtosis

-1.89513…

You can include a table to show the comparison if you want to. Do not be concerned with the small number used in each group in the study.

TO: National Kidney Foundation, Board of Directors

FROM: Jon Doe, Staff Statistician

DATE: June 23, 2013

SUBJECT: Future Research Funding Recommendations

Upon examination of the data submitted by the two research groups using a graphical view (see below), it became obvious that Group I could have an outlier. Using the maximum value Grubbs test, it was determined that this value was indeed an outlier and was excluded from the data prior to further statistical analysis.

Once the outlier was removed from the data it became clear that mean of the Group II data (11) was higher than the mean of the Group I data (see table below), suggesting better results with the Group II treatment; however, the magnitude of the standard deviations…

assist the Nyke Shoe Company in determining what size shoe to produce at the most efficient cost and highest value. The Company has decided that it would be a more profitable company if it was able to produce one shoe for the marketplace instead of a variety of sizes. The one shoe that the company produces will have to provide the opportunity for the greatest amount of people to purchase and therefore will have to (statistically speaking) appeal to the largest audience. There are a number of statistical methods that would help in determining just what that audience is and who would fall into that category.

According to Charles heelan, author of Naked Statistics; "Many businesses must assess the risks associated with assorted adverse outcomes" (heelan, 2013, p. 7). One can hardly imagine a more adverse outcome than to go out of business, and it would seem on the face…

Take for instance ed Hat, a leading provider of open source software applications. Its annual report for 2009 reveals an increase in its training and services revenues from $45 million in 2005 to $47 million in 2006, to $59 million in 2007, to $73 million in 2008 to $111 million in 2009. From this assessment, the leaders of the organization could come to the conclusion that it would be wise to further invest in the business division of training and services offered to customers.

The second most important means in which statistical information is useful to financial analysis reveals the assessment of a company's financial ratios in light of the ratios of its competitors, or the average ratios of the industry. Statistics helps organizational leaders compute financial ratios such as earnings per share, gross margin, current ratio or others. Following the previous example, ed Hat's current ratio is of 1.90…

The writer asserts that an ensuring study incororating a number of factors, external to team members deliberate contributions, may roffer additional insight to further enhance knowledge about rugby alications for coaches to consider with their ractices.

Study II

In the case study, "Effects of consecutive basketball games on the game-related statistics that discriminate winner and losing teams," Sergio-Jose Ibanez, Javier Garcia, and Sebastian Feu, all with the University of Extremadura, and Alberto Lorenzo, Technical University of Madrid, with Jaime Samaio (2009), University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro at Vila Real, analyzed data they obtained from the Sanish Basketball Federation; including games layed during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons in the Under20 league. Ibanez, Garcia Feu, Lorenzo and Samaio used the observational method to conduct their study which analyzed a total of 223 games with the following variables, "selected according to the FIBA (International Basketball Federation) normative for game analysis" (Ibid.,…

Statistics in the Hospital Setting

During the course of performing my professional duties at College Hospital, which is a psychiatric facility located in Cerritos, California, I encounter patients who are struggling to maintain some semblance of a normal life despite struggling with one or more mental illnesses or psychological impairments. College Hospital is a 187-bed, free-standing psychiatric care unit which is accredited by The Joint Commission and licensed by the California Department of Health Services, and part of my job is assist in providing a wide range of psychiatric services for a wide range of patient demographics. As the leader in Partial Hospitalization Programs throughout the greater Los Angeles and Orange County metropolitan areas, College Hospital relies on the accurate and efficient use of statistics to ensure positive patient outcomes.

