The first heart sound is generally longer and lower than the second, producing a heartbeat that sounds like lub-dup, lub-dup, lub-dup.
Blood pressure, the pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessels by the flowing blood, also varies during different phases of the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure in the arteries is higher during systole, when the ventricles are contracting, and lower during diastole, as the blood ejected during systole moves into the body's capillaries. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters (mm) of mercury using a sphygmomanometer, an instrument that consists of a pressure recording device and an inflatable cuff that is usually placed around the upper arm. Normal blood pressure in an adult is about 120 mm of mercury during systole, and about 80 mm of mercury during diastole. Blood pressure is usually noted as a ratio of systolic pressure to diastolic pressure for example, 120/80. A person's blood pressure…...
Cardiovascular system allows humans to survive. It is an essential component to the very complicated machinery that guides the functioning of the human body. It is this reason that has led to numerous research projects in order to discover news ways of making the heart function better. By improving the heart, the remainder of the body will be able to better operate. It was with this exact purpose that research teams were able to come up with a way to regenerate cardiac muscle cells in order to reprogram the heart into making new cells and repairing itself. As explained in Scientific American (2012), the heart already has the capacity of regenerating itself, however, the regeneration process is an extremely low one, and is tremendously limited. The actual study conducted by Eulalio et al. (2012) and published in Nature (2012) provides the proof necessary to support the idea of cardiac cell…...
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References:
Smith, K. (2012) Heart Cells Can Be Coaxed to Regenerate at Low Rates. Scientific American.
Eulalio, A., Mano, M., Dal Ferro, M., Zentilin, L., Sinagra, G.,Zacchigna, S., & Giacca, M. (2012). Functional screening identifies miRNAs inducing cardiac regeneration. Nature. 492(7429), 376-381.
By staying fit, you maximize your chances of having a long and vigorous life" (Biller, 2002, p. 165). In addition, cardiovascular health usually deteriorates with age, and so, exercise is even more important as individuals get older. Another author writes, "Aging people begin to experience an increase in systolic blood pressure and a reduction in over-all cardiac output at rest and during exercise. The valves of the heart may begin to deteriorate and heart muscles decrease in size, reducing the ability to pump large amounts of blood ("Exercise Helps Put off," 1993, p. 7). As the body ages, it changes, and a good exercise program can help keep these changes at a minimum and help people live longer, more productive lives.
Proof also exists that a good exercise regimen can also help stave off the symptoms of adult-onset (Type 2) diabetes. A major clinical trial indicated that adults who are…...
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References
Biller, H.B. (2002). Creative fitness: Applying health psychology and exercise science to everyday life. Westport, CT: Auburn House.
Diet exercise delay Type 2 diabetes. (2001, September). FDA Consumer, 35, 10.
Exercise helps put off the inevitable. (1993, October). USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), 122, 7.
Glaros, N.M., & Janelle, C.M. (2001). Varying the mode of cardiovascular exercise to increase adherence. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24(1), 42.
Export Import Company Consider organization work organization familiar. Reflect professional experiences organization. Consider experiences relate bases power, coercive power, reward power, legitimate power, expert power, referent power.
The cardiovascular system: The effects of aging
To fully understand the effects of aging on the human cardiovascular system, the fundamental structure of the heart must also be comprehended The heart has two sides: the right which enables the body to excrete carbon dioxide by sending blood to the lungs so they can receive oxygen and the left which "pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of body" (Dugdale 2010). Usually, the heart is efficient at regulating itself. But the heart is a muscle, and just as the visible muscles of the body lose their integrity with aging, so does the heart. The heart muscles degenerate and the heart valves stiffen, which can cause a heart murmur or other complications. "The heart has a natural…...
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Works Cited
"Cardiovascular system." American Academy of Health and Fitness. AAHF. [28 Sept 2012]
High blood pressure or hypertension is defined as a consistent recording of systolic blood pressure of 140mm HG or greater, and a diastolic blood pressure recording of 90mm HG or greater. High blood pressure is the most common circulatory disorder among human beings. Hypertension occurs all over the world, mostly in middle-aged or elderly men and women. Nearly half of all Americans who reach the age of 74 develop high blood pressure. Table 1. elow provides a classification of blood pressure for adults. As indicated in Table 1, hypertension can be classified as normal, pre-hypertensive, Stage 1, or Stage 2 (National Institutes of Health). Cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance determines blood pressure. Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and total peripheral resistance is the force that the heart must work against to pump the blood. Cardiac output is a central factor…...
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Bibliography
Black, H.R. "The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: Following the Link from Hypertension to Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure." Am J. Hypertens 16.9 Pt 2 (2003): 4S-6S.
Giles, T.D. "Hypertension and Heart Failure Sine Heart Failure. The Acc/Aha Guidelines: A Misadventure in the Lexicography of Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure, Particularly for the Hypertensive." J. Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 5.4 (2003): 280-1.
Lu, M., et al. "[Hypertension and Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in a General Population of a Rural Areas in China]." Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 25.10 (2004): 841-4.
