Nicotine
egarded extremely addictive, nicotine happens to be one of the most widely used drugs by virtue of being contained in tobacco. In this text, I discuss this psychoactive drug. In so doing, I amongst other things highlight the drug's street names, typical users as well as the effect the same has on users. Further, I discuss the drug's cultural aspects and medicinal usage.

Nicotine: General Information

According to Coon and Mitterer (2010), "nicotine is a natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco." The drug is delivered to the brain by sniffing, chewing or smoking tobacco. In that regard, it is important to note that each cigarette stick smoked delivers approximately 1 to 2 milligrams of nicotine to the lungs of a smoker. However, the amount of nicotine contained in each cigarette stick is usually much higher standing at approximately 10 milligrams. The reason for the much lower amount of nicotine absorbed in the….

Caffeinism describes the symptoms which occur when individuals who regularly drink large amounts of caffeine suddenly stop. While generally mild, symptoms have been reported to include muscle twitching and heart palpitations. In the DSM-IV, there are several disorders listed specifically associated with the use of caffeine.
Pregnant women are usually recommended to reduce their intake of caffeine, although the precise amount differs from study to study. In a study performed by Kaiser Permanente it was reported that the intake of 200 mg of caffeine per day was a significant risk for miscarriage. Another study, however, in the same year denied any association between risk of miscarriage and caffeine intake.

In light of the differing scientific evidence, one would probably be prudent to avoid or at least limit the use of caffeine in pregnancy, or even for general health. When any substance can be associated with a withdrawal syndrome, I believe it….

Health
Nicotine acts at the neuro-muscular junction to stimulate muscles. Paradoxically, smokers report that it relaxes them. Explain.

One of the paradoxes about nicotine addiction is that smokers report feeling relaxed after using, in spite of the fact that nicotine is a biological stimulant. The phenomenon is known in the literature as Nesbitt's Paradox or simply the nicotine paradox. Early research into Nesbitt's Paradox revealed that there are a number of potential variables influencing the perception of a relaxed emotional response. Behavioral activity levels, the level of central nervous system arousal, the type of emotion being reported, time elapsed since the nicotine fix, and both rate and dose of administration are linked to perceived emotional responses to smoking cigarettes containing nicotine (Gilbert, 1979). Of these variables, the degree of nicotine deprivation has been most closely linked to the paradoxical sensation that a stimulant creates a relaxation response. The solution to the paradox,….

It also has promising medical uses, such as preventing Alzheimer's disease. However, nicotine is also a poison. It causes high blood pressure, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal distress, and can even cause death by overdoes. Furthermore, nicotine is an addictive drug with and its effects on some systems vary from person to person. hile withdrawal from nicotine is difficult, the negative effects of nicotine use indicate that it should not be used recreationally.
orks Cited

Christopher, James. Escape from Nicotine Country: How to Stop Smoking Painlessly. New York: Prometheus Books, 1999.

Cigarette Smoking." Cancer.org. 2005. American Cancer Society. 14 Mar. 2005 http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Cigarette_Smoking.asp?sitearea=PED.

Leung, Melisse. "Tobacco." AMSA.org. 2005. American Medical Student Association. 14 Mar. 2005 http://www.amsa.org/resource/natlinit/tobacco.cfm.

Pugh, Phyllis. "hat are the Effects of Nicotine?" PCP's Place. 1998. Geocities. 14 Mar. 2005 http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/2257/niceffects.html.

Christopher, James. Escape from Nicotine Country: How to Stop Smoking Painlessly. New York: Prometheus

Books, 1999.

Cigarette Smoking." Cancer.org. 2005. American Cancer Society. 14 Mar. 2005 http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Cigarette_Smoking.asp?sitearea=PED.

Pugh, Phyllis.….

Caffeine and Nicotine: What They Do to the Body and Mind
Over the last several years, there has been continuing debate about the long-term impact of caffeine and tobacco consumption. This is because most people are consuming either one or both of these products on a regular basis. Various forms of research are showing that this will have an adverse impact on the underlying levels of health for the individual. To fully understand how this is happening, there will be focus on studying a number of sources in conjunction with each other. Once this takes place, is when these facts will illustrate the negative effects of these substances on the physical and mental health of the individual.

