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The second category of sin punished in hell is violence, as God wants violent people to suffer in seventh circle of hell because of their dedication to ignore their human natures in favor of behaving similar to animals. Hell punishes here people who committed violent acts against others, against themselves, and against God or one of His creations.
Dante focuses on two main concepts when talking about violence: bestiality and infertility. Humans are typically considered to be a combination between angels and animals, meaning that they are expected to share traits with both groups. The seventh circle of hell contains a series of creatures that appear to be human, but that also have characteristics from animals. Infertility is most probably meant to be a reference regarding the fact that violence is always in vain, considering that it never generates any benefits. Life appears to be absent from the seventh circle, even with all the people and creatures present here.
Circles eight and nine in hell contain sinners who committed fraud, the most serious of all sin categories from God's perspective. When considering its structure, the lower part of hell is similar to the ones before it, given that it is structured depending on sinners. Circle eight is however meant to hold sinners to have performed simple fraud whereas...
In comparison to conditions present in the eighth circle of hell, circle nine holds sinners who committed fraud by using treachery, meaning that they took sin at its most advanced level. From the writer's point-of-view, this last category of sinners have performed the most terrible act against God because of their choice to intentionally be disloyal to other individuals. Performing an act of fraudulent treachery means that the individual is blessed with a form of superior intellectual beauty and that he directly rejects God's gift by using it to commit immoral activities. Fraud is virtually responsible for the lack of faith that exists between men and because people have a tendency to express disbelief concerning God and His authority.
Works cited:
Hatcher, Anna and Musa Mark. Aristotle's matta bestialitade in Dante's Inferno. Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter, 1970), pp. 366-372.
McKenzie, Kenneth. Three Notes on the Divina Commedia. Vol. 23, No. 3 (Sep., 1946), pp. 136-141.
Musa, Mark. "Dante's Inferno: the Indiana critical edition." (Indiana University Press, 1995).
Works cited:
Hatcher, Anna and Musa Mark. Aristotle's matta bestialitade in Dante's Inferno. Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter, 1970), pp. 366-372.
McKenzie, Kenneth. Three Notes on the Divina Commedia. Vol. 23, No. 3 (Sep., 1946), pp. 136-141.
Musa, Mark. "Dante's Inferno: the Indiana critical edition." (Indiana University Press, 1995).
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