Both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are essential for the maintenance of life in the human body. The respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange, as oxygen is taken in via the mouth or nose, eventually being expelled as carbon dioxide. The circulatory, or cardiovascular, system is responsible for circulating blood through the body. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together by delivering oxygen and essential nutrients to all the cells of the body.
The basic process of the respiratory system from initial respiration through gas exchange begins when a person takes a breath. Air enters through the mouth or nose, travels down the throat area’s pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and from there to the bronchial tubes (bronchi). The trachea itself splits to form the upper region of the left and right bronchial tubes (“Gas Exchange”). Each of the two primary bronchial tubes is then further divided into secondary, tertiary,…...
Cardiovascular disease is especially dangerous and one of the only effective measures to handle it is prevention. This ultimately makes interventions so crucial, especially with patients with a history of cardiovascular disease and those still showing signs of cardiovascular health. For the case in question, it is crucial to establish with the patient a need to start interventions so that he can avoid further cardiovascular problems. The patient witnessed an abnormal treadmill test, which ultimately signifies issues with the cardiovascular system that may endanger the patient's health.
First, there are interventions that deal with lifestyle changes. These are the least invasive because they do not entail the introduction of medicines or the need for surgery. ather, they aim to intervene with unhealthy lifestyle choices within the life of the patient. Changes in lifestyle include diets, exercise routines, and other changes that promote better cardiovascular health (Lauer, 2008). Physical activity and…...
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References
Aijaz, Bilal, Babuin, Luciano, Squires, Ray, & Kopecky, Stephen. (2008). Long-term mortality with multiple treadmill exercise test abnormalities: Comparison between patients with and without cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal. Web. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/581591_4
Artinian, Nancy T., Fletcher, Gerald F., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Kris-Etherton, Penny, & Van Horn, Linda. (2010). Interventions to promote physical activity and dietary lifestyle changes for cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults. Circulation, 122(2010), 406-441.
Dunn, Steven P., Holmes, David., & Moliterno, David J. (2012). Drug-drug interactions in cardiovascular catheterizations and interventions. Journal of American College of Cardiovascular Interventions, 5(12), 1195-1208.
Lauer, Michael S. (2008). The exercise treadmill test: Estimating cardiovascular prognosis. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 75(6), 424-430.
Those who are the vulnerable will have specific genes they inherit from their relatives, who were impacted by the condition. This increases their chances of having similar complications when they become older. (Kolata, 2010)
Congestive Heart Failure and Hypertension
Congestive heart failure and hypertension are interconnected with each other. According to a study conducted by the University of Texas, they found that there are 660 thousand new cases reported each year. This is accounting for 7% of all deaths associated with cardio vascular disease. One of the biggest factors that will determine if someone is at risk is hypertension. As this is used in 75% of all cases, to predict if someone will be impacted by congestive heart failure and the long-term effects it will have on them. (Merla, 2009)
Hypertension can lead to complications by increasing the chances of ventricle or systolic dysfunction taking place. This improves the chances of someone…...
Walking: Slow down your walking to a regular pace for 5 minutes.
If needed utilize heat or ice therapy to knees after walk.
Friday
Stretching: Sit down on the floor and reach for your toes. Hold this position for 1 minute and do not bounce. Next, sit with your legs crisscrossed, place your arms out to the sides and rotate your center slowly from side to side. Finally, stand up and face the wall. Slow begin walking your feet away from the wall until you feel a stretch in your calves.
Walking: Walk at a regular pace for 5 minutes.
Increase your pace for 8 minutes.
Frequency: Once per day
Intensity: Your heart rate should be at 80 bpm during the fast-paced walking. If you find that it is becoming hard to breath, then slow down to a normal pace until your breathing is back under control.
Walking: Slow down your walking to a regular pace for 5…...
Spaceflight on the Cardiovascular and Haemostatic System
Several physiological changes occur during spaceflights, the most noticeable of which are on the cardiovascular and haemostatic system of the body.
Since the human body is adapted to live in a world of gravity, it has developed ways of combating the gravity's downward force. For example, due to the earth's gravity blood tends to accumulate in the lower limbs but the body is equipped with a system to help monitor and maintain the blood flow and pressure so that the upper body and organs get an adequate supply of blood. In the zero gravity environment during spaceflights when there is no downward force, the upper body gets more than its share of blood. This triggers the monitoring receptors which signal to the body to reduce the volume of blood. As blood passes through the kidney, the excess plasma volume is excreted, lowering total blood…...
Airway Pressure on Cardiovascular Performance
HEART-LUNG CONNECTION
The Influence of Mean Airway Pressure on Cardiovascular Performance
reathing, also known as pulmonary ventilation, is the basic connection between the heart and lungs (Williams & Whitney, 2006). The connection allows air between the lungs and the atmosphere and the exchange of gases between the air and the alveoli in the lungs. ody receptors can detect changes involved in the movement of air and the pressure that accompanies it. These receptors can either increase or decrease breathing rate. They encourage slower breathing when blood pressure rises and faster breathing rate if the blood pressure goes down. Meanwhile, an exchange of gases between body tissues and capillaries is needed to maintain life. It brings in the gases living tissues need for survival. lood carries oxygen molecules when leaving the heart and distributes it throughout the body. Very small capillaries coordinate in the flow and distribution of…...
