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Landscape Data Interpretation
The presentation of landscape data in visual format makes an intuitive sort of sense for many people, but proper analysis requires an understanding of the methods utilized in creating the specific visual presentations. In the article regarding landscape changes in Fort Benning, GA, the technology and methodology for rendering the color-coded maps is amply described, as are known problems with the specific visual data presentations provided. In addition, the physical measuring techniques that were used to plot the data ultimately used in the creation of the visual elements published in the report are also detailed in the body of the report, providing other knowledge essential for the analyzing of the visual information. Methods for interpreting the data and a summary of results are presented below.
Physical observation of...
Techniques did differ in the collection of raw data, and the issues this creates are noted by the researchers in the report. Data was then plotted on a grid using polygons to represent tree type or other landscape cover, with each type of tree/cover present in the corresponding geographical area represented by colored dots within the gridded polygon. Finally, data was aggregated and placed on maps of the Fort Bennington region representing different periods in time, providing a direct visual method of observing changes in the areas landscape. Certain confusions in this process using one of the map creation methods are…
Physical observation of tree placement and type in the Fort Bennington, GA area was recorded in mapped out clusters, typically with five trees per cluster but with anywhere from one to twelve trees in each cluster, depending on the specific observational techniques utilized. Techniques did differ in the collection of raw data, and the issues this creates are noted by the researchers in the report. Data was then plotted on a grid using polygons to represent tree type or other landscape cover, with each type of tree/cover present in the corresponding geographical area represented by colored dots within the gridded polygon. Finally, data was aggregated and placed on maps of the Fort Bennington region representing different periods in time, providing a direct visual method of observing changes in the areas landscape. Certain confusions in this process using one of the map creation methods are also noted and their effects explained.
The changes that occurred in the landscape of the Fort Bennington, GA area do not appear to be as extreme as they potentially could have been, though there has certainly been a significant change over the past two centuries of human involvement and development in the area. The map estimating forest coverage in the region in 1827 shows dense pine forests covering most of the area, with a moderate amount of mixed forest (deciduous and pine mixes or more sparsely forested areas) speckled throughout along with a few patches of deciduous forest, and two very small areas of cleared land approximating the placement of Native American settlements. By 1974, pine forests are still speckled throughout the region yet are arranged in very small clusters rather than a large continuous swath; bare land and buildings are dotted throughout most of the region and are surrounded by larger patches of cleared land, and deciduous forests have crept in amongst the pine forests to a considerable degree. Later maps indicate a more complete takeover of the region by deciduous trees, to the point that clusters of pine forest have all but disappeared, while bare land and buildings have grown to fill the areas of cleared land that existed in 1974.
Understanding the data that is being presented is almost as essential as having accurate data presented in the first place. This article's authors do an excellent job of explaining the data being presented, its collection and presentation, and any potential problems therein. The ecological data provided, when properly understood, provide compelling evidence for human impact on forestation.
Zoology Relics of Human Evolution Vemeonasal organ. The vemeonasal organ is a little pit on each side of the septum that is lined with nonfunctioning chemoreceptors. It may have been used for pheromone-detecting ability. Extrinsic ear muscles. These three muscles most likely made it possible for prehominids to move their ears independently, in the manner of many mammals, such as rabbits and dogs. Many people can learn to wiggle their ears because of
Usually, in hotter climates that are nearer to the equator, spread will be more powerful and Malaria is spread throughout the year. The uppermost spread is initiated in Africa South of the Sahara and in fractions of Oceania such as Papua New Guinea. In less hot areas, spread will be less powerful and very cyclic. In many moderate regions, like Western Europe and the U.S. financial expansion and public
In truth, large sharks tend to hunt large blubbery prey with a much higher ratio of flesh-to-bone than human beings. That is apparently why many test bites on a human result in no further attack. In the last decade, a tourist industry has evolved in parts of the world with access to coral reefs and natural shark populations. Hand-feeding excursions allow divers, lead by more experienced professionals to encounter sharks
In Paleontology, however, these wing digits have been considered as digits 1, 2 and 3 based on phylogenetic assessment of the fossil lineage suggesting that birds have evolved from theropod ancestors that had lost the fourth and fifth digits. Critics of this theory have suggested that birds have evolved from some other ancestors that had lost the first and fifth digits. Studies of developing limbs of chicken, including a
LEECHES: Bloodsuckers, Life-And-Limb-Savers "Nothing works as well as leeches when we need to get blood out of a (body) part." Concannon). Blood clotting is a life-saving body process, but when it endangers life or prevents the resolution of a torn tissue, leeches can come in handy. They have shown their worth as natural blood thinners, painkillers and surgical scavengers with the anticoagulant and anesthetic properties of their saliva. These saliva components hold much
The authors explain that "Large-scale habitat loss and fragmentation…" that results from urban sprawl is a major cause of the lack of biodiversity within the insect species (Acharya, 1999, 27). Even the building of a new road, or street lights, in places where previously there were no roads or lights, what the authors call "undisturbed areas," has an impact on insect biodiversity, Acharya explains. Meanwhile, moths, which are known