Adoption (Family Law) by Kansas Statutes and Cases
The study of adoption is very important as it influences millions of lives in the United States, who are an element of the adoption process. For instance, the birth parents who put their children for adoption; the children who are adopted; and the parents who adopt children. It is also believed that adoption influences approximately 3% of Americans who initially think of adoption but later on decide against it. For instance, Allen P. Fisher (2003) writes, "Adoption is certainly a very common occurrence in the United States and in much of the world today. No official and complete counts of adoptions exist, but estimates are that about 4% of Americans are adopted; about half of these have been adopted by persons not related to them by birth
." Allen goes on to write, "A recent national survey of 1416 Americans found that nearly two thirds of the respondents (64%) had a personal experience with adoption, meaning that someone in their family or among their close friends had been adopted, had adopted a child, or had placed a child for adoption (Allen P. Fisher 2003)."
It is worth noting that while adoption is not uncommon, the adoption process is perhaps the most complicated and full of conflicting interests amongst all other human services. For instance, the social workers of an adoption agency and the attorneys concurrently represent the birth and adoptive parents, on a regular basis. Also, adoption agencies maintain that they offer impartial counseling on crisis pregnancy to expecting women (Anne Babb, 1999).
This study explores the Kansas Statutes related to adoption so as to comprehensively understand the legal procedures and the application of rules and regulations, which the State of Kansas applies to various situations.
Review of Literature
Basic Statutes of Adoption in Kansas
(1) Statute 59-2129: Reveals the eligibility criterion for adoption
The law clearly states that when an autonomous adoption takes place, the permission of both the parents is absolutely vital, unless consent of one of the parents in established (by the law) to be unnecessary. If the parents are not alive then the permission should be taken from the legally-authorized-guardian. If a guardian has not been legally authorized then the court has complete authority over the adoption process. In case the adoption is taking place through an agency, then a legally empowered agent of the adoption agency can give permission for the adoption. Lastly, Statute 59-2129 asserts that the approval of the child being adopted is considered to be vital by the law, if the child being adopted is equal to or more than 14 years of age and has a sensible mind (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
(2) Statute 59-2136(h): reveals the circumstances that disregard the permission of the birth parents
The permission of the birth parents (either the father or the mother or both father and mother) is not considered to be eligible when the following misdeeds have been committed on the child by the father and/or mother (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005):
The child has been deserted or deserted by the parents
The child has lost all contact and support from the parents
The parents are unsuitable or unable to give permission
The mother had not been supported by the father during her pregnancy
The mother had been abandoned by the father
The father had raped the mother
For 2 successive years, the parents had failed to take on their parental responsibilities
Statute 59-2114(b); 59-2116: Reveals when permission can be carried out
The father of the adoptee can give permission at any time.
The mother has to wait for at least 12 hours after the birth of the child to give her permission and it should be executed in less than 6 months otherwise an adoption appeal can be reported (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
Statute 59-2114; 59-2115: Reveals the procedure necessary to carry out the permission
The permission given by the parents should be admitted before either a judge or a legally empowered agent of the adoption agency and it should be given in writing.
While a minor parent is entitled to give permission, the counsel should be present when the permission is being given in writing and the counsel should also be present when the actual execution of the adoption is taking place (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
Statute 59-2114: Reveals the condition for the cancellation of the permission
Unless the party, which gave permission for the adoption, establishes that the permission had not been free and transparent, the permission is considered final after its execution (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
(3) Putative Fathers Laws in Kansas
Statute 59-2136: Reveals the registry/fatherhood Conditions to entertain notification:
The notification of the execution of adoption proceedings given to the person recognized as either...
59-2140, and amendments thereto, and the accounting required by K.S.A. 59-2121 shall be filed with the petition for adoption."
(iii) Statute 59-2140: Reveals the permission process for adoption
Permission of the spouse of the requester is necessary, however, if the spouse if disabled then the permission of the legally-empowered-guardian is necessary.
