Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that has become the topic of much research lately. This neurological disease affects more than four million individuals around the world, making it the second largest neurological disease affecting people (National Institute of Health, 2013). The United States alone has about 60,000 new diagnoses made every year. Parkinson's disease can affect an individual of any age, however, the branch of this disease that people are most familiar with is late-onset Parkinson's disease. This part particular group encompasses those that are older than 55 years old. Young-onset or early-onset Parkinson's disease affects individuals before the age of 50, while juvenile-onset Parkinson's disease affects those under the age of 20 (NHGI, 2011). No matter the age at which the disease first appears, its devastating effects are the same.
The symptoms of this disorder create great disruption in the affected individual's life. Parkinson's disease causes the degeneration of…...

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References:

EuroStemCell. (2012). Parkinson's Disease: How could stem cells help? Eurostemcell.org. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/parkinson%E2%80%99s-disease-how-could-stem-cells-help 

National Institute Of Health. (2013). Parkinson disease. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/parkinson-disease 

NHGRI. (2011). Learning About Parkinson's Disease. National Human Genome Research Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://www.genome.gov/10001217 

Talan, J. (2012). Parkinson's Disease. The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2013 from  http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/parkinsons-disease/overview.html#Exams-and-Tests

There are around 60,000 Americans who are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease ever year, and this number does not take into account the thousands of cases that go unnoticed. Occurrence of Parkinson's goes up with a person's age, but it is estimated that about four percent of people are diagnosed before the age of 50. There are an estimated seven to 10 million people worldwide are living with Parkinson's disease (Statistics on Parkinson's, 2010).
Parkinson's disease is often accompanied by additional troubles:

People with Parkinson's disease of suffer from depression. eceiving treatment for depression can make it easier to deal with the other challenges of Parkinson's disease.

People who have Parkinson's disease frequently have trouble falling asleep and may wake up often throughout the night. They may also experience unexpected sleep onset, called sleep attacks, during the day.

The muscles that one uses to swallow may be affected in the later stages of the…...

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References

NINDS Parkinson's Disease Information Page. (2010). Retrieved September 9, 2010, from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Web site:

 http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm 

Parkinson's Disease. (2010). Retrieved September 9, 2010, from Mayo Clinic Web site:

 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/parkinsons-disease/DS00295/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis

PAKINSON'S DISEASE
UNDESTANDING THE PAKINSON'S DISEASE

Understanding Parkinson's disease

Description

Parkinson disease is a progressive neurological problem that affects people of all ages and races. It is a very common condition. It is estimated that about 70, 000 Australians live with this disease. The average diagnostic age is 65 years, however, that does not rule out the possibility of young people developing Parkinson. In young people, the condition is known as Young Onset Parkinson Disease. Diagnosing Parkinson disease is not an easy task. There are no known laboratory tests like brain scan or blood test, so it is important to ensure a specialist such as a neurologist carries out the diagnosis. The specialist is expected to look for any known physical signs of the condition and take the detailed history of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. There is still no known cause of Parkinson's disease in people. Many theories exist as to why…...

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References

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) 'Disability, Ageing and Carers Australia, Summary of Findings, 2009', Cat. No. 4430.0, 20 June.

Begg, S., Vos, T., Barker, B., Stevenson, C., Stanley, L., & Lopez, A. (2007). Burden of disease and injury in Australia, 2003.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW.

Deloitte (2011). Living with Parkinson's Disease -- update. Retrieved 9 April 2016 from  http://www.parkinsonsnsw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/AE-Report_2011.pdf 

Dickson, D. W. (2012). Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism: Neuropathology. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2(8), a009258.  http://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009258

Parkinson's disease impacts the human brain's dopamine-secreting nerve cells. Its symptoms include tremors, gait and speech modifications and muscle rigidity. The disease has no permanent cure; a patient of Parkinson's disease can only take treatment to alleviate his/her symptoms (WebMD, 2017).
Subjective

A fifty-year-old male patient complains of trembling hands, a condition that has been aggravating over the course of the last two or three years. His hands tremble when eating, writing, tying his shoelaces, cutting things, and doing other activities by hand. He complains that his handwriting is now nearly illegible and slumping. He is a carpenter by profession, and is anxious that his problem may affect his ability to continue earning a living.

Parkinson's disease symptoms are different for different individuals. Further, with disease advancement, the symptoms transform. Initial symptoms of a particular patient may never surface in another, or may only surface at a very advanced stage of the disease.…...

