Drugs and Alcohol Effects on College / Campuses
Current Literature On Drugs And Alcohol On College Campuses

Drugs and Alcohol Effects on College Campuses

The number of college students using the drug and alcohol in the United States of America has been on the increase. Binge drinking is the way most students in these colleges take alcohol. College students are a visible group where alcohol and drug abuse have become a common place. Effects of alcohol on college students cause social, legal, and academic problems. Students, on the other hand, engage in risky sex behaviors and other physical activities that might even result to death. Studies indicate that approximately four out of five college students in the United States abuse alcohol. About 1700 college students aged an estimate between 18-24-year die unintentionally because of alcohol and drug abuse. Most of these deaths are a result of motor vehicle accidents or injuries from assault…...

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References

Mohler-Kuo, M., Dowdall, G.W., Wechsler, H., & Koss, M. P (2004). Correlation of rape while intoxicated a national sample of college women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs,

65(1), 37.

Marshall, B.L., Roberts, K.J., Donnelly, J.W., & Rutledge, I.N. (2011). College Student

Perceptions

Drugs and Alcohol Issues
Many Americans have trouble getting to sleep. As a results they may turn to sleeping pills to help them get some ZZZs. How do you feel about the prescribing of sleeping pills for people to assist them with sleeping? Should our medical industry instead be writing prescriptions for vigorous activity which would also help people sleep better? How about a prescription for caffeine avoidance?

There is nothing wrong with physicians recommending non-pharmaceutical alternatives to insomnia or any other medical or health problem. However, the autonomous rights of patient make it inappropriate for the physician to substitute his or her values for those of the patient. The physician's duty is to disclose all relevant information and to provide good-faith advice; but the ultimate choice of modality to address a given problem must always remain with the patient.

On some level, the same criticism of using sleeping pills could be leveled…...

Drug Treatment and Prevention Program: The Local Alcoholics Anonymous Chapter
The primary function of the program:

The primary function of Alcoholics Anonymous is to private group counseling as a resource to alcoholics and recovering alcoholics. Often paired with community centers and local places of worship, the A.A. chapter in my community uses a nearby Protestant Church. According to the volunteer counselor whom I interviewed for this program profile, the local chapter has a rotating membership of roughly 70 nearby residents. The counselor indicates this they serve the program's primary function by organizing and moderating group meetings.

The clients served:

serves alcoholics and recovering alcoholics in 114,000 communities worldwide. The A.A. assesses its membership at roughly 2,000,000 members from a total of 170 countries. This makes it the largest and most widely utilized treatment organizations for addressing the disease of alcoholism. The clients served in the local community, the counselor tells, come from all walks…...

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Works Cited:

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). (2012). A.A. At a Glance. AA.org.

Arkowitz, H. & Lillenfeld, S. (2011). Does Alcoholics Anonymous Work? Scientific American.

Kurtz, E. (2002). Alcoholics Anonymous and the Disease Concept of Alcoholism. Silkworth.net.

[Shope, Jean T, 2004]
Cost of Addictive ehavior (individual and family implications)

Asides the fact that drugs and alcohol rehabilitation add billions of dollars to the nations health care costs, the addictive nature of these substances also implies direct costs to the families concerned. Adolescents have to spend hundreds of dollars for buying drinks and drugs and peer pressure would encourage them to engage in culpable actions. Typically, an alcoholic or drug-abusing adolescent would meet his financial needs by stealing from his own house. The next step is lying and borrowing from friends and in the worst case submitting to demands for sexual favors in order to sustain the costly habit. The individual surrenders his self-respect to the addiction and also losses trustworthiness in the society. As discussed earlier, alcohol and criminal behavior go hand in hand. Substance abusers have problems managing their emotions and typically show more aggressive behavior. This…...

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Bibliography

NIAAA. (2003), "Underage Drinking: A major Public Health Challenge," Accessed on March 2nd 2005,  http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa59.htm 

Janet C. Greenblatt, "Patterns of Alcohol use Among Adolescents and Associations with Emotional and Behavioral Problems," Accessed on March 3rd 2005, http://www.health.org/govstudy/adolemotion/

Shope, Jean T. (2004), "Adolescent Developmental Antecedents of Risky Driving Among Young adults," Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol 65, Number 1, Pg 84

Holly Harner (2003), "Sexual Violence and Adolescents," Accessed on March 3rd 2005, http://www.vaw.umn.edu/documents/vawnet/adolescent/aradolescent.html#id2634574

Health Science in egards to Drugs and Alcohol
Legalization of drugs

When Colorado and Washington legalized the use of marijuana for recreational purposes, issues related to legalization of all drugs became subject of public debate. Those who voted for legalization of Marijuana in these two states argued that legalization of these drugs would generate revenue, deter black market activities, and check against lose of tax resources used by law enforcement agencies (Will, 2012). These younger and liberal voters averred that drug enforcement unfairly targeted minority groups and that the current laws led to greater crimes because of the demand for illegal drugs.

