Statistics and Their Importance to Research Investigation. Although all research activities do not require the use of statistical data analysis when an investigator wants to report upon the differences, effects and/or relationships between and amongst groups or phenomena (i.e. variables) there must a concerted effort to measure the phenomenon with as much precision and accuracy as possible (Mendenhall & Ramey, 1973). This is, of course, accomplished through the use of statistics. Situations wherein statistical processes are not required are generally reserved for qualitative types of research such as historical, philosophical, and/or cultural trend studies.

One of man's greatest fears is that of the power of numbers. For most people numbers are nothing more than a hodgepodge of digits that are bewildering and often meaningless. As a result individuals often prefer to judge events, occurrences, phenomena, and situations from a traditionalist point-of-view wherein reason, conclusion, and inference are made on the basis….

Statistics and Juries
In the video "How Statistics Fool Juries," Oxford mathematician Peter Donnelly attempts to demonstrate through a number of examples how statistics, when viewed in a common manner, can be misunderstood and how this can have legal repercussions. Through a number of thought experiments, Donnelly provides the audience with examples of how seemingly simple statistics can be misinterpreted and how many more variables must be taken into account when calculating chance. Primarily he exposes the audience to the concept of relative difference, or the difference in likelihood between two possibilities in the same scenario. He then goes on to explain that without an understanding of this concept, many juries misunderstand statistics used in trials and very often convict people based on this faulty understanding.

Donnelly begins his presentation with a thought experiment involving the tossing of a coin and predicts the possibility of a certain series of results. When predicting….

One of the most common fallacies is to confuse correlation with causation, but the two are actually distinct. My demonstrating that construction of snowmen and outbreak of acne occur simultaneously does not mean that snowmen produce acne. It may imply an underlying matter, such as the snow itself may contain some component that may instigate the outbreak, or the children who build the snowmen may be particularly vulnerable to acne, and during that period of the year, and so forth. Two factors happening concurrently, does not mean that one influences the other.
Readers may also take the percentage face blank unaware of the notion of margin of error. Margin of error implies that the data shows only an approximate result of the sampled population (usually 95%). There is a certain percentage of error either way, and so the end results can only be approximate, never absolutely certain.

Using statistics in writing….

As explained earlier, statisticians in the academe and in specialist industries apply principles and techniques of statistics in different ways. Statisticians in the academe apply their knowledge of statistics in more scientific approaches: multivariate analyses, for example, are reported in a scientific manner, usually communicated in a scholarly approach through journal articles and published or unpublished research reports. Industry specialists, meanwhile, implement statistical principles and techniques more creatively, for their clients/end-users to understand the statistical techniques used and findings culled out from the analyses. Multivariate analyses that may have been reported scientifically by academicians would be converted and simplified as "maps" (e.g., perceptual maps, quadrant maps) to 'laymanize' statistical findings and make it easier for clients to relate the findings to their business needs and issues.

In effect, statisticians market their expertise in different ways, depending on the end-users of their statistical projects. For academicians, statistics is marketed as a rigorous….

Statistics are the tools to describe the systematic body of information that assist policy makers or managers to make decision about important issues. Statistics provide the accurate methodology to draw the accurate inference from the sample of data to the full population. Despite the benefits derived from applied statistics, there are challenges that policy makers face in measuring social issues.
Answer to Question A

In public sector, statistical approach is used to carry out the measurement. Measurement is the process of assigning number to the issue that policy makers are interested in studying or analyzing. There are various methods to go about measuring social problem. First, the attitude of the total population to a social problem could be measured by sampling the opinion of the population towards the issue. Meier et al. (2011) reveal the method in measuring complex issue such as measuring the religion preference of a particular racial group, or….

