Analyzing and Preparing a Reseach Paper

¶ … topical outline for a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods proposal. Include the major topics in the examples in this chapter.

(Chapter 4 -- Writing the Proposal) Topical Outline for a Qualitative proposal -- Qualitative Transformative Approach Statement of the problem (Gender Discrimination in work-place - issue addressed; existing literature about the problem; deficiencies in the literature; and relevance of the study for audiences) Study the impact of women discrimination by society Philosophical assumptions or worldview Qualitative research strategy Role of the researcher Data collection procedures (including the collaborative approaches used with participants) e. Data analysis procedures f. Strategies for validating findings g. Proposed narrative structure h.

Anticipated ethical issues Preliminary pilot findings (if available) Significance of the study and transformative changes likely to occur References Appendixes: Interview questions, observational forms, timeline, proposed budget, and a summary of proposed chapters for the final study 2. Locate a journal article that reports qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods research. Examine the introduction to the article and, using the hook-and-eye method illustrated in this chapter; identify the flow of ideas from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph and any deficiencies.

(Chapter 4 -- Writing Ideas) Journal Article: Power and gender at the crossroads: A qualitative examination of the nexus of power and gender in public relations Katie R. Place, Saint Louis University, Missouri Introduction: Female public relations practitioners experience unique gender- and power-related phenomena including stereotypes (Frolich & Peters, 2007), expectations such as the 'Queen Bee' syndrome (Wrigley, 2005), and work-versus-family constraints (Grunig, Toth & Hon, 2001).

Although women comprise nearly 70% of the public relations workforce, they receive lower salaries, achieve fewer promotions to management positions, and are favored less than men during the hiring process (Aldoory & Toth, 2002, p. 103). Scholars suggest, therefore, that women may lack power in public relations due to gender-based discrimination and expectations. Because of its female-majority status and unique gender norms, the public relations industry offers an ideal site of study for the analysis of gender and power in order to further advance gender theories of communication.

Previous communication scholarship has championed such use of site- and case-specific inquiry of gender and power in the workplace (e.g. Ashcraft, 2005). The limited understanding of power in public relations necessitates further analysis. Power has often been studied separately from gender, as a capacity or individual possession. van Zoonen (1994) explained, however, that "power is not a monolithic 'thing' that some groups (men, capitalists, whites) have and others (women, working class, blacks) have not" (p. 4).

Gender research offers one way to deconstruct, analyse and critique the individual, cultural and embedded relations of power that exist in public relations practice. By studying the concepts of gender and power together, we further advance gender theories of communication and better understanding of the complex and layered intersections of gender and power. Failure to address gender/power issues in public relations may perpetuate gender discrimination and slow women's professional advancement and equality.

Whereas previous public relations scholarship has examined the concepts of gender and power separately, this qualitative study examines these phenomena together in order to develop a more holistic understanding of how gender and power function in the profession. In the above passage, the central idea on women in public-relations workforce being subjected to gender discrimination is given by the hook-and-eye approach Reference journal: Place, K. R. (2011). Power and gender at the crossroads: A qualitative examination of the nexus of power and gender in public relations.

PRism 8(1): http://www.prismjournal.org/homepage.html 3. Consider one of the following ethical dilemmas that may face a researcher. Describe ways you might anticipate the problem and actively address it in your research proposal. (Chapter 4 -- Ethical Issues to Anticipate) a. A prisoner you are interviewing tells you about a potential breakout at the prison that night. What do you do? b. A researcher on your team copies sentences from another study and incorporates them into the final written report for your project. What do you do? c.

A student collects data for a project from several individuals interviewed in families in your city. After the fourth interview, the student tells you that approval has not been received for the project from the IRB. What will you do? a. In Situation of Collecting Harmful Information: During the process of data collection, researchers have to foresee the likelihood of unfavorable and confidential information being revealed (Creswell, 2014). Therefore, it is hard to predict and measure the effect of this data during or after an interview.

For example, prisoners may talk about an escape or a student may discuss about ill treatment by parents. Generally in these circumstances, the ethical code for researchers (which may not be the same for schools and prisons) is not to disclose their matters and keep the privacy of participants. They also need to deliver.