Those of opposing view opined that criminalization of recreational drugs could help lower rate of use and abuse hence decrease in addictions and problems associated with it. Opponents of legalization of drugs were older and more conservative. The current policy detailing the war on drugs has failed to live to expectations…...

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References

Ennett S.T., et al. (2013). How effective is drug abuse resistance education? A meta-analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations. Retrieved February 27, 2012 from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615171/ 

Fareed Zakaria, (2012). Incarceration Nation. Retrieved February 27, 2012 from  http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2109777,00.html 

Fingarette, H. (1990). Why We Should Reject the Disease Concept of Alcoholism. In R.C. Engs,

(Ed.), Controversies in the Addictions Field. (P.48). Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt.

Physical Abuse in Relationships Due to Drugs and Alcohol
Family violence has become a significant public health issue in the United States (ood pp). Many believe the reason for the problem of domestic violence within the United States is because the U.S. has the highest substance abuse rate of any industrialized nation (Drug pp). There have been numerous studies to support a relationship between substance abuse and domestic violence.

According to many researchers and physicians, such as Cathy L. Baldwin-Johnson, who spoke before the annual meeting of the American Academy of Family Physicians, partner violence is the most common form of domestic violence, and occurs within all ethnic groups, economic classes, religions, and age groups, as well as in homosexual relationships (ood pp). Ninety-five percent of all victims of violence are women, and approximately half of all women in the United States will be abused by a current or former partner sometime…...

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Work Cited

Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse. (2005). The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 03, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.

Hien, Denise; Hien, Nina M. (1998, August). Women, violence with intimates, and substance abuse: relevant theory, empirical findings, and recommendations for future research. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Retrieved July 03, 2005 from:  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0978/is_n3_v24/ai_21154249 

Martin, Sandra L.; Beaumont, Jennifer L.; Kupper, Lawrence L. (2003, August).

Substance use before and during pregnancy: links to intimate partner violence. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Retrieved July 03, 2005 from:  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0978/is_3_29/ai_109351419

S. provide funds for staff development on drug use and alcohol use by school-age children. But only 26% of elementary school classes and required middle school and high school health education courses had a teacher that had received "staff development on alcohol or other drug-use prevention" (SHIPPS). Still, SHIPPS reports that 91.4% of high schools and 80.4% of middle schools surveyed teach the "benefits of not using alcohol" and 90.3% of high schools and 79.4% of middle schools teach the "benefits of not using illegal drugs." These data are based on schools that have "required instruction" in those areas of health education.
An article in the Journal of School Health (Summerlin-Long, 2008) details "tobacco-free school" (TFS) policies; the article references "positive reports" from "key informants" in 46 school districts in North Carolina that had passed TFS policies between December 2001 and August 2005. This article is particularly pertinent because of North…...

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Works Cited

Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly. (2002). Teenagers abusing cough syrup. Retrieved March 1, 2009, at  http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-2173465_ITM .

Brooks, Ashley, Gaier Larkin, Elizabeth M., Kishore, Sonal, & Frank, Scott. (2008).

Cigars, Cigarettes, and Adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32(6),

Bryant, Alison L. (2003). How Academic Achievement, Attitudes, and Behaviors Relate

Alcohol and substance abuse is a prevalent problem among youth. Effects of alcohol and substance abuse range from mental health problems like depression and suicide ideation to dating violence, to poor academic performance (adliff, Wheaton, obinson, & Morris, 2012). Early exposure to substance and alcohol abuse in the home may lead to an earlier instance of drug and alcohol abuse. This is because of the higher degree of availability and potential lack of parental involvement. This research paper aims to highlight the various ways in which drug and alcohol abuse affect youth from within and outside the home.
Effects of alcohol and substance abuse on high school youth

Academic failure can be one effect of substance and alcohol abuse. One study notes the lack of school commitment from youth experimenting with drugs and alcohol (Kelly et al., 2015, p. 627). The study examined gender, and substance/alcohol abuse in a 30-day period, noting…...

