Discussion and Responses1aI think the most relevant area in a Code of Ethics today is that regarding respect for persons and not engaging in harassment. Since the #MeToo Movement began, a lot of focus has been on making sure people are not abusing their positions to harass others. People should be able to go to work without having to worry about that sort of thing, and yet it still happens. So I would say that is where the most important principle is to be found today.1bSafety in the workplace is crucial. Long ago workplaces were very unsafe because there were no regulations in place. Today, workplaces are overseen by OSHA and must keep up with industry standards. And yet as you point out workplaces are unsafe in other wayssuch as in social ways, where harassment gets a free pass it seems. This is largely a cultural area that needs to…...

Prepare a written summary drawing on Edwin Sutherlands definition of white-collar crimes two distinct elements. Identify and describe the two distinct elements. Apply the definition to the following categories of white-collar crime: consumer fraud, environmental crime, religious fraud, and corporate fraud, including one specific case example for each of the four categories. Include a discussion of the costs associated with your examplesWhite Collar crime has a significant and often adverse impacts on society. Although it occurs throughout the world, it is particularly prevalent in developed economies with sophisticated economic systems dealing with financial and asset allocations. White collar crime is particularly damaging as it first infiltrates areas in which the general public is expected to have confidence in the overall operations of the industry. For example, the financial services industry is predicated on integrity and consumer confidence within the system to function properly. When the consumers or users of the…...

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References 1. Sutherland, Edwin H. 1940. The White-collar criminal. American Sociological Review 5:1–12.DOI: 10.2307/20839372. Sutherland, Edwin H. 1949. White collar crime. New York: Dryden.3. Tappan, Paul W. 1947. Who is the criminal? American Sociological Review 12.10: 96–1022

Simple procedures can help, but not eliminate drift issues, and are quite low tech. First, depending on the wind and time of day, close the windows that face the field or prevailing wind. Add a fan to create a backdraft by pulling air through the home in the opposite direction of the drift. Once the spraying is done and the drift settled a bit, hose down nearby bushes, windows, the roof and outside of the house. At any signs of exposure, wash eyes with clear water and try to shower several times to remove as much of the potential chemical contamination as possible
Publicize -- Certainly public strikes, marches, and visible actions bring public scruitiny into the issue. Because a great deal of the problem lies in the California agricultural region, an organization was formed as a type of State and national clearinghouse for action, information, and change. This organization,…...

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Works Cited

Verification of Pesticide Drift Reduction Technologies. (2007, August). Retrieved June 23, 2010,

from Epa.gov:  http://www.epa.gov/etv/pubs/600etv07024.pdf 

Farm Workers and Allies Ask Government to Protect Kids. (2009, October 14). Retrieved June

25, 2010, from United Farm Workers:  http://ufw.org/_board.php?mode=view&b_code=news_press&b_no=5763&page=2&field=&key=&n=615

This is one of the reasons that the United tates upreme Court has noted the difficulty in distinguishing common crime from the "gray zone of socially acceptable and economically justifiable business conduct.
Prosecutors are not eager to 'overcriminalize' and the practice of too readily extending criminal law to areas of which it is not suited is known as "overcriminalization."

For these reasons, the statues of white-collar crimes are broad and fuzzy. And the task, therefore, of defining crime and penalties falls firstly to the prosecutors and then to the court. In the 1980s, the prosecutors read the white collar statutes broadly and the courts were expected to set the perimeters of criminal labiality. There is wide scope however of criminal liability under these white collar statutes.

Is this fair?

For decades, academicians have been calling for change in this, what they see, as unjust and partisan system. To them, the system contains at…...

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Sources

Bureau of Justice Statistics, United States Department of Justice, Dictionary of Criminal Justice Data Terminology 215, 1981

Justia. U.S. Supreme Court "Braswell v. United States, 487 U.S. 99, 115," 1988

 http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/99/case.html 

Fallone, B (2012) "Prosecutorial Discretion in the John Doe Investigation" Marq. Univ. Law School blog. Web.

