¶ … phosphorus levels in 2004 and in 2007.
/ The sample that is collected consists of 20 different pondwater samples for each of the two years.
/ The parameter being measured is the phosphorus levels in the pondwater samples measured in ug/L.
/ The null hypothesis in this example is that there was no change in phosphorus levels between 2004 and 2007, i.e., nothing happened.
/ The alternate hypothesis is that there was an increase in phosphorus levels as a result of the contamination.
/ In terms of this example, for the dataset to fail to have a normal distribution would mean that the 2007 phosphorus levels would not fall on the part of the distribution curve that is established by the 2004 levels that indicate probability of no increase. If mathematically the probability of the 2007 levels of being significantly different from the 2004 levels -- indicating an increase in phosphorus levels -- we would reject the null hypothesis.
/ The alpha value is the conservative standard that indicates a level of change that is scientifically or statistically significant. In this case, a conservative standard for alpha-value would probably be .05, which is the customary number (indicating a 5% probability that the null hypothesis is incorrect).
8 / The p-value is the likelihood of the observed statistics having occurred due to chance. A comparison of the p-value with the alpha-value tells us whether the recorded statistics are significantly different from the null hypothesis, and therefore consistent with proof of the alternate hypothesis. If the p-value is less than or equal to the alpha-value, this is considered significant. Assuming we have set the alpha-value at .05, a p-value...
Figure 2: "Information System for Geography" (GIS) 2. The Map View: A GIS consists of a set of intelligent maps and other views depicting features and feature relationships on the earth's surface. Students can use GIS to support their queries, make analyses, and edit information. With GIS, they can create maps of underlying geographic information and utilize the maps as "windows into the database," as noted by figures (3 & 4). Figure
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