Permission of the adult, who is about to be adopted, is necessary, however, if the adoptee is disabled then the permission of the legally-empowered-guardian is necessary (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
(iv) Statute 59-2141: Reveals the Notice and hearing procedures
Through order, the court will choose the right time and place for the trial on the petition. The trial might take place either with notice or without notice and it is also possible that the court might commence the trail immediately.
The court might give the order that the notification of the trial should be given to the parents of the adult about to be adopted and might also call for notification to the consenting group, if not waived (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
(v) 59-2142: Copy of verdict to previous parents
If the verdict of adoption is given, then either the petitioner or the lawyer of the petitioner will have to mail an endorsed copy of the verdict to the previous parents of the adult who has been adopted. However, this is done only when the parents had no knowledge about the events that had taken place and when they can be situated for first-class mailing services.
Furthermore, the petitioner or the lawyers of the petitioner either will have to give evidence of the mail posted to the court or will have to give an official-declaration giving genuine reasons for nonconformity, only when the reasons from the certified proceedings are not apparent. It is important to note that if the petitioner or the lawyers of the petitioner has been unsuccessful in giving the notice necessary, it shall not cancel the adoption (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
(5) Kansas State Regulation of Adoption Expenses
Statute 59-2121(a): Expenses of Birth Parent Permitted
An evenhanded cost for the purpose of executing legal and additional practiced services.
Genuine expenditures, which includes the health expenses for the child and its mother
The basic living costs of the mother of the child
Costs accompanying the process of adoption
The costs for the birth parents are not allocated (Kansas Adoption Statute, 2005).
Statute 59-2121(a)
The traditional costs for the legal and professional services executed inside United States should be equivalent to the costs for legal and professional services executed outside United States.
Acceptable expenses for…
Bibliography
Allen P. Fisher. Still "Not Quite as Good as Having Your Own"? Toward a Sociology of Adoption. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 29, 2003
James Bell Associates (2001) "External Evaluation of the Kansas Child Welfare System: July 2000-March 2001." 3rd Quarterly Report. Arlington, Va. (9 August). Taken From: Simon Hakim. A market alternative to child adoption and foster care. The Cato Journal. 2003.
Kansas Adoption Statute. Laws and Legal Issues, 2005. Available at: http://library.adoption.com/information/Laws-Legal-Issues/217/1.html
L. Anne Babb. Ethics in American Adoption. Bergin & Garvey, 1999.
Conservatives, on the other hand, have many passions and one of them is a color-blind government. Most of them believe that all policies of discrimination should be discarded. They view these policies as unwise, immoral and unconstitutional. Three conservative organizations submitted a collective brief to the Supreme Court on the Michigan cases. These organizations were the Center for Equal Opportunity, the Independent Women's Forum and the American Civil Rights
S. COURT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS (http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/fine.htm)." The highest tier of this federal system is the United States Supreme Court. This court has nine Supreme Court Justices who are appointed for the term of their life unless they choose to step down. A majority is not needed to win a Supreme Court hearing request. If four of the nine think the case brought before them is worth hearing then the case will be
..In determining the meaning of any Act of Congress, or any ruling, regulation, or interpretation of the various administrative bureaus and agencies of the United States, the word 'marriage' means only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife, and the word 'spouse' refers only to a person of the opposite sex who is a husband or wife." (Smith, 2004; p.5) Smith relates that a
In the public sector employees continue to be largely covered by generous pension plans and, unlike in the private sector, there has been decrease in the number of plans or the amount available for funding. This differential between the public and private sector has raised the high brows of many and has brought into question the imbalance now present between private and public employment. The present situation that exists between
Planned Parenthood The history of Planned Parenthood is voluminous and extensive. It has been filled with controversy, legal spats and struggles for acceptance and funding from the United States government. Even nowadays, the organization is threatened with budget changes or cuts from the federal government and many people have turned to violence against Planned Parenthood and similar groups over the years due to opposition to abortion or other birth control options