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References

Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M., & Mendez, E. (2013). Chronic childhood adversity and stages of substance use involvement in adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 131(1-2), 85-91.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.002 

Epstein-Ngo, Q., Cunningham, R., Whiteside, L., Chermack, S., Booth, B., Zimmerman, M., & Walton, M. (2013). A daily calendar analysis of substance use and dating violence among high risk urban youth. Drug And Alcohol Dependence, 130(1-3), 194-200.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.006 

Gauffin, K., Vinnerljung, B., Fridell, M., Hesse, M., & Hjern, A. (2013). Childhood socio-economic status, school failure and drug abuse: a Swedish national cohort study. Addiction, 108(8), 1441-1449.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12169 

Ivanov, I., Liu, X., Shulz, K., Fan, J., London, E., & Friston, K. et al. (2012). Parental substance abuse and function of the motivation and behavioral inhibition systems in drug-naive youth. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 201(2), 128-135.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.08.004

The user's mouth feels dry, and he or she may suddenly become very hungry and thirsty. His or her hands may tremble and grow cold. The euphoria passes after awhile, and then the user may feel sleepy or depressed. Occasionally, marijuana use produces anxiety, fear, distrust, or panic http://www.starliterecovery.com/marijuana.asp.
Marijuana use impairs a person's ability to form memories, recall events (see Marijuana, Memory, and the Hippocampus), and shift attention from one thing to another. THC also disrupts coordination and balance by binding to receptors in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, parts of the brain that regulate balance, posture, coordination of movement, and reaction time.11 Through its effects on the brain and body, marijuana intoxication can cause accidents. Studies show that approximately 6 to 11% of fatal accident victims test positive for THC. In many of these cases, alcohol is detected as well http://www.starliterecovery.com/marijuana.asp.

"An interesting study was done with airline pilots,"…...

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REFERENCES

Aukerman, Melissa. Alcohol on trial: the evidence.(Featured CME Topic: Alcohol)

Southern Medical Journal; 1/1/2005; Epidemiological Considerations of Alcohol Consumption

Herrman, Judith. . The teen brain as a work in progress: implications for pediatric nurses.(Updates & Kidbits). Pediatric Nursing; 3/1/2005;

Amodios, Joseph. Why pot's not cool: how marijuana messes with your brain and body.(DRUGS & ALCOHOL). Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader publication; 3/1/2005;

Paenting Style Influence on Excess Alcohol Intake Among Jewish Youth
Clinical Psychology

The health hazads that ae associated with adolescent alcohol use ae well documented, and thee is gowing ecognition among policymakes and clinicians alike that moe needs to be done to addess this public health theat. The pupose of this study was to examine the effects of diffeent paenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish college students in the United States. The study daws on attachment theoy, social leaning theoy, and a paenting style model as the main theoetical famewoks to evaluate the effects of diffeent paenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish adolescents to develop infomed answes to the study's thee guiding eseach questions concening the elationship between peceived paenting style and excess alcohol use of male, Jewish, college students aged 18-26 yeas, the elationship between academic achievement and the alcohol use fequency of male Jewish college students…...

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references to gender.

Scoring: The PAQ is scored easily by summing the individual items to comprise the subscale scores. Scores on each subscale range from 10 to 50.

Author: Dr. John R. Buri, Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, 2115

Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105.

Source: Buri, J.R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire, Journal of Personality and Social Assessment, 57, 110-119

Paenting Style Influence on Excess Alcohol Intake Among Jewish Youth
Clinical Psychology

The health hazads that ae associated with adolescent alcohol use ae well documented, and thee is gowing ecognition among policymakes and clinicians alike that moe needs to be done to addess this public health theat. The pupose of this study was to examine the effects of diffeent paenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish college students in the United States. The study daws on attachment theoy, social leaning theoy, and a paenting style model as the main theoetical famewoks to evaluate the effects of diffeent paenting styles on alcohol consumption levels among Jewish adolescents to develop infomed answes to the study's thee guiding eseach questions concening the elationship between peceived paenting style and excess alcohol use of male, Jewish, college students aged 18-26 yeas, the elationship between academic achievement and the alcohol use fequency of male Jewish college students…...

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references to gender.

Scoring: The PAQ is scored easily by summing the individual items to comprise the subscale scores. Scores on each subscale range from 10 to 50.

Author: Dr. John R. Buri, Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, 2115

Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105.

Source: Buri, J.R. (1991). Parental Authority Questionnaire, Journal of Personality and Social Assessment, 57, 110-119

Alcohol, Drugs, And Domestic Violence
Family violence - or male aggression against women in a relationship setting - also known as domestic violence (DV) is most certainly a devastating social and moral problem in our society; but it is also a serious police problem, and an expensive health problem. In fact, the annual health care cost associated with the manifestations of DV is estimated to run as high as $857 million in the United States (odiguez, et al., 2001). But moreover, DV takes a toll on American families that is much greater than any dollar amount could ever reflect - and, in addition, DV is a social blemish on the face of America that seems to be getting worse, not better. The "causes" of violence in the family - why men act aggressively against their wives and girlfriends and even their children - are varied and complicated; but in too many…...

