Method
Primary Research Approach Qualitative vs. Quantitative?
Characteristics, Benefits and Problems
Mail survey
Quantitative
Low cost
Poor response rate possibility
Possibility of incomplete answers
Responses are pre-coded and must be simple so people can understand them which means, sometimes that the quality of information provided is lower than from other methods
Telephone survey
Quantitative
Cost effective method of achieving strong sample which allows for generalizations to be made
Responses are pre-coded and certain groups might not have access to the telephone, so they may be excluded from the sample
It is difficult to ask sensitive questions over the telephone
Works well with employers
Face-to-face survey
Quantitative
Can include both open questions as pre-coded
Can achieve robust sample allowing generalizations if sufficient numbers are surveyed
Expensive and time-consuming to administrator
Ideal for gathering sensitive information or exploring complicated issues
In-depth interview
Qualitative
Loaded and detailed information can be gathered
Interviewers are allowed more flexibility
Answers to open questions can be difficult and time-consuming to analyze
Expensive and time-consuming to the business manager
Focus group
Qualitative group discussion with around 8-12 people
Usually lasts between 1 and 3 hours
Capitalizes on interaction between participants
Participants are not representative of wider population which does not allow for generalization
Useful for gathering sensitive data
Requires careful and unbiased analysis
Case study
Qualitative
Researcher gains understanding of a specific person's experience through an in-depth interview
Provides good quotations and rich data
Can bring alive other research, such as survey data
Findings cannot be generalized to a wider population
References
Ferguson, George, A (1967). Statistical Analysis in Psychology and Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ohlson, E.L. (1998). Best Fit Practices in Research. Chicago: ACTS Testing Lab.
Kerlinger, Fred (1964) Foundations of Behavioral Research. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Secondary Research.
Oftentimes a research investigator has conducted exploratory research with respect to a certain product, service, or policy issue but is not yet prepared to undertake the rigors of conducting primary research. In the interim the individual might possibly opt to conduct what is called secondary research. Secondary research is absent of all hands-on involvement with samples, real objects, lab, and all other materials required for primary research (Hinds, Vogel, & Clarke-Steffen 1997). Secondary research is making use of information and data all ready collected by other research investigators and is generally used as supportive material for new primary research (Ohlson, 1998). There are times, however, when there is a need to support...
One must keep in mind that secondary research does not mean relying on information that is undocumented, loosely defined or outdated. When using secondary research to support a business endeavor the person must make sure that the data being review and utilized is topic appropriate, timely, content accurate, and authoritative. The secondary research process in business operations adhere to the following principles (Procter, 1993):
Identify the key problem or issue facing the department or company.
Set objectives with respect to what is to be accomplished by garnering secondary research data.
Obtain background information on the issue or problem being investigated wherein support is needed.
Locate the necessary research information.
Be prepared to use outside source interviews to back-up research information found.
Synthesize and organize the data procured.
Present the findings in a well written research report.
Always keep in mind that secondary research and secondary research data does not take the place of primary research investigative practices and whenever possible primary research should be conducted over that of secondary research. Keep in mind as well that secondary research should not stand as a "second class research citizen" as often times what happens is that from reviewing the research work of other new ideas come forward and new insights are often gained relative to current problems and situations.
References
Hague, Paul N (1996). Market Research: A Guide to Planning, Methodology and Evaluation. London: Kogan Page Limited.
Research
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