In a follow-up experimentalinvestigation among female college students, Onwuegbuzie (1995) reported asignificant interaction between statistics test anxiety and type of examination (i.e.
Specifically, three types of factors are identified: (a) situational factors, such as math experience (Betz, 1978; Roberts & Bilderback, 1980; Tomazic & Katz, 1988; Zeidner, 1991; Wilson, 1997; Balo_lu, 2001; Hong & Karstensson, 2002; Balo_lu, 2003), statistics experience (Sutarso, 1992), computer experience (Zimmer & Fuller, 1996), and research experience (Trimarco, 1997); (b) dispositional factors, such as math self-concept or self-esteem (Zeidner, 1991), scholastic competence or multiple intelligences (Birenbaum & Eylath, 1994; Daley & Onwuegbuzie, 1997; Onwuegbuzie, 2000c), perfectionism (Onwuegbuzie & Daley, 1999; Walsh & gumba-Agwunobi, 2002), hope (Onwuegbuzie. 1998b), and procrastination (Onwuegbuzie, 2000a; Walsh & gumba-Agwunobi, 2002); and - personal factors, such as learning style (Onwuegbuzie, 1998a; Wilson & Onwuegbuzie, 2001), age (Baloglu, 2003), gender (Betz, 1978; Roberts & Bilderback, 1980; Demaria-Mitton, 1987; Benson, 1989; Benson & Bandalos,….

Statistics in News eports
According to a recent article published on The Chart, CNN.com's comprehensive medical blog authored by Dr. Sanjay Gupta and Elizabeth Cohen, the number of American children who fall victim to accidental death each year has plummeted during the last decade. The article, entitled Accidental Death ate for Children Falls, details the dramatic decrease in the "death rate from unintentional injuries among children and adolescents from birth to age 19" (Gupta M.D. & Cohen, 2012), and provides a litany of statistical evidence to support this claim. As is always the case with the media's deployment of statistics, scientific records and other numerical support, a careful reader should avoid taking supposed facts and figures at face value without first subjecting the data to careful scrutiny. Until any statistical presentation can withstand the reader's rigorous examination, any conclusions drawn from the data in question must be considered to be suspect,….

Statistics and Econometrics
ID- 4119L

2011/12 LEVEL

STATISTICS AND ECONOMETICS

Present your data in a table showing the names of the variables. Make sure the full definitions and sources of each variable are given.

Birth ates: (thousands)

Quarter1 (Q1)

Quarter2 (Q2)

Quarter3 (Q3)

Quarter4 (Q4)

GDP per capita (GDP)

The GDP data used was from http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html in the table Economics, Business, and the Environment -- GDP: GDP per capita, current U.S. dollars

Current U.S.$ per person

GDP

The equation to be estimated is:

Bi = b0 + b1 GDPi+ ui (i)

(i) In terms of the literature on demand for children, what would you expect to find for the coefficient on b1 ?

is expected to have a negative value. There is an indirect negative relationship between the birth rate and GDP per capita of a country. Generally, as the GDP per capita increases, the birth rate decreases [James M. 2009].

Explain how you would modify the model, implied by this equation, if there is an 'Engel curve'….

Statistics of Oil Peak
In the present times, the depletion of oil all over the world has become a major topic of concern all over, and this subject is indeed an extremely important one because of the fact that a world without oil is a frightening prospect and will hurt mankind and the very lifestyle of human beings everywhere. Since it is well-known that everywhere it is conventional oil that is being produced in large quantities today, it must be understood that the production of this oil has been dominating the oil production all over the world, in fact, about 95% of oil that has been produced so far is the conventional oil, and there is no doubt that it will continue to dominate oil supply all over the world for a great many years in the future. It was in the 1960's that the discovery of conventional oil actually peaked,….

Again, the presidential campaign acted as a catalyst for technology adoption, and led to first-time social networking users getting online. It also led to existing users creating additional profiles as well.
On the third most significant variable in determining the effects of social networks on which candidate would eventually win Q39. Do you have a single profile on each site, or do you have multiple profiles on one web site? Provides the most fascinating data from the three variables included in the analysis. Notice that the distribution of results is bifurcated from one spectrum to the other. This signals that through the use of the participative aspects of social networks, candidates were able to get the support of the top 5% of social networkers, as evidenced by having more than one profile on a given network. The mean value of this variable is 1.17 and it has a mode of….