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References

Harvard Health Letter. (2012). Exercise helps prevent, fight Parkinson's disease. Harvard Health Letter. Retrieved from  http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters/Harvard_Health_Letter/2012/March/another-reason-to-get-out-there-and-get-moving?utm_source=health&utm_medium=pressrelease&utm_campaign=Health0312 

MFMER. (2015, July 7). Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research:  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20028488 

Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Inc. (2017, February). Resources for People with Parkinson's. Retrieved from Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Inc.:  http://www.pdf.org/en/summer08_resources 

Perlmutter, J. S. (2010). Assessment of Parkinson Disease Manifestations. Curr Protoc Neurosci, 10(1).

Health Issues for the Aging One of the diseases that creates a burden on our health care system, especially among the aged, is Parkinson's disease. At present, there is no known cure for Parkinson's, merely treatments that can help to reduce the symptoms. This makes it difficult to develop a public health solution to Parkinson's. On the prevention side, one of the challenges is that while there have been some risk factors potentially identified, the reality is that there is no known cause either. For example, a meta-analysis suggest that living in a rural area, drinking well water, farming and exposure to pesticides all might be risk factors (Priyardashi et al, 2001). The current state of research at present is such that the different forms that Parkinson's takes are being studied (Peto, et al, 1995). Moreover, the different ways that Parkinson's presents can also bring about a number of different complications,…...

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References

Belluci, A., Navarria, L., Zaltieri, M., Missale, C. & Spano, P. (2012). Alpha-synuclein synaptic pathology and its implications in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to cure Parkinson\\'s disease. Brain Research. Vol. 1432 (2012) 95-113.

Carroll, C., Zeissler, M., Hanneman, C. & Zajicek, P. (2012). ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC) exerts a direct neuroprotective effect in a human cell culture model of Parkinson\\'s disease. Neuropathy and Applied Neurobiology. Vol. 38 (2012) 535-547.

Investors.com (2017). Adamas Parkinson\\'s drug is double the cost of analyst expectations. Investors\\' Business Daily Retrieved November 20, 2017 from

Lee, H. & Pienaar, I. (2014) Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in Parkinson\\'s disease: Curse or a route to a cure? Frontiers in Bioscience. Vol. 19 (2014) 272-280.

Liptak, K. (2017). White House: Feds will step up marijuana law enforcement. CNN. Retrieved November 20, 2017 from http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/23/politics/white-house-marijuana-donald-trump-pot/index.html

Natale, G., Pasquali, L, Ruggieri, S., Paparelli, A. & Fornai, F. (2008). Parkinson\\'s disease and the gut: A well-known clinical association in need of an effective cure and explanation. Neurogastroenterology and Motility. Vol. 20 (2008) 741-749.

NINDS (2017). Focus on Parkinson\\'s disease research. NINDS.NIH.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2017 from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Current-Research/Focus-Research/Focus-Parkinsons-Disease

Peto, V., Jenkinson, C., Fitzpatrick, R. & Greenhall, R. (1995) The development and validation of a short measure of functioning and well-being for individuals with Parkinson\\'s disease. Quality of Life Research. Vol. 4 (3) 241-248.https://www.investors.com/news/technology/adamas-parkinsons-drug-cost-is-double-analyst-expectations/

Fortunately my father's symptoms early on have been quite mild thus far. With the exception of some slight tremors in the hands now, my father exhibits relatively few of the debilitating or crippling symptoms associated with Parkinson's. Though this may change with time, our hope is that new therapies and treatments will soon be discovered to extend and continue to improve the quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease far into the future.
It is also important that family members and patients are realistic in their treatment expectations (Kindracke, 2001). Parkinson's is a progressive disease that some find crippling and debilitating as life goes on. Many patients grow to resent their bodies for "betraying them" as time goes on (Kindracke, 2001). Again however, the best steps a patient and family member can take to conquer this disease are to live life to the fullest each and every day they…...

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References

Gao, H.M, Hong, J. & Liu, B. (2003). "Parkinson's Disease and exposure to infectious agents and pesticides and the occurrence of brain injuries: role of neuroinflammation." Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(8): 1065

Henkel, J. (1998 - July). "Parkinson's disease: New treatments slow onslaught of symptoms." FDA Consumer, 32(4): 13.

Kondracke, M. (2001). Saving Milly: Love, politics and Parkinson's disease. New York:

Public Affairs.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder which is primarily diagnosed in people aged 50 and above. This degenerative disease affects the muscular movement, creates tremor and increases posture rigidity. First explained in 1817 by James Parkinson, this disease is prevalent throughout the world. In the United States as well as the UK around 2% of the elderly population is afflicted by this neurological disorder. In the U.S. alone there are around 1 million patients and every year 50,000 new cases are diagnosed with Parkinsonism and as a nation with a high percentage of elderly and aging population the figures may increase rapidly in the near future. A brief overview of the etiology, symptoms, treatment, patient care and education, would help us better understand the disease condition and its management.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the motor structures in the basal ganglia region of the brain. One of…...