But there more to the personal side for Duke Cunningham, for doling out contracts was more than a matter of choosing the most qualified and lowest priced as mandated by federal rules. It was also a matter of choosing the contractor that could provide the most for him. The white collar criminal always looks to personal advantage. Lobbyists, like the now-convicted Mitchell Wade, helped steer paying clients to Cunningham. In exchange for a $21 million dollar contract from the Department of Homeland Security, a limousine company also furnished personal services to the Congressman, including the transport of "escorts" for Cunningham's personal pleasure. (ozen, 2006)
Cunningham also pleaded guilty to accepting $2.4 million dollars in bribes from actual defense contractors. The congressman actively sought out contacts in the defense world, boasting that, "I feel fortunate to represent the nation's top technological talent in the 'black' world.... [and] appreciated the opportunity to…...

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References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5014954045 

Grigg, W.N. (2006, February 6). Power Brokers: Jack Abramoff Brought Together Corrupt Politicians, the Criminal Underworld, and the Global Power Elite. The New American, 22, 21+.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97313111

Lanier, M.M., & Henry, S. (1998). Essential Criminology. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Categorizing Crimes:
Criminal law basically classifies crime into various categories that dictates the kind of criminal act, the mental condition, and the extent of punishment. The most common categories of crime are crime against persons, white-collar crimes, and crimes against property. Moreover, crime is further categorized by the selected punishment for the offense such as misdemeanor, felony, and petty misdemeanor. A felony is regarded as the most serious offense that is punishable by imprisonment exceeding one year while misdemeanors are offenses that are punishable by imprisonment of a maximum of one year. This is primarily because they are less serious crimes that do not involve incarceration in prison (Schneider, n.d.). Actually, almost all misdemeanor sentences are usually served in a local or county jail. In contrast, petty misdemeanors are crimes that do not need imprisonment such as that are always punishable by a fine.

Crimes against Persons and Crimes against Property:

Crimes against…...

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References:

Crossman, A. (n.d.). Types of Crimes. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from  http://sociology.about.com/od/Deviance/a/Types-Of-Crimes.htm 

"Crimes Against Property." (n.d.). Chapter 13. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from  http://www.sagepub.com/lippmanccl2e/study/supplements/Florida/FL13.pdf 

Schneider, S.W. (n.d.). Types of Crimes. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from http://www.netplaces.com/paralegal/criminal-law/types-of-crimes.htm

"State v. Stewart." (n.d.). Justia.com -- U.S. Law. Retrieved March 8, 2013, from  http://law.justia.com/cases/new-mexico/court-of-appeals/2005/f580-1c753-1cc91.html

Computers in Solving Non-computer-Based Crime
This proposal for research involves a survey of law enforcement officials to determine how much they use computers as a tool to help solve crimes that are not committed by computer, such as murder and robberies. Using a questionnaire that utilizes a numerical scale for responses with opportunities for written comments as well, it will quantify the results and indicate areas for further research. Since little research has been done in this area, it should be considered a preliminary study.

Law enforcement has traditionally struggled to keep up, technologically, with the criminals they are charged with catching. During Prohibition, gangsters had machine guns and government agents did not. Now, in the year 2002, law enforcement may have a powerful and relatively new tool available to them in the war against crime: computers.

However, an exploration of the literature reveals little if any systematic study about the uses…...

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Works Cited

Author not available. Nov. 17, 1998. "APB online launches police and crime Internet service." PR Newswire.

Author not available (ANA). June 2001. "The Long Arm of the Law." Internet Magazine.

Garber, Lee. June 2001. "A new tool for law enforcement." Computer.

Hitt, Stephanie L. July 2000. "National Crime Information Center." The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin.

