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¶ … Computers on Learning
Educator Richard Clark once argued that "The best current evidence is that media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers our groceries causes changes in our nutrition" (Clark, 1983, p. 445). Essentially, Clark argued that using a specific medium to provide instruction did not necessarily lead to improved learning. For example, he noted that media studies were so unpredictable that performance or time improvements cannot be attributed to a specific medium, but instead can often be explained by changes in instructional methods or novelty. Clark (1983) went on to note, "The choice of vehicle might influence the cost or extent of distributing instruction, but only the content of the vehicle can influence achievement" (p. 445).
Clark's statement had a dramatic impact on the field of educational technology. Jones (1999) notes that after the publication of Clark's paper, "media research tends to focus on media as the means and not the end of educational technology."
Recently, Kozma (1991) has...
Kozma suggested that the learner and the medium interact significantly during the learning process. He noted that the learner often collaborates actively with the specific medium in order to develop specific knowledge. In Kozma's analysis, learning is active and constructive. The learner takes the specific, available cognitive resources available to him or her, and creates knowledge through the process of relating information from a specific medium to information that is available in memory (Kozma, 1991). As such, Kozma called for further research linking specific media to learning benefits.
Kozma's analysis is supported by the specific understanding of the influence of media and technology famously forwarded by Neil Postman. In his book, Amusing Ourselves to Death, Postman argues that every communication medium has an inherent theory of knowledge, or epistemology. As such, America's way of thinking has historically been dominated by the main form of communication (or media). Early America was dominated by reading and writing,…
References
Clark, R. (1983). Reconsidering research on learning from media. Review of educational research, 53(4), 445-459.
Jones, Bruce W. 1999. A Differentiating Definition of Instructional Technology and Educational Technology. West Texas A&M University. 25 August 2004. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/7941/trmpprh.html
Kozma, Robert B. (Summer 1991) Learning With Media. Review of Educational Research. Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 179-211
Postman, Neil. 1986. Amusing Ourselves to Death. Penguin Books.
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