Content Outline

Introduction

Summary of Current esearch

Sources showing short to medium term effects

Sources illustrating the short to long-term impact on physical and mental health

Application of Psychological Addiction

esources discussing how this is impacting the behavior of the individual.

Application….

POLICY BRIEFTitle: Stop Addiction to Vaping through Education (S.A.V.E)Executive Summary: The use of e-cigarettes among teens has been on an upward trend within the last few years. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC (2020), the use of e-cigarettes is unsafe for kids, teens, and young adults (CDC, 2020). As CDC further observes, nicotine is a key ingredient in most e-cigarettes. Various research studies have clearly indicated that nicotine is not only highly addictive, but is also a major health risk. It is important to note that nicotine, according to the American Heart Association (2015), can cause an increase in blood pressure, narrowing of the arteries may also contribute to the hardening of the arterial walls, which in turn, may lead to a heart attack. The American Heart Association also points out that there could even be more nicotine in some e-cigarettes than is the….

Broms et al. (2010) found that evening type people were more likely to become smokers, and less likely to cease their nicotine addiction.
The study was a cohort design that used random-effects model regressions over a longitudinal period of time in order to study the comparison of attraction to smoking and tendency to remain addicted between diurnal and non-diurnal participants.

A sample of 23289 same-sex adult twin individuals from Finland was used. Nicotine dependence was studied on a sub-sample of 676 individual twins. The subjects were split into four groups: morning type, somewhat morning type, somewhat evening type, and evening type. Past and present smoking patterns were assessed. The DSM-IV and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) were both used to assess nicotine dependence.

esearchers found that of the four categories, it was diurnal types who were most likely to be past and current nicotine smokers and addicted to smoking, as well….

Friends From the Wrong Crowd
One of the most challenging things among the young people on America is the idea of bad company. This problem is so pronounced and serious taking into account that the people who surround and individual largely dictates the direction of the life that the individual will take and hence shaping their future.

Ryan a 23 years old boy came from a humble Christian family where no one was allowed to smoke. When Ryan joined campus he met Pat and Torrey who were cigarette addicts. They became his close friends and went a head and invited him to hang out with them for a weekend. Pat and Torrey offered Ryan a whiff of cigarette for the first time in his life. Ryan was hesitant and said an emphatic "No" to the request but they kept on insisting on him to smoke. Ultimately he ended up smoking due to….

Although the tobacco Janet would market is not smoked, it is an addictive substance, and thus it could easily lead to smoking nicotine-containing cigarettes later on in life, and cause harm through second-hand smoke to millions of other people. The societal costs to the legal system because of the lawsuits the product has inspired, and the unhappiness the product has caused for the target audience's families are another example of how the sum total happiness of society is reduced, rather than increased, if Janet takes the job. Also, the campaign is in violation of laws that prohibit minors from using tobacco, and by encouraging the violation of the laws of the land, society's total happiness is reduced, as persons (and marketing departments) feel free to behave and market products in a less law-abiding fashion.
Finally, the idea that Janet can help herself and her future career by taking the job….

Economics
Marginal ate of Substitution (MS) is the rate that an individual is ready to give up from "good A" to obtain one or more unit of "good B" while keeping the overall utility constant. In other words, MS reveals how many units of good x that an individual is ready to give up to gain extra unit of good y while keeping the same level of utility constant. The MS involves the trade off of goods to change the allocation of the total bundles of goods while maintaining the level of satisfaction. Typically, MS is calculated between goods being placed on indifferent curve. The product of cheeseburger and hotdogs is used to illustrate the MS. If the marginal rate of substitution of cheeseburger for hot dogs is 2, thus, consumer will be willing to give 2 cheeseburger to obtain 1 extra hot dog.

However, marginal rate of substitution diminishes as consumer….