Industries that face stiff competition may favor and encourage an aggressive approach from employees that produces rapid results, rather than thoughtful, strategic action. When the gains cannot be realized in the desired time frame, there is a temptation to implement short cuts; resulting in fraud." (Price; Norris, 2009) That however is not a justification, although it prompts some regulations on the way industries operate.
The Law Catches Up

Today the criminal justice system responds to corporate crime much better than before. This is because earlier the scams were an unknown commodity in Australia and it was a U.S. phenomenon. Globalization changed that and now, according to the National Crime Prevention office in Australia the fraudster type of activities in firms were classified as fake billing and invoicing, investments and money chain scams, advance fee frauds, borrowing from the public as in ponzi type scams, the pyramid and money chain, insolvency trading,…...

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References

Braithwaite, John. (1992) "Penalties for White-Collar Crime"

Retrieved 28 July, 2012 from  http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/Penalties_White_1992.pdf 

Braithwaite, John. (1985) "White Collar Crime" Annual Review of Sociology vol. 11, no. 1, pp: 1-25.

"Definition of white collar crime" (from the scanned reference mailed by client -- book title not clear) Please insert book title here

Gender and Crime
How would each of the three critical feminist perspectives -- adical, Marxist, and Socialist -- explain this phenomenon? Do different life experiences by men and women impact the overrepresentation of men in the criminal justice system? How do gender differences impact sentencing? Provide examples to support your answer. How does allowing citizens to carry guns prevent crimes? Give relevant examples.

The radical feminist would look at the attacks on women based upon the fact that they have been ignored throughout history. This makes them an easier target for men to overpower them and conduct these activities. Marxists believe that crime occurs because of social inequalities. This is from them being pushed into the lower classes of society. To lash out, they will directly target and attack women in order to take advantage of those who have the perceptions of power and influence. Socialists believe that the ultimate causes of…...

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References

Feminist Perspective on Work and Class. (2010). Stanford University. Retrieved from:  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-class/ 

Ellwood, C. (2004). Sociology and Modern Social Problems. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.

Ryder, E. (2011). Financial Crime in the 21st Century. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

ole and Evolution of the American Prison System
Explain the Primary ole and Evolution of the American Prison System and Determine if Incarceration educes Crime

The United States constitution is the fundamental foundation of the American criminal justice system. Given that the document is now over two hundred years old, it constantly experiences numerous amendments and interpretations. As a result, the criminal justice system over the years experienced alterations in order to reflect the needs and beliefs of each subsequent generation. The configuration of the modern prison system has its basis in the late 1700's and early 1800s. The development of the modern prison system aims at protecting innocent members of the society from criminals. The prison systems also deter criminals from committing more crimes through detaining and rehabilitating them. However, more and more deluge of white-collar crimes and other crimes, burdens the American criminal justice system and the prison system.…...

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References

Barnes E. Harry. (1921). The Historical of the Prison System in America. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. 12, No. 1, May, 1921

Craig Haney. (1998). The Past & Future of U.S. Prison Policy Twenty-Five Years after the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychological Association July 1998 Vol. 53, No. 7, 709-727

Dina R. Rose & Todd R. Clear (2006). Incarceration, Social, Capital, & Crime: Implications for Social Disorganization Theory. Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 441-480.

Escresa - Guillermo, Laarni (2011) Reexamining the Role of Incarceration and Stigma in Criminal Law. Law and economics, criminal law, stigma, social norms, behavioral economics.

An increased rate of incarceration is considered one of the key factors behind this drop, although a number of notable criminologists disagree. Incarceration is one of the major consequences for youth and young adults arrested for committing violent crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.(Delgado, 2001, p. 3) This decrease however has not appeased society nor has it abated one's fears of crime and its circumstances. Researchers continue to report that crimes are however densely populated in urban communities; and usually consist of black on black crimes. On the other hand, it is imperative that one accept that urban areas are not the only locations where crimes are committed. In fact, there are various types of crimes that continue to occur. The types of crimes in question are those considered white-collar crimes. (Markowitz & Jones-Brown, 2000, p. 3) White-collar criminals have been described as middle-aged men of…...