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References

Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly (2003). Alcohol use may increase the likelihood of domestic violence. 15 p7.

Brain, Paul F. (1986). Alcohol and Aggression. London: Croom Helm.

Brookoff, Daniel, M.D., Ph.D. (1997). Drugs, Alcohol, and Domestic Violence

In Memphis: Research in Progress Seminar Series. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.

Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it slows down the release of neurochemicals that inhibit certain behaviors. The subjective feelings associated with alcohol intoxication are due to its effects on the brain and central nervous system but that system also controls our behaviors. The depression of certain neurotransmitters often reduces reflex time and reduces general inhibitions.
The digestive system is also strongly affected by alcohol consumption. Alcohol is absorbed almost entirely by the small intestine, from where the alcohol seeps into the blood. The liver is strongly affected by the absorption of alcohol and is in fact the main organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol. hen too much alcohol is consumed, the liver becomes overtaxed and cannot filter the toxins from the body as fast as it normally can. Over the long-term, the liver can become permanently damaged from too much alcohol consumption.

The heart and circulatory system are also affected…...

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Works Cited

Alcohol Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination." California DUI Help. Retrieved Feb 23, 2008 at http://www.californiaduihelp.com/dui_investigation/alcohol.asp

Boggan, Bill. "Alcohol Chemistry and You." Kennesaw State University, 2003.

Instead, their main aim is to encourage increased usage of a particular brand by those who already consume alcohol, and to encourage brand loyalty. In other words, the main objective is market share. Advertisers who reach their goals gain market share at the expense of others in the same market, who lose share. The total market for the product is not increased.
Hanson uses a practical example from the United States to illustrate the reasons why advertisers do not focus on increasing the total alcohol market. He notes that the total market value of beer per year in the United States is about $50 billion. If a beer company increases its market share within this market by 1%, this would amount to a $500 million increase in sales. An increase of the total beer market by 1%, on the other hand, would mean an increase of only $50 million in…...

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References

ABAC (2009). Alcoholic Beverages Advertising (and Packaging) Code. Retrieved from:  http://www.abac.org.au/uploads/File/ABAC%20Code%20 (at%20November%202009).pdf

DSICA (Distilled Spirits Industry Council of Australia, Inc., 2011). Australian Alcohol Consumption. Retrieved from:  http://www.dsica.com.au/content/detail/australian_alcohol_consumption 

FARE (Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education, 2012). Alcohol Advertising. Retrieved from:  http://www.fare.org.au/research-development/community-polling/annual-alcohol-poll-2012/alcohol-advertising/ 

Hanson, D.J. (2012). Alcohol Advertising. Alcohol: Problems and Solutions. Retrieved from:  http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/Advertising.html

Alcoholism will be defined, according to the DSM as a "maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:…a failure to fulfill major role obligations; & #8230;recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous; & #8230;recurrent substance-related legal problems;" and "continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance" (Alcohol abuse diagnosis, 2011, Mental Health Channel).
Operational definition of dependent variables 2: Subjects will be asked to answer a questionnaire on current behaviors, to see if they cohere with the above DSM definition of alcoholism.

Operational definition for the independent variables 2: Losing a spouse will be defined as having lost a partner with whom the individual was either a. legally married to or b. had a significant, committed…...

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Reference

Alcohol abuse diagnosis. (2011). Mental Health Channel. Retrieved January 26, 2011 at http://www.mentalhealthchannel.net/alcohol/diagnosis.shtml

1. The Influence of Cognitive Distortions on Mental Health:

- How do cognitive distortions, such as catastrophising, overgeneralisation, and black-and-white thinking, contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and PTSD?
- Explore the role of cognitive restructuring techniques in challenging and modifying dysfunctional thought patterns, thereby improving mental health outcomes.

2. Attachment Styles and Their Impact on Relationships:

- Elaborate on the different attachment styles, including secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant, and their formation during childhood.
- Analyse the effects of attachment styles on romantic relationships, focusing on how they influence communication, trust, intimacy, and....

Social exclusion can greatly impact a person's mental health and overall well-being in various ways.

1. Reduced self-esteem and self-worth: Being excluded from social groups or activities can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. This can lead to feelings of worthlessness and negatively impact a person's mental health.

2. Increased feelings of loneliness and isolation: Social exclusion can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation, which can have detrimental effects on mental health. Loneliness has been linked to increased rates of depression, anxiety, and other mental health disorders.

3. Lack of social support: Being socially excluded can prevent a person....