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Attachment behaviors and attachment experiences are central to child development, and can have lasting impacts on adult psychology. Attachment refers to a “sustained, developmental...connection,” (Mossler, 2014, 13.1). The attachment process is emotional, but it also serves distinct biological and evolutionary functions in enabling the survival of the species. As Mossler (2014) points out, attachment bonds can be formed between an infant and any adult due to the fact that early humans contended with far greater physical and environmental risks that might leave infants vulnerable should one or both parents perish. Infants experiencing healthy attachments will also evolve a sense of security that is essential for psychological resilience and the reduction of risk for separation anxiety and other attachment-related issues. This paper outlines the different attachment theories provided by Bowlby and Ainsworth, both of which show how attachment experiences are central to the evolution of fundamental social needs, such as trust in human relationships and the creation of sustainable connections with other people.
Attachment Theory: Bowlby
Bowlby’s attachment theory shows how attachment behaviors and experiences in early childhood can have lasting effects. The Bowlby theory has...
Bowlby’s theories have had a major impact on laws and public policy regarding how children should be treated (Mossler, 2014). Bowlby proposed four stages or phases of attachment: the preattachment stage in early infancy, attachment-in-the-making between six weeks and six months of age, followed by organized, goal-directed attachment between seven and twenty-four months of age, and then the formation of reciprocal partnerships which starts from twenty-four months of age. The Bowlby theory also shows how securely attached infants exhibit confidence in themselves when caregivers leave the room, as opposed to demonstrating what is known as separation anxiety (Mossler, 2014).
Attachment Theory: Ainsworth
Ainsworth built upon Bowlby’s foundational theory by classifying different types of attachment, substantiated by observational studies. Using a technique called the Strange Situation, Ainsworth had mothers and their babies play in a room, later to be joined by a stranger. When the mother leaves the baby and the stranger in the room together, Ainsworth would observe the infants’ responses. The…
Seriously, a reader cannot be certain that RAD is the key problem with T, who has had prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana and cocaine and has experienced "abuse and neglect" (Lyon p. 644). The article brings in the possibility that FASD or PTSD may be appropriate in describing "T" -- a 12-year-old Hispanic boy. But what stands out in the intervention of T. is the litany of medications given
OCD in Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common psychological, anxiety disorder that is characterized by repetitive and intrusive thoughts and stereotypic behaviors frequently associated with dread and compulsion (Walitza). These intrusive thoughts can be scary and the behaviors are often disruptive to the development of social relationships and therefore debilitating especially to children and adolescents. OCD affects approximately 3% of the population and an early age of symptoms onset during
Relationships provide the key experience that connects children's personal and social worlds. It is within the dynamic interplay between these two worlds that minds form and personalities grow, behavior evolves and social competence begins." (1999) Howe relates that it is being acknowledged increasingly that "...psychologically, the individual cannot be understood independently of his or her social and cultural context. The infant dos not enter the world as a priori
On the one hand, it has been rated as a severe and engrossing clinical disease; on the other hand, there is no clear consensus or protocol in defining and assessing it. Much about it still remains to be understood. The most popular form of therapy for children with attachment disorders is 'holding therapy'. 'Holding therapy' describes a form of intervention that consists of close physical contact with one or more
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Mary Ainsworth, conveyed Bowlby's theory to the United States and came up with a technique of examining infant attachment. In her book, she talks about this extensively utilized procedure, the bizarre condition, and the outlines of protected and apprehensive attachment. In the beginning three outlines were looked at, protected, nervous avoidant, and nervous ambivalent, but later on Mary Main and Judith Solomon at the University of California in Berkeley came