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Crime has continued to capture the attention of Americans although there has been a decrease in the number of crimes over the past decade. Much attention has been paid to the propitious drop in the nation's crime rates, and more specifically, the murder rate. An increased rate of incarceration is considered one of the key factors behind this drop, although a number of notable criminologists disagree. Incarceration is one of the major consequences for youth and young adults arrested for committing violent crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.(Delgado, 2001, p. 3) This decrease however has not appeased society nor has it abated one's fears of crime and its circumstances. Researchers continue to report that crimes are however densely populated in urban communities; and usually consist of black on black crimes. On the other hand, it is imperative that one accept that urban areas are not the only locations where crimes are committed. In fact, there are various types of crimes that continue to occur. The types of crimes in question are those considered white-collar crimes. (Markowitz & Jones-Brown, 2000, p. 3) White-collar criminals have been described as middle-aged men of high social status, they often live in wealthy neighborhoods, and are respected by the community. The researcher further states that those that are interested in studying white-collar crime seldom do not study these individuals nor were policy makers and other officials interested. The writing also reports on a researcher that believed that the definitions behind crime are incorrect and misleading; Weisburd also states that the criminal behaviors of those in the lower classes have been negated in previous research. (Weisburd, Waring & Chayet, 2001) in the United States, little controversy exists regarding race-based crime statistics reports Knepper (2000).

However, there is information on each category of race, gender, and white-collar crime; on the other hand, there is a minute amount that offers insight into what individuals feel about various races and genders regarding white-collar crime. There is information that displays whom is most likely to commit a white-collar crime, and where most crimes are committed, however very little insight is given into how people (men and women regardless of race) feel about white-collar crimes. This is important in order to express another aspect of white-collar crime and its effect on the individual and possibly the individual's surroundings. Then variations will be clearer and more defined, until then things remain obscure.

The types of offenses committed by gender are notable for their similarities and their differences. Both are more heavily involved in minor property offenses than in serious crimes like robbery or murder. However, "Women offend at much lesser rates than men for all crime categories except prostitution. This gender gap in crime is greatest for serious crime and least for mild forms of

Psychology and the Criminal Offender
Individuals commit crimes for many different reasons, and some of these and psychological in nature. In other words, the way that a person's brain works and the way that the person looks at the world can contribute to how that person reacts to many different things and whether that person commits crimes, or what kinds of crimes. The circumstances of the individual can also contribute to what kind of crimes are committed, since access to different things affects the types of crimes that are committed by specific individuals. Looked at here will be white collar, blue collar, and organized crime, since they are all different and those differences can be important. In addition to this, it will be important to describe and distinguish the common characteristics that these criminals have.

White collar crime is generally committed by those that make more money and that work in jobs…...

Robert Vigil's account of the direct consequences of white collar crimes of the type at issue details the tremendous harm to innocent individuals and their families and serves as an effective reminder of the basis for penal law in the first place. While it may be appropriate to punish white collar crimes that do not cause substantial tangible harm to innocents less harshly than some violent crimes, that argument simply does not hold water in cases where those crimes do cause tremendous harms, such as those detailed by Vigil. Furthermore, the position that the advanced age of white collar criminals should justify to mitigate their criminal sentences completely ignores the effect their crimes have on the quality of the twilight years of their equally elderly victims. At the very least, white collar crime must be punished in a manner that reflects the magnitude and types of harms they cause to…...

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PUNISHING WHITE COLLAR CRIME APPROPRIATELY

In his 2005 New York Times article, "How Long to Jail White-Collar Criminals?," Andrew Sorkin expresses a reluctance to punish white collar criminals as harshly as current laws allow. Sorkin cites several arguments, including the suggestion that the advanced age of defendants makes long sentences tantamount to a life sentence and that they are out of proportion to the seriousness of other crimes eligible for similar sentences. According to one of Sorkin's sources, long sentences in high-profile cases provide less deterrent value than increased enforcement efforts producing greater numbers of convictions but shorter sentences. Sorkin utterly fails to consider the impact of white collar crimes on those victimized by them and does not address that issue in his analysis at all; he merely acknowledges that the argument against harsh penalties does not go so far as to suggest that white collar crimes should go unpunished.