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Bibliography

1) Dr. David Nicholl (2003, OCT 19), "Parkinson's Disease," MedWeb

Retrieved June 4th 2004, at  http://medweb.bham.ac.uk/http/depts/clin_neuro/teaching/tutorials/parkinsons/parkinsons1.html 

2) Jeff Blackmer, MD (2004, May 20), "Parkinson Disease," eMedicine

Retrieved June 4th 2004, at  http://www.emedicine.com/pmr/topic99.htm

Speech Science – Vowel Acoustics in People with Parkinson’s Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that contributes to the progressive decline of motor function because of loss of dopamine-creating brain cells. Given the progressive decline of motor function, this disease shows characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria as well as major signs of rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. In light with these effects, vowel acoustics in people with Parkinson’s disease has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Actually, for many individuals with Parkinson’s disease, hypokinetic dysarthria is a common condition, which is an indicator of motor speech disorders. Numerous studies have been carried out to examine motor speech disorders in Parkinson’s disease, particularly in relation to hypokinetic dysarthria. This paper examines some studies that have been conducted to evaluate the issue of hypokinetic dysarthria in people with Parkinson’s disease with regards to vowel acoustics. The article provides a summary of the articles and…...

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References

Bang, Y., Min K., Sohn, Y. H., Cho, S. (2013). Acoustic Characteristics of Vowel Sounds in Patients with Parkinson Disease. Journal NeuroRehabilitation, 32(3), 649-654. doi:10.3233/nre-130887

Skodda, S., Grönheit, W., & Schlegel, U. (2012). Impairment of Vowel Articulation as a Possible Marker of Disease Progression in Parkinsons Disease. PLoS ONE, 7(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032132

Watson, P. J., & Munson, B. (2008). Parkinson\\\\'s disease and the effect of lexical factors on vowel articulation, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(5): EL291–EL295.doi:10.1121/1.2987464

Alternatively, degeneration of the ascending cholinergic and catechola- minergic neuronal systems may contribute, at least in part, to the occurrence of this frontal-lobe-like symptomatology associated with Parkinson's disease. (Dubois & Pillon, 1996, pp.2-8)
The development of a greater understanding, over time of the causal factors as well as the manifestations and possible interventions for cognitive function in Parkinson's disease has continued since this time. Greater functional understanding of neurotransmitters and receptors as well as brain function in general have also significantly aided in the treatment Parkinson's Disease. esearch has even led to the conclusion that standards dopamine (pharmacological) treatments while they improve some cognitive function (switching between two tasks "thought to depend on circuitry connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex to the dorsal caudate nucleus) might impair others that are usually spared by PD (probabilistic reversal learning, which; "implicates orbitofrontal cortex -- ventral striatal circuitry." involvement)…...

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References

Aarsland, D. Laake, K. Larsen, J.P. & Janvin, C. (2002) Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 72 (6), 708-712.

Cools, R. Barker, R.A. Sahakian, B.J. & Robbins, T.W. (December 2001) Enhanced or Impaired Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease as a Function of Dopaminergic Medication and Task Demands. Cerebral Cortex, 11 (12), 1136-1143.

Drapier, D. Peron, J. Leray, E. Sauleau, P. Biseul, I. Drapier, S. Le Jeune, F. Travers, D. Bourguignon, a. Haegelen, C. Millet, B. & Verin, M. (September 2008) Emotion recognition impairment and apathy after subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease have separate neural substrates. Neuropsychologia 46 (11), 2796-2801.

Dubois, B. Pillon, B. (November 1996) Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Nuerology. 244 (1), 2-8.

Cognitive Changes
As people age, there are three main types of cognitive changes that can impair or alter cognitive functioning: mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. All of these syndromes are more severe than the normal decline that is expected with aging, though they do not all reach the severity of dementia. Dementia refers to the "the loss of cognitive functioning- thinking, remembering, and reasoning- and behavior abilities, to such an extent that it interferes with a person's daily life and activities" (NIH, 2013). While there are some similarities between these three conditions, there are also significant differences between the three syndromes. These differences can impact treatment options and also help predict impact on the patient and the family.

MCI is an intermediate stage, which features a more significant cognitive decline than that expected with normal aging, but is not as severe as full-blown dementia. "It can involve problems with memory,…...

