Expenditures and Revenues Matrix Punjab

City or County: PAKISTAN

Federal

State (province)

Local

Expenditure Item

School nutrition fund

Major expenditure on wheat, rice, cooking oil etc.

Major expenditure on basic food items for schools of state

Major expenditure items like water supply to schools, checking and distribution of basic food items.

Expenditure Item

Text book

Major expenditure on formation and printing of textbook.

Major expenditure on acquiring textbook from federal government.

No expenditure on textbook.

Expenditure item3

School maintenance

Not making expenditure on school maintenance.

Not making expenditure on school maintenance.

Major expenditure on purchasing material for school and making payments to constructor.

Revenue Item1

School nutrition fund

Donations, tax payer money, other revenue generating activities like concerts, cricket matches etc.

Amount given by federal government, donations.

Amount given by state, donations

Revenue Item 2

Textbook fund

Donations, tax payer money

Tax money raised by provincial government

No revenue sources

Revenue Item3

School maint. project

Tax money collected

Amount received from federal government.

Amount received from state government.

Major Roles

Federal government is primarily responsible for providing bread and butter to orphan houses and their schools while private schools and their hostels are themselves responsible for food and other basic necessities.

Provincial government fulfils the basic food necessities of those orphan houses and schools which are not covered by federal government.

Local administration takes the food supplies from the provincial government and provides it to different schools.

Federal government is also responsible for the making of curriculum and the selection of books.

Provincial government follows the guidelines of federal government and incorporates certain regional languages into the curriculum of schools run under the provincial government.

Local administration distributes text books in different schools of the area.

Federal government also provides funds to different states (provinces) in the country and also provides guidance to states in making their own curriculum.

Provincial government allocates funds to local administration.

Local administration is responsible for the construction and maintenance of schools.

(Expenditure Guideline Matrix, 2010)

Importance of Financial Decisions

There are three types of financial decisions:

1- Investment financing

2- Financing decision

It helps in making decisions regarding how much funds should be allocated to cash and how much funds should be allocated to inventory. It helps in day-to-day operations .More importantly; it also helps in making estimates regarding investments and disinvestments. It also helps in making future short-term and long-term investments decisions.
Second important decision is asset management decision. These decisions require finance managers are more concerned efficient management of current assets than with that of fixed assets. While operating managers are keener to operate fixed assets more efficiently.

Third important decision is finance decision. Financing decisions is concerned with the right hand side of balance sheet. It is mainly concerned with how the firm will fulfill its finance needs in the future. Firm decides whether shares or debentures will be issued and what will be dividend policy in the future. (American Management Association)

Tools of Financial Analysis

There are two primary types of information that helps in financial analysis:

1- Balance sheet information.

2- Income statement information.

First we will discuss how to analyze the balance sheet information. Apart from information from the face of balance sheet, there are different financial statement ratios, which help in analyzing the financial position of the company. Some of the ratios are discussed here.

1-Current Ratio

It shows a firm's ability to cover its current liabilities with its current assets.

2-Acid Test or Quick Ratio

It is same as current ratio in analyzing the liquidity but it concentrates on more liquid assets and it excludes inventories.

3-Debt to Equity Ratio

It appears by dividing total debt to shareholders equity. It tells us that what the ratio of shareholder to total debt is. Excessive debt ratio foretells the financial difficulties that firm may face.

4- Debt to Total Assets Ratio

It is derived by dividing a firm's total debt by its total debt. It reveals the importance of debt financing.

5- Coverage Ratios

One of the most important coverage ratios is interest coverage ratio. This interest coverage ratio appears by dividing Earnings before Interest and Taxes by Interest Expense. It tells the about firms ability to cover interest charges. (Brigham & Houstan, 2012)

Moreover there are certain activity ratios which tell that how efficient the management is carrying out its activity. There are certain activity ratios

1- Receivables Activity

It comes by dividing Annual credit sales by receivables. This ratio tells us that number of accounts receivable have been turned over into cash during the year.

2- Average Collected Period

It comes by multiplying receivables into days in the year and dividing…