Robert Vigil's account of the direct consequences of white collar crimes of the type at issue details the tremendous harm to innocent individuals and their families and serves as an effective reminder of the basis for penal law in the first place. While it may be appropriate to punish white collar crimes that do not cause substantial tangible harm to innocents less harshly than some violent crimes, that argument simply does not hold water in cases where those crimes do cause tremendous harms, such as those detailed by Vigil. Furthermore, the position that the advanced age of white collar criminals should justify to mitigate their criminal sentences completely ignores the effect their crimes have on the quality of the twilight years of their equally elderly victims. At the very least, white collar crime must be punished in a manner that reflects the magnitude and types of harms they cause to innocent individuals.

History has shown us that, time and again, more privileged offenders become excused of higher-level degrees of crime and are, instead, tagged with the lower-level descriptor of white-collar crime. The FBI's definition merges with this second definition in that the FBI agrees that most white-collar crimes are perpetrated by business and government professionals, and that these crimes can be severe in that they can devastate individuals, families, and organizations (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). [online]).
What is the National Insurance Crime Bureau, and what functions does it perform for law enforcement?

The National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB), supported by approximately 1,000 property/casualty insurance companies, is an American non-profit organization located in Illinois that deals with insurance-related crimes and works with law enforcement agencies to ensure control and vigilance. Much of its work is related to motor vehicle theft. In general, however, the NICB describes itself as "partnering with insurers and law…...

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References

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Retrieved on 4/4/2011 from:

 http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/white_collar/whitecollarcrime 

National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB). Retrieved on 4/4/2011 from:

 https://www.nicb.org//

This seems to be serious, but most of the people committing the crime are being released by the courts. (Understanding White Collar Crime)
Question 3a: What is a FOIA request and is it likely to be granted?

The request is under the Freedom of Information Act, and it is targeted to the United States Department of Justice, and there is no reason to think that the Department of Justice will refuse to reply. The question is of political interference occurring affecting the trial in the last stages of the trial against the cigarette industry. Let us not assume that the Department of Justice is now being totally controlled by the politicians, and that is why they will stop from replying. At worst, there will be the appointment of a committee to investigate and look into the matter. Even that will help the cigarette industry as they will get more time, which…...

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References

About Southern Research. Southern Research Institute. Retrieved at   Accessed on 17 June, 2005http://www2.southernresearch.org/ .

About Us: A lasting partnership... born of dedication and cooperation. Retrieved at   Accessed on 17 June, 2005http://www.atca.org/about_us.asp .

Indicator Species. Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved at   -- ,00.html. Accessed on 17 June, 2005http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_22664-60298 

Moral Hazard. Retrieved at   Accessed on 17 June, 2005http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/moralhazard.asp .

1. White collar crime has a significant impact on political corruption, as individuals involved in financial crimes often use their influence and resources to secure favorable treatment from politicians in exchange for financial support or bribes.

2. Organized crime groups often engage in white collar crimes such as money laundering, tax evasion, and fraud to finance their illegal activities, demonstrating the close relationship between white collar crime and organized crime in society.

3. The prevalence of white collar crime undermines public trust in government institutions and law enforcement agencies, creating an environment where political and organized crime can thrive unchecked.

1. White collar crime significantly influences political corruption by providing financial resources that can be used to manipulate political processes, thereby fostering an environment conducive to organized crime. This thesis explores how embezzlement, fraud, and other financial crimes by corporate executives and government officials can fund political campaigns, influence policy-making, and create a symbiotic relationship with organized crime groups, which benefit from the protection and opportunities provided by corrupt political systems.

2. The intersection of white collar crime with political and organized crime often results in a cycle of corruption that undermines societal trust and governance. Here, the argument is that....