hen such biases enter into the decision-making process, they eliminate some potential courses of action.
Related to bias is the illusion of validity. The biased parties envision an outcome that they would like to see and work backwards to justify their chosen course of action. That course of action may not lead to the outcome at all, but biases leave to the view that it does. Therefore, bias guides us to actions that do not result in the outcomes we have imagined. Alongside bias, the illusion of validity reduces objectivity. The parties making the decision cannot be truly objective if they have biases; nor can they be truly objective if they already believe they will have success. hat this does is eliminate the possibility of the worst-case scenario. By mentally eliminating some of the possible outcomes from consideration, the analysis of the situation becomes distorted.

As a result of these defects,…...

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Works Cited

NPR Interview with Nancy Pelosi retrieved December 13, 2008 at  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96670508

Bailouts
The current recession was precipitated in large part by all Street, which fuelled an asset bubble in the housing market and repackaged bad loans as good ones. One of the initial consequences of the bursting of that bubble was that the banking system became unstable. This situation led to the first all Street bailout in September, 2008. This bailout was priced at $700 billion and was intended to stabilize the financial system, in effect stabilizing the economy (Stout, 2008). hile the bailout has ultimately proven to cost less than $700 billion as the result of strong returns (Onaran & Leondis, 2010; Faler, 2010), the plan did not have the desired impact on the American economy at large. hile the banking system was more or less stabilized, the GDP shrank and unemployment soared. These are the primary impacts on Main Street and they were not impacted by the all Street bailout.…...

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Works Cited:

BLS. (2010). Unemployment rate edges up in November; payroll employment changes little. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved December 5, 2010 from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm 

Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2010). Gross Domestic Product: Third quarter 2010 results. BEA. Retrieved December 5, 2010 from  http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2010/pdf/gdp3q10_2nd.pdf 

Dash, E. (2009). Banking industry: Showing signs of a recovery. New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2010 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/business/17bank.html 

Faler, B. (2010). Wall Street bailout to cost taxpayers $25 billion, CBO says. Bloomberg. Retrieved December 5, 2010 from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-30/wall-street-bailout-to-cost-taxpayers-25-billion-cbo-says.html

In some ways, the AIG bailout is viewed more favorably -- bonuses not withstanding -- in part because of the ownership stake. ith a substantial, profitable business the taxpayers may yet break even on AIG. ith the automakers, taxpayer ire is higher because there is little chance that this will happen. The government has less control over the automakers, and as a result there is less likelihood that the industry will reform itself sufficiently. Even if it did, the taxpayers would not see any benefit since they have no stake.
In light of this, the government treatment of the auto industry compared to financial institutions seems reasonable. Both have received bailouts, in proportion to the amount of damage that would be wrought on the U.S. economy if they failed. The lack of ownership stake in automakers makes for more public application of leverage than with AIG, were the 80% ownership…...

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Works Cited:

Langfitt, Frank. (2008). Automakers Lobby Pelosi for Bailout Cash. NPR. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96713932 

Karnitschnig, Matthew; Solomon, Deborah; Pleven, Liam & Hilsenrath, Jon E. (2008). U.S. To take over AIG in $85 Billion Bailout. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122156561931242905.html 

Mitchell, Olivia & Smetters, Kent. (2008). AIG Rescued: Was an $85 Billion Loan the Right Answer? Knowledge @ Wharton. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2051# 

No author. (2009). Why bail out AIG? St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://www.tampabay.com/opinion/editorials/article980880.ece

GM Chrysler Bailouts
Government Bailouts of Chrysler and General Motors

An Examinations of the Factors that Led to the Bailouts, the Terms of the Bailouts, as well as a Discussion of the Current State of the Arrangement

The global financial crisis of 2008 worked to decimate many sectors of the economy. The government responded with quick action and intervened as they saw fit. However, from the beginning, there has been a debate over whether it was the right course of action for the Treasury and the Bush and Obama administrations to use the 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) money to support the struggling auto manufacturers. The financial support to General Motors and Chrysler, which was actually made in part by both administrations, represented a large financial investment on behalf of the United States tax payers. Although the results of this intervention are heavily contested, it was found that there is sufficient evidence…...

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Works Cited

Bury, C. (2012, March 5). Federal Bankruptcy Judge: Bailout Was Only Way to Save Chrysler. Retrieved from ABC News:  http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2012/03/federal-bankruptcy-judge-bailout-was-only-way-to-save-chrysler/ 

Herbert, B. (2008, November 28). Putting a Face on Big Auto. Retrieved from The New York Times:  http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/opinion/29herbert.html 

Isidore, C. (2012, February 16). Still fighting over GM's bailout. Retrieved from CNN Money:  http://money.cnn.com/2012/02/16/news/companies/gm_bailout/index.htm 

Marr, K. (2009, January 22). Toyota Passes GM as World's Largest Automaker. Retrieved from The Washington Post:  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/21/AR2009012101216.html

Government Bailouts
Bailing out American capitalism in the present depression was far more expensive than most of the public will ever realize, especially since many of the costs were deliberately hidden. This Great Bailout was much larger than the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), which went to the large banks, insurance and automobile companies. All but $50 billion of this has been paid back, but that was only one small part of the bailout. Governments concentrated on bailing out the banks and corporate elites rather than creating public works and jobs programs as Keynes would have recommended, and the costs in low wages and high unemployment for the working class and middle class was at least $5 trillion. Wall Street is profitable and the bankers are getting their bonuses, but ordinary workers and consumers at the lower and middle levels of the economy are suffering the worst conditions since the Great…...

