Between 1618 and 1648, there was an outbreak of war which was mainly caused by the struggle between a militant Calvinism and a militant Catholicism in fact it was referred to as the "last of the religious wars." Furthermore, prior to, all through, and after this three decades war, a sequence of civil wars and rebellions hit Europe. All this events and problems greatly affected Europe economically, socially, and even politically and actually qualify to be categorized as crises.

Question 2:

For the period of the 16th and 17th centuries, the European society did not respect women at all since they considered them inferior to men both mentally and morally thus were directly linked to witchcraft during the witchcraft craze. To make it worse was the fact that these low estimates were not just held by the witch hunter but also by the elites such as lawyers, theologians, and philosophers. This meant that women held a very low, useless, and evil position in European society during the 16th...

The Polish nobility had the personal responsibility of defending the country in so doing they became the privileged class in the kingdom. In England the nobility sat in the House of Lords and shared the house with the higher clergy, the major they played was that of making laws since no law could be created, nor any tax levied, with no approval from such house (Cook 1980). This made the nobility to be a very influential and crucial group of individuals in the politics and governments of these countries.