Conclusions -- It becomes immediately clear that the art of the silent film depended on three major elements: smooth editing, appropriate use of subtitles, and actors who were able to use their eyes and movement to communicate or "play to the camera." It was surprising that only one of the films viewed seemed "primitive," and that was only the initial parts of Gertie. By the time we get to The ink, there has been an obvious improvement in camera techniques and the ability to film from different angles and heights, even if the camera is stable. In addition, the vaudevillian arm and comedy of The ink is classic. It is also interesting to note that the subject matter, while varied, seemed far less censored that what we would come to expect in later Hollywood years -- we see prostitution, abject poverty, criminal behavior, sexual innuendos with fairy creatures, and a….

This lack of ADH makes the collecting duct impermeable to water (www.nmc.edu/~koverbaugh/bio106/su02/chapt15.htm)." ADH production decreases when alcohol is consumed, resulting in dehydration.
When there is a low blood volume, the "juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes enin, leading to Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin I, and Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases the return of Na to blood. This increased salt in the blood causes water to diffuse into the blood from the urine (www.nmc.edu/~koverbaugh/bio106/su02/chapt15.htm)." The secretion of aldosterone is "also triggered when potassium levels are elevated (hyperkalemia), and through the sodium-potassium pump, it increases potassium excretion while increasing sodium reabsorption (http://www.dacc.edu/~lgarret/fluid.html)."

Conclusion

Alcohol consumption negatively affects the urinary system by decreasing the production of ADH. This reduction of ADH will cause the body to become dehydrated, and can lead to electrolyte imbalance.

eferences

Controlling the Internal Environment. (accessed 04 October, 2004). www.3redravens.net/apbio/Chap44notes.html).

Fluid, Electrolyte, and pH Balance. (accessed 04 October, 2004). http://www.dacc.edu/~lgarret/fluid.html).

The Urinary….

moking and Lung Disease
moking is a hazardous habit that has the ability to greatly affect the health of the smoker and those that are close to them. The purpose of this discussion is to investigate smoking and lung disease. The discussion will focus on possible community health nursing interventions/teaching strategies. We will also use Orem's nursing model to describe the community, its health issue/problem, and proposed interventions.

Community and Health issue

The community in question is Grady County which is located in Chickasha, Oklahoma. moking is a prevalent problem in this community and people are seemingly unaware of the health consequences related to smoking. The reason why this issue was chosen was due to my mother having evere Emphysema and the effects this disease has on her, also because of the impact that second hand smoking can have on non-smokers For example, I am Deathly Allergic to moking. My airway closes off….

Aversive Control
Punishment can be defined as a way to reduce a given behavior by attaching a consequence to behaving a certain way or doing a particular thing. Some of the consequences that denote positive punishment include loud noise, electric shock and a reprimand. The consequences that denote negative punishment include money, access to a given social environment and food. Several studies have discussed the effects and implications of aversive control. The main topics that have been covered include how they affect the use of nicotine, analysis of man's neuropsychiatric behavior and the use of aversive techniques such as punishment tools.

An aversive stimulus can maintain the behavior of an organism that rids another organism of the targeted aversive stimulus. This is definitely different from positive reinforcement where the reinforcing event is the production of the stimulus. One distinct characteristic of aversive control is an avoidance or escape behavior targeted. The maintained….

Toward an Effective olution

In principle, the most effective solution to the tremendous problem of cigarette smoking in the U.. would simply be to impose legislation banning the manufacture, sale, or consumption of cigarettes altogether. In fact, it is impossible to justify any logical distinction between the current illegal status of marijuana (at the federal level and in almost all of the individual states) and the fact that a slightly different cultivated vegetation that is empirically linked to almost half a million preventable premature deaths annually is still perfectly legal to market at great financial profits. However, from a practical perspective, the U.. already had experience during the Prohibition era of the 1920s with the difficulties of trying to ban alcohol. In addition to widespread violation by otherwise law-abiding citizens, that ban created such a tremendous opportunity for profit associated with the black market production and distribution of alcohol that the….