An Example of Descriptive Statistics Used in My Workplace:

While working at College Hospital the use of descriptive statistics has…

eduction of Prejudice

The Contact Hypothesis of Gordon Allport and the eduction of Prejudice

The literature covering the nature of prejudice, its scope, the effects of prejudice, and methods to reduce on prejudice is among the most extraordinary body of literature in all of social science. The total volume of research on the topic of prejudice is quite extraordinary and this body of work reflects several decades of scholarly investigation of the meaning of prejudice, its assessment, its etiology, its consequences, and methods to reduce prejudice. There are very few areas of study that have attracted a greater range of theoretical perspectives than the area of prejudice. Theorizing about the nature and manifestation of prejudice has also been accompanied by many spirited debates about the appropriate way to conceptualize methods to reduce prejudice in people. The result has been a rich body of measurement instruments and reduction strategies. The most…

Healthcare/Statistics/Human esources Leadership

Unit 3-Assignment Details: Statistic

Empirical probability of an occurrence is essentially an estimate that this occurrence will take place on the basis of how frequent the occurrence takes place subsequent to the collection of data or conducting an experiment. Empirical probability is grounded distinctively on direct observations or experiences. On the other hand, theoretical probability of an occurrence is the number of ways that the occurrence can take place divided by the total number of outcomes. In other words, it is trying to find the probability of occurrences that emanate from a sample space of known equally probable outcomes (Anastas, 1999). The law of large numbers is considered to be one of the main theories of probability and asserts that the sample mean converges to the distribution mean as the sample size rises. The law of large numbers offers a clarification on the manner in which empirical…

Turner, Jarrod S. & David J. Leach. (2010). Experimental evaluation of behavioral activation treatment of anxiety (BATA) in three older adults. International Journal of Behavioral

Consultation and Therapy. 6 (4). Retrieved July 10, 2011 at http://www.baojournal.com/IJBCT/IJBCT-VOL-6/IJBCT-6-4.pdf

The 2010 article "Experimental evaluation of behavioral activation treatment of anxiety (BATA) in three older adults" from the International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy by Jarrod S. Turner & David J. Leach examines the use of behavioral activation treatment (BATA) in adults using a statistical analysis of self-monitored depression and anxiety scales. The experiment was conducted in an ABC research design format to evaluate a behavioral activation treatment on the reported anxiety levels of each participant. "The A phase was baseline; B. phase was treatment; and C. phase was maintenance/follow-up" (Turner & Leach 2010: 375). Statistically speaking, A, or the baseline phase, was used a 'control' measure for the experimental and follow-up phases.…

Human esources/Leadership/Statistics

Human esources

Performance appraisals are the evaluation of a person's performance in a manner that is systematic. Such performances are measured against different aspects, such as quality, knowledge of the job, level of supervision and also quantity of output attained (Human esource Management, 2010).

ating Scales

This method of performance appraisal encompasses numerous numerical scales, signifying job associated performance principles, for instance, reliability, output, work attitude and resourcefulness. Every rating scale range from excellent to poor. In the end, the total numerical marks attained are computed and ultimate conclusions are derived (Human esource Management, 2010).

Performance Tests and Observations

This is centered on tests given, assessing knowledge or skills. These tests might be written, oral or might be an actual presentation and demonstration of the skill sets. These tests must be dependable and validated in order to be useful for assessing the performance (Human esource Management, 2010).

3.…

Juvenile Justice Compare

The author of this report has been asked to do a compare and contrast of the juvenile justice system of three different states. While all states have a juvenile justice framework, each state does things at least a little differently and thus these differences and outliers should be explored and explained. The three states that will be compared and contrasted are New York, California and Georgia. While these three states have stark similarities, they also have ways that are entirely different from each other for whatever reason.

New York has a decentralized framework when it comes to the handling and adjudication of criminal justice cases for juveniles. The detention and probation supervision of juveniles in New York is done by the Local/Executive branch of government. The Juvenile Corrections arm of law enforcement resides in the statehouse while after-care supervision is done by a combination of the state…

