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Macroeconomic Analysis
Economically, recession is described as a significant drop in economic activity over a short period of time usually a few months (bbc news, 2008). Gross Domestic Product (GDP), household income and other macro-economic indicators drop while others such as unemployment and bankruptcy rises. Recession can be caused by many factors e.g an external trade shock or the burst of an economic bubble such as the United States housing bubble. Most governments deal with recession by applying expansionary macroeconomic policies like reducing interest rates and increasing government spending. By lowering interest rates, governments hope to entice business into expanding.
Fiscal policy refers to the use of the government taxation (revenue collection) and expenditure (spending) to influence the economy of a country. The changes in the two key pillars, revenue collection and expenditure influence macro-economic variables such as aggregate demand, resource allocation pattern within the government and the distribution of income.
Monetary policy refers to the regulation of supply of money and interest rates in a country by a central governing authority such as the Federal Reserve Board in the U.S. (Marc L., 2013). By controlling the key two pillars, supply of money...
Two policies are generally used in the controlling the supply of money, expansionary and contractionary policy. In expansionary, the total supply of money is increased rapidly than usual and is used controlling unemployment during a recession. Interest rates are reduced in the hope that easy credit will encourage businesses to expand. In Contractionary policy, the money supply is expanded slowly than normal even in some cases it is shrunk. The goal here is to slow inflation and to control the value of a currency.
The great recession of 2008 hit the U.S. economy in December 2007 and lasted until June 2009. The Federal Reserve initiated "Operation Twist" whereby it sold and purchased short-term and long-term bonds. The program's main goal was to reduce the interest rate making borrowing cheaper for consumers and businesses. It involves selling short-term bonds and taking the cash to buy long-term bonds. This action saw a small improvement in the labor market as unemployment reduced.
Another policy adopted the Federal Reserve was quantitative easing. It involved the purchase of significant amount of mortgages (Bernanke, 2009). The action target was to reduce long-term interest and…
References
Bernanke, Ben (13 January 2009). "The Crisis and the Policy Response." Federal Reserve. http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090113a.htm
BBC news, (8th July 2008). "Q&A: What is a recession?"
Marc L., (2013). Federal Reserve: Unconventional Monetary Policy Options. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42962.pdf
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