" This German form of mercantilism has been labeled as called "predatory" by other European economists and officials. Thus Germany bears some of the burden for the decimation of Greece's economy, and that of other European states, to begin with.
During its bailout of Greece, Germans banks do not have to incur any costs. In fact, German banks are buying high-interest bonds that are effectively guaranteed by the euro-zone governments. The best part of this plan for the banks is that German taxpayers are guaranteeing the interest and the amortization. While only time will tell if this plan works in the long run, it is appears successful enough to implement in a second country, if necessary. Thus a continued bailout is not only in the best interest of the EU, it is also in Germany.

Finally, providing funds for others states to get out of debt is the only way to ensure…...

hat is less certain is the benefits of the bailout -- those can only flow from taking advantage of the bailout to restore credit markets and prevent a repeat of this financial crisis in the future.
orks Cited:

Baker, Dean. "Subprime Rescue Plans: Backdoor Bank Bailouts." (2008): 9 pages. EconLit. EBSCO. 10 May 2009

Mishkin, Frederic S. "How Big a Problem is Too Big to Fail?" (2006). 18 pages. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XLIV (December 2006) pp.988-1004.

Glasberg, Davita Silfen, and Dan Skidmore.. "The Dialectics of hite-Collar Crime: The Anatomy of the Savings and Loan Crisis and the Case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57.4 (Oct. 1998): 423-449. EconLit. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 May 2009 .

Manchester, Joyce, and arwick J. McKibbin.. "The Macroeconomic Consequences of the Savings and Loan Debacle." Review of Economics and Statistics 76.3 (Aug. 1994): 579-584. EconLit.…...

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Works Cited:

Baker, Dean. "Subprime Rescue Plans: Backdoor Bank Bailouts." (2008): 9 pages. EconLit. EBSCO. 10 May 2009

Mishkin, Frederic S. "How Big a Problem is Too Big to Fail?" (2006). 18 pages. Journal of Economic Literature. Vol. XLIV (December 2006) pp.988-1004.

Glasberg, Davita Silfen, and Dan Skidmore.. "The Dialectics of White-Collar Crime: The Anatomy of the Savings and Loan Crisis and the Case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 57.4 (Oct. 1998): 423-449. EconLit. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 May 2009 .

Manchester, Joyce, and Warwick J. McKibbin.. "The Macroeconomic Consequences of the Savings and Loan Debacle." Review of Economics and Statistics 76.3 (Aug. 1994): 579-584. EconLit. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 May 2009 .

Ethics, Values, Social esponsibility
Bailout of Banking Industry in United States

Ethical Compliance by Banking Industry

It is quite common in American history that government comes for the rescue of companies and organization in the time of financial crisis. General motors' acquisition was one such example where saving GM meant saving the nation. When Government takes measure for the welfare of any segment of the economy, it then becomes responsibility of the organizations that they comply with social responsibility and ethical standards so that it should respond to its social character and use the benefits provided by the government in the honest fashion. The recent bailout of banking sector by U.S. government, and the misappropriation and misuse of these funds, have raised a big question mark on the compliance to ethical standards by the bank.

United States government has a long history of bailing out its financial institutions. Some of the most famous financial…...

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References

Amadeo, K. (2012). What Exactly Was the Bank Bailout Bill? retrieved from  http://useconomy.about.com/od/criticalssues/a/govt_bailout.htm 

Applebaum, B. (2009). Financial Rescue I.G. Says Banks Funneled TARP Aid to Various Expenses, The Washington Post, Retrieved from  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/19/AR2009071901770.html?nav=hcmodule 

Congressional Budget Office. (2010), Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program -- November 2010, Retrieved from  http://www.cbo.gov/publication/21942 

Davis, M. (2009). Top 6 U.S. Government Financial Bailouts, Retrieved from  http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/government-financial-bailout.asp#axzz1ujUlc2ZS

S. lawmakers have passed a $700 bailout bill to buy troubled assets from banks in hopes that they will start lending again. it's almost ironic that the government is encouraging more of the very same thing that caused the problem in the first place. It seems that the government will do anything it can to continue to fuel the consumption-based economy even though Americans are awash in debt. Further, there's no guarantee that banks will respond in the way lawmakers intend them to given that they will no doubt be held more accountable for their lending decisions and the precarious condition of the economy that makes lending more risky. For all these reasons, the bailout is a misguided policy effort that will not address the fundamental causes of our current economic downturn.
ibliography

aker, D. (2008, February 14). Own to rent? Yes we can. Center for Economic and Policy Research. http://www.cepr.net/index.php/op-eds-columns/op-eds-columns/own-to-rent-yes-we-can/

Crotty, J.…...