Career ConnectionTanner (2016) defines statistical analysis as the process of collecting quantitative data for analysis of the whole through examining a part. Statistical analysis play an important role in quantitative researches or studies as it provides a suitable and effective framework for analyzing quantitative data. Given its role in analysis of quantitative data, statistical analysis is applied in various disciplines or fields of study. It is beneficial to field-independent learners and researchers as it enhances their analytical thinking when conducting a study. In addition, this analytical approach is beneficial for students in various fields of study including behavioral and social sciences. This paper discusses how statistical analysis can be used in the field of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing and discusses how statistical analysis has been applied in a sample study in this field to present information that answers a research question.Statistical Analysis in Psychiatric Mental Health NursingPsychiatric Mental Health Nursing is…

Statistics in elationships

It is important to understand the limitations of mathematics, number and statistics. Stats and numbers play a larger role in assigning value to things in today's society. The entire monetary system is based in this statistical mire. The idea of stats being viewed as only a tool or artifact of technology can prevent the misuse of this concept. The following will address several of these examples to demonstrate the essence and true value of statistics as merely an extension of the individual who is applying this type of numeric manipulation.

The famous author Mark Twain once described statistics being more confusing than actual lying and lies. Bad statistics are found everywhere and there are many examples of how things can be confused for the truth. Bayes Theorem describes the incidents of conditional probability. But inherent in this model, the original probability is assumed to be known. If…

Statistics in Nursing

Statistics is a mathematics branch that deals with collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. Statistics has been a fundamental part of nursing since the time of Florence Nightingale, who was the first nurse to employ statistics to demonstrate that improved sanitary conditions led to a reduction in military deaths. Statistics can be used to improve health of patients and sway public opinion. Statistics is a way of viewing and understanding data that offers information on how one event relates to another event. The use of statistics in the nursing profession has a direct impact on patient care and advocacy in order to advance the profession. My goal for week one was to familiarize myself with statistics and I managed to achieve my goal.

The nursing profession is increasing being based on empirical evidence which demonstrates the most effective methodologies for patient care. In order to adopt…

Statistics in Business & The Fundamentals of Statistics

Statistics in Business

I work 48 hours per week

The 40-hour workweek is the average number of hours that many people work per week in the United States. However, the Java professionals work more than 40 hours a week.

The information in the chart does not make the Java professional to be attractive because increasing number of well-paid professionals work more than 50 hours a week.

To explain difference between a population and a sample, I will use a motorcar as an example. I will define the population as the collection of entire motorcars owned by all teachers in his school. However, a sample is the subset of the population. An example of a sample is the cars owned by the mathematics teachers in his school.

I will tell him that surveying all member of the population is time consuming and not…

Healing with Statistics

There are numerous ways in which statistics are used in a standard healthcare organization. Statistical measurements and analyses are used to track patient costs and hospital/healthcare organization expenses, to determine appropriate medication levels, to assign work staff and maintain proper human resource levels, and for a wide variety of other applications and areas of concern. In many ways, the quality and the cost-effectiveness of care provided by a typical healthcare organization is directly related to the quality of the statistical data the organization collects and assesses. Without such statistical analysis and manipulation, direct healthcare providers as well as administrators within the healthcare organizations would be left with little more than anecdotal evidence and subjective perceptions and judgments when it came to making decisions for patient health and/or organizational fitness, thus the importance of statistics in such organizations is difficult to overstate.

The most basic level of analysis…

Thus, holders of this statistically-driven information holds the 'power' over the general public, succeeding in influencing the general public's opinion and feelings about a specific issue or social concern. Best reflects in his book his advocacy for correct usage of social statistics, as he knows the critical role that numbers and statistics play in swaying not only general opinion and perception, but ultimately, in the public's perception of the favorability of a public issue, which could possibly lead to the development and implementation of legislation that will inevitably affect the lives of many people. However, as reflected throughout the book, it is critical to have a basic understanding of how social statistics are applied in popular media today. Perhaps it would help to think that what Best actually promotes is the use of critical thinking -- how an individual should process and analyze information (such as social statistics) first before…

Being able to express statistical results in ways non-statisticians can understand, and explaining those results correctly in language that does not mislead or confuse is becoming a lost art, if the popular media are any indication. Entrepreneurs will use these visual display techniques to increase productivity, notice patterns that may go unrecognized in tabular or numerical reporting, and communicate results quickly without requiring extensive and subjective verbal explanation.