DAY, YR.SMOKE, and CO.LEVEL).
f. Draw a scatterplot to illustrate the relationship between CIG.DAY and CO.LEVEL. Describe the slope of the scatterplot.

g. Is it correct to say that higher intake of cigarettes (CIG.DAY) causes higher levels of carbon monoxide (CO.LEVEL)? Based solely on your correlation coefficient, explain why or why not.

2. Use the same data and compute the following using SPSS. Be sure to enter the data accurately into the program and to print off copies of your data and output files.

a. Determine the two Pearson correlation coefficients for the data provided below.

b. If you haven't already, analyze (using correlation ( bivariate) all three variables at once so that you see a correlation matrix in your printout.

c. Have SPSS generate three scatterplots: CIG.DAY and YR.SMOKE, CIG.DAY and CO.LEVEL, and YR.SMOKE and CO.LEVEL.

SEX

YR.SMOKE

CIG.DAY

CO.LEVEL

Female

20

15

17

Male

27

40

28

Female

14

28

40

Female

20

12

15

Female

10

40

33….

Managing to a significant reduction in variably is a key aspect of Six Sigma, which explains why statistics are used extensively throughout the quality management strategies of services companies and manufacturers alike (Bergquist, Albing, 2006).
Many organizations are creating enterprise-wide quality management systems that encompass product and service process audits, Six Sigma strategies for gaining greater performance from trimming wasted time and materials for processes, and the development of quality management levels (Elshennawy, 2004). In conjunction with all of these aspects of an enterprise quality management strategy, manufacturers are using Corrective Action/Preventative Action (CAPA) process workflows to evaluate how statistically evaluating product quality will affect preventative action taken to permanently remove variation from the sourcing, supply chain, production or services processes. Statistics are used to further analyze why a specific product or service process is out of its boundaries of performance over time. Further, statistics are also being used to….

tatistics and Airplane Part Maintenance
When one works within the aircraft repair industry it is essential to both demonstrate the utmost technical know-how, as well as possess an uncanny ability to somehow predict any potential problems that might arise with a particular aircraft or part. Of course, the reason this is so important is because of the nature of flight, itself. After all, it is hardly wise to wait until a critical part or system related problem arises to deal with it. In mid-air, one simply does not have the luxury of pulling over to the side of the road to fix the issue.

Within my work setting as an aircraft parts repair specialist, it is my job to prepare or repair parts for the airplanes on my military base. Although I do not install the parts, it is not only up to me to fix the parts that are not up….

Personality: Personality is a subtle and difficult to define aggregate of traits and qualities that define an individual. To talk about personality is to refer to the way someone communicates, thinks, and acts in the world. Differences in psychology are often due to differences in personality. When things like family background and neurology are ruled out, personality can account for why one friend is shy and another one is gregarious. Some people's personality changes, whereas others' personality remains relatively stable throughout their life.

Psychological Assessment: A psychological assessment can be based on clinical observations, interview data, or formal tests. Assessments are crucial to determine a client's needs, course of treatment, and to measure treatment outcomes. If a person experiences symptoms like extreme fatigue, that person would get assessed and the clinician may offer a diagnosis such as depression.

Social psychology: Social psychology refers to the impact of psychological factors on social interactions.….

The morphological properties of the virion are non-enveloped, with isometric Necleocapsids 27 nm in diameter. The symmetry is icosahedral, with the Nucleocapsids round in shape. Further, there are 12 capsomers per neucleocapsid (ICTV). Additionally, the virions each hold one molecule of linear positive-sense single stranded RNA, with a total genome length of 7500 nt, and a hairpin structure (ICTV).
Treatment and Prevention:

The impact of the Hepatitis a can vary from mild to serious illness. It is normally transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water which has come in contact with the feces of a carrying person (again, usually through bad hand washing, or poor sewage systems). The symptoms vary, but usually result in liver involvement causing weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, fever and jaundice. Severe reactions can lead to liver damage, failure, and even death. Unfortunately, there is no specific (or effective) treatment for Hepatitis a Instead, physicians….