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References

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2012, August 21). Mild Cognitive Impairment. Retrieved October 21, 2013

from Mayo Clinic website:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mild-cognitive-impairment/DS00553 

National Institutes on Health. (2013, October 17). Alzheimer's Fact Sheet. Retrieved October

21, 2013 from the National Institute on Aging website:  http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/alzheimers-disease-fact-sheet

" Does she have faith that a more clear understanding of those problems among the medical establishment will become evident? "I wonder," she wrote, cryptically.
HAT PARENTS HO HAVE PD SHOULD SAY to THEIR CHILDREN: The Parkinson's Disease Society (www.parkinsons.org.uk) offers pertinent advice and counsel to those parents who have both PD and children. "A key message seems to be open and honest" when talking to your kids, the PDS Information Sheet suggests. "Don't keep it a secret." As soon as you are diagnosed with PD, explain to them what it means to your health and to their lives as part of the family as a whole.

Don't be vague or apologetic, the PDS suggests. Be specific and clear, and fully explain that PD is not contagious. Because of the fatigue associated with PD - and the "on-off fluctuations" that are inevitable - parents with PD may not be able to spend…...

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Works Cited

Ali, Rasheda. "Muhammad Ali's Daughter Writes Children's Book on Parkinson's. ABC

News. 2005. Retrieved 23 Oct. 2006 at  http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/print?id=913265 .

Lees, Lesley. "Living with Parkinson's disease - a child's perspective." British Medical

Journal 324.1562 (2002): Retrieved 23 Oct. 2006 at  http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/short/324/7353/1562?eaf .

Michael J Fox Foundation
Customer Service Perspective

There are three priority areas that the Michael J Fox Foundation focuses on the could also be considered the customer service perspectives for the organization (MJFF, N.d.). The first is the attempt to alter the disease in meaningful ways; preferably in something that could be considered a cure or at least significantly improve the quality of life of the patients with Parkinson's disease. This represents the top priority for the organization and they devote over half of their investment activity for this priority area.

The second highest priority area for research is summarized as defining PD. One of the critical missing links in the research is the ability to understand the biomarkers of the disease (MJFF, N.d.). If scientist could better understand the biomarkers of the disease, then it would be possible to track the progression of the disease as well as have a better understanding…...

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References

MJFF. (2011, December 13). Foxfeed Blog. Retrieved from MJFF:  https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/news-detail.php?pioneering-partnership-with-mjff-drives-new-parkinsons-treatment-toward-pharmacy-shelves 

MJFF. (N.d.). Our Impact. Retrieved from The Michael J Fox Foundation:  https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/where-does-your-money-go.php?navid=our-impact 

Shaywitz, D. (2015, October 5). How Too Much Knowledge Sharing Can Suppress Innovation. Retrieved from Forbes:  http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidshaywitz/2015/10/05/rapid-data-sharing-can-yield-better-solutions-but-may-overlook-the-best-ones/

Michael J Fox Foundation is the world's largest non-profit organization for the funding of research that is dedicated to finding a cure for the estimated five million people living with Parkinson's disease. The organization has funded more than five hundred million dollars of research through the end of 2014 which is mostly targeted at groundbreaking high-risk and high-reward research targets (Eisner Amper, 2015). The organization has four primary objectives that include:
Collaboration with industry leaders, academic scientist, and government research funders

Using new technologies to amplify patient voices in research

Mobilizes patients and their family to increase participants in clinical trials

Coordinates the grassroots involvement of Team Fox members

The organization is largely transparent and publishes its financial statements publically on their website. The organization makes the claim that 89 cents of every dollar that it spends goes directly to grants and other initiatives that are directed at finding a cure for Parkinson's disease (The…...

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References

Eisner Amper. (2015, May 5). Consolidated Financial Statements. Retrieved from The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research:  https://www.michaeljfox.org/files/foundation/Audited_Financial_Statements_ (2014).pdf

Joyce, E. (2015, March 12). Foxfeed Blog. Retrieved from MJFF:  https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/news-detail.php?apple-researchkit-parkinsons-announcement-reactions 

MJFF. (N.d.). Our Impact. Retrieved from The Michael J Fox Foundation:  https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/where-does-your-money-go.php?navid=our-impact 

The Micael J Fox Foundation. (N.d.). Annual Reports. Retrieved from The Micael J Fox Foundation: https://www.michaeljfox.org/page.html?foundation-financials&navid=our-financials

1. Plants have developed a fascinating array of chemical defenses to protect themselves from various threats such as herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stressors. These chemical compounds not only play a crucial role in the survival of plants but also have the potential to benefit human health through their unique properties. Researchers have increasingly turned their attention to exploring the therapeutic potential of plant chemical defenses in medical treatments and therapies. By harnessing the power of these natural compounds, scientists aim to develop new drugs, supplements, and therapies that could effectively combat various diseases and improve human health.

2. One way....