Inferential statistics will become increasingly useful even before graduating college, if peer-reviewed studies in consumer psychology, economics and marketing become more rather than less proportional in coursework on the way through graduate school. Some of the coursework I read for other classes contains statistical procedures I am unfamiliar with even after this course, and thus learning more statistics should explain a significant improvement in grades in my other classes, hopefully with a strong (? = .001) effect size! Knowing how likely flaws…

Cartoon Guide to Statistics and Chapter 3 from Statistics in Plain English. You can assume your friend has read this material.

The concept "standard deviation" refers to how close or how far from the mean i.e. The average person or thing) certain things or people that are studied are. To give an example: let's say you're studying people's pattern of diet and their calorie consumption per day. The mean stands for the average calorie consumption of the average amount of people studied. Study of the typical consumption will probably turn out to be normally distributed with most results clustered around the mean. Some people, however, may eat a lot less or a lot more and their distribution will be further away from the mean than that of others.

In the above shape the normal bell structure), the standard deveiaiton SD) is small because all clusters are obviously bunched together towards…

Task 1(h) - Difference of opinions within nationalities

British

German

French

Italian

Chi-square value

5.04E-06

2.83E-15

Comments

This shows that there were differences of opinion about the resort for the British, German and Italian visitors, but not the French.

Task 1(i) - Difference of opinions between nationalities

Overall

Accommodation

Location

Food

Chi-square value

Comments

This shows that overall there were differences of opinion for the visitors in each area.

Task 2

SUMMARY of RESULTS

The results of the data analysis show that at the present time the French spend substantially more than the other three groups. The British also spend a substantial amount but at the present time come in smaller numbers than the French. The French opinion of the resort is however equally spread, which indicates that French visitors do not agree on whether the resort is generally good or bad. This may explain the wide variation in spending…

teaching of statistics and problems encountered in such teaching.

eaching Statistics: An Annotated Bibliography

Albert, Jim. eaching Statistics Using Baseball. New York: he Mathematical Association of America. 2003.

Baseball is a very statistically oriented sport, more so than any other sport. his book applies statistical methods and techniques to the game of baseball. Since students often have difficulty learning statistics because they are presented with examples that they have no frame of reference for, this book is ideal in that it provides concrete examples that students can use in their real lives.

Anderson, C.W. And Loynes, R.M. he eaching of Practical Statistics (Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics). New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1988.

his is once again a practical teaching guide to statistics and probability. It is not as clear as some books, and does not use real-world examples that are relatable to the average student. Rather,…

Assessing descriptive statistics in the form of raw data is often a critical component of primary research when constructing an experiment, where the experimenter then can have control over the various variables affecting the specific phenomena that is being studied. the, in the actual experiment, the tendency of other information to influence statistical results can be restricted or taken into consideration, and a control, or unaffected group can be included to see what the population resembles without the experimental variable. Descriptive statistics, in short, can be useful, but many variables can affect their results, so they cannot always be relied upon.

In contrast, "inferential statistics are used to help psychologists draw inferences, or conclusions, from the data obtained from their research" ("Statistics in psychology," 2008, Encyclopedia of Psychology). For example, inferential statistics are collected when researchers test if watching a particularly violent film makes a group of subjects more apt…

This means they set medium term goals may be up to five years. This requires that they make detailed and precise judgments, so that their medium term goals are met. This has made the methodology require sophisticated business statistical applications. (Statistical Thinking for Managerial Decisions) Long-term planning in business normally makes it necessary to make estimations regarding the future and extrapolations of the past, is used for this. The trends can be identified, but these may be accurate for a short time and in it lay the danger of forecasting by extrapolation of the past, since data cannot be expected to forecast something that has not happened. It is here that the importance of strategic planning has relevance. Strategic planning adds more control into a situation where the outcome is more likely to be taken on the probable occurrence of an event or set of events in the near or…