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Byrd, R.P. And Mosenifar, Z. (2010). Mechanical ventilation. Medscape: WebLLC.
Broken heart syndrome, otherwise called stress or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), represents an adverse physiological response to an acute psychological or physical stressor (Derrick, 2009). The death of a loved one or experiencing a physically traumatic event, represent two examples of life stressors that can cause this reversible form of cardiomyopathy. Although effective treatment is available, the seriousness of the condition is such that it explains how a person can literally die of a broken heart.
TTC Demographics
An estimated 1.2 million people suffered from an myocardial infarction (MI) in 2007 and approximately 1% (Derrick, 2009, p. 50) to 2% (Wittstein, 2012, p. 2) of MI events was probably due to TTC. Women are far more susceptible to TTC than men and represent approximately 89% of all cases (Derrick, 2009, p. 50). This gender bias shifts the estimated prevalence of TTC among female MI patients to between 4.7 and…...
e. hypertrophy). In the elderly, this process is reverse. Hence, the functional reserve capacities of the skeletal muscles decline with age, largely due to diminished levels of physical activity. As a result daily tasks once taken for granted become progressively more difficult, and eventually impossible, to perform. In illustration, a great deal of muscle force is required to simply stand up or to climb stairs. Therefore, skeletal system is relying upon the reserve capacity of the heart to provide the endurance needed to perform such activities. If an elderly person does not engage in some sort of endurance-based activities, he or she will not have the cardiac reserve capacity needed for daily tasks. More importantly, diminished capacity may not counteract illnesses or diseases. Although strength-based activities help the cardiac reserve, it may not benefit the skeletal system. "While resistance exercise promotes fiber hypertrophy in skeletal muscles, the explosive power of…...
Lakatta, E.G. (1994). Cardiovascular reserve capacity in healthy older humans. Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, 6(4): 213-23.
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common over-the-counter (OTC), antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic that is more commonly known as Tylenol®, a product of Johnson & Johnson1. Overseas the drug is called paracetamol and is manufactured and sold by countless generic drug makers.
A number of concerns regarding the safety of APAP have arisen over the past several years, including liver and kidney toxicity and adverse cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary effects. This essay will provide an overview of APAP, its uses, and safety issues, with an emphasis on the cardiopulmonary system.
Mechanisms of APAP Activity
The analgesic and antipyretic activity of APAP was thought to be similar to other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications because it was believed to inhibit prostaglandin (PGE2) synthesis2,3. This assumption has not withstood the test of time, for either APAP or other popular OTC non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The main evidence against NSAIDs affecting PGE2 synthesis is…...
2. Hamza M, Dionne RA. Mechanisms of non-opioid analgesics beyond cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2009; 2(1):1-14.
3. Kaufman G. Basic pharmacology of non-opioid analgesics. Nurs Stand 2010; 24(30):55-61.
4. Chan AT, Manson JE, Albert CM, Chae CU, Rexrode KM, Curhan GC, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and the risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation 2006; 113(12):1578-1587.
Magnetic esonance System on patients
Magnetic resonance System (Imaging), here after referred to as (MS), or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMI), is a medical imaging technique widely used in radiology to visualize detailed internal structure and limited function of the body. It provides great contrast between the different soft tissues of the body, making it particularly useful in neurological (brain), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and ontological (cancer) imaging. MS uses a powerful magnetic field to align the nuclear magnetization of (usually) hydrogen atoms in water in the body (Adams, 1989). To systematically alter the alignment of this magnetization, adio frequency (F) fields are used, enhancing the generation of a rotating magnetic field by the hydrogen nuclei that can be detected using a scanner.
MS can detect the chemical composition of diseased tissue and produce color images of brain function. This signal can be controlled by more magnetic fields to build up adequate information…...
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References
Adams, R.D. & Victor, M. (1989). Intracranial neoplasm: Principles of neurology. (4th Ed.) New
York. McGraw-Hill.
Clark, C.A., et al. (2003). White Matter Fiber Tracking in Patients with Space-Occupying Lesions of the Brain: A New Technique for Neurosurgical Planning? Neuroimage 20: 1601-1608.
Hammell K. (1994). Psychosocial outcome following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 32: 771 -- 779.
Enhanced muscular strength and endurance: Contact sports demand significant physical exertion, leading to increased muscle mass and endurance. The constant grappling, tackling, and pushing involved in these activities stimulate muscle growth and promote overall strength.
Improved cardiovascular health: The high-intensity nature of contact sports elevates the heart rate and strengthens the cardiovascular system. Regular participation in these activities can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improve blood pressure control, and increase overall fitness levels.
Enhanced bone density: The impact forces associated with contact sports put stress on bones, which triggers the body to increase bone....
Regular exercise plays a crucial role in improving overall health and well-being. Not only does it help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, but it also has a positive impact on mental health and emotional well-being. This essay will delve into the various ways in which regular exercise contributes to a healthier lifestyle and discuss the benefits it brings to both the body and mind.
One of the key benefits of regular exercise is its ability to help maintain a healthy weight. Physical activity burns calories, which in turn helps to prevent weight gain and....
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