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Bibliography

Baker, D. (2008, February 14). Own to rent? Yes we can. Center for Economic and Policy Research.  http://www.cepr.net/index.php/op-eds-columns/op-eds-columns/own-to-rent-yes-we-can/ 

Crotty, J. (2008, September 24). The great switch: Banks rob people. Dept. Of Economics, UMass, Amherst and Center for Popular Economics. http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:l_kBTAczCMkJ:www.populareconomics.org/Bailout%2520-%2520Crotty.doc+%22housing+prices+would+keep+rising%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=us

The financial mess: How we got here. (2008, October 3).  http://messageboards.aol.com/aol/en_us/articles.php?boardId=455943&articleId=694828&func=6&channel=News&filterRead=false&filterHidden=true&filterUnhidden=false

At the core of the economic argument is Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction. In his seminal economic work, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter (1942) argued that innovation is the process by which economic growth occurs. At times, this means that old, established technologies and companies must be destroyed, but that the net effect will be beneficial. This sentiment runs counter to the theory that the economy would be better off if GM were saved. The economic costs might be high today -- the $150 billion or more figure is not disputed -- but that in the long-run the benefits would outweigh these costs.
In a later elaboration, it was demonstrated that big business turnover specifically resulted in smaller government, stronger rule of law, less bank dependence, stronger shareholder rights and greater transparency (Fogel et al., 2008). Bailing out General Motors therefore harms the economy because it stifles growth and innovation,…...

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Works Cited:

Krisher, Tom & Thomas, Ken. (2008). Advocates: Automaker bailout essential. Associated Press. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://www.azcentral.com/business/articles/2008/11/12/20081112biz-automakers1113-ON.html 

Langfitt, Frank. (2008). Automakers Lobby Pelosi for Bailout Cash. NPR. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96713932 

Ross, Brian & Rhee, Joseph. (2008). Big Three CEOs Flew Private Jets to Plead for Public Funds. ABC News. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/WallStreet/story?id=6285739&page=1 

Karnitschnig, Matthew; Solomon, Deborah; Pleven, Liam & Hilsenrath, Jon E. (2008). U.S. To take over AIG in $85 Billion Bailout. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 30, 2009 from  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122156561931242905.html

Greece Bailout
oadmap

The Greek government has faced an ongoing fiscal crisis for the past several years. ecently, for the third time, its Eurozone partners have been compelled to offer a bailout to the country. This is done to stabilize Greece's finances and to impose further measures on the Greek government to remedy the nation's budget and to ensure that there are no similar issues in future. The first part of the paper is a brief overview of the situation. The second part will outline some of the key issues that lead both to favor the bailout and to oppose it, and finally there will be analysis and a conclusion about whether or not bailing out Greece is the right thing to do. It will be argued that it is not, at least in the current form.

Background

There are several key issues at work with the Greek bailout. Greece was admitted to the…...

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References

BBC. (2013). IMF admits mistakes on Greece bailout. BBC. Retrieved April 17, 2014 from  http://www.bbc.com/news/business-22791248 

Bloomberg. (2012). Greek crisis timeline from Maastricht Treaty to ECB bond buying. Bloomberg. Retrieved April 17, 2014 from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-05/greek-crisis-timeline-from-maastricht-treaty-to-ecb-bond-buying.html 

Chu, B. (2012). Interview with economist Paul Krugman: Greece will leave Eurozone within 12 months. The Independent. Retrieved April 17, 2014 from  http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/interview-with-economist-paul-krugman-greece-will-leave-eurozone-within-12-months-7804753.html 

Esparza, A. (2013). Chinese investment in Greek port the biggest FDI after the crisis. Marketpulse. Retrieved April 17, 2014 from  http://www.marketpulse.com/20131127/chinese-investment-greek-port-biggest-fdi-crisis/

Political leaders in charge of this decision will not take into consideration only the effects that a possible bailout might have on the automakers. They will take into consideration the macroeconomic effects and challenges that are expected to emerge in case the bailout is approved.
The symbolic frame probably has the least importance regarding this subject. In case the bailout will not be approved, the cultural or symbolic aspects related to the big automakers affected by this situation will not have the strength to clarify the situation.

2. The important lesson provided by the organizational behavior consists in improving organizational effectiveness. This lesson should be important for all the managers or aspiring managers and it should always be taken into consideration when deciding upon important aspects that affect the organization in case.

Effectiveness and efficiency must characterize all types of organizations, private, profits oriented ones, but non-profit and governmental organizations also. The…...

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Reference List

1. U.S. Automakers Bailout - a Bridge to Bankruptcy or a Road to Salvation. Saving to Invest. Retrieved December 12, 2008 at  http://www.savingtoinvest.com/2008/11/us-automakers-bailout-bridge-to.html .

Conclusion
If AIG would not have been helped by the Federal eserve, it is more
than obvious that the financial group would have declared bankruptcy.
Although the bailout reached an enormous sum, the action was justified.
Given the current market conditions, an eventual collapse of AIG would
contribute even more to the fragility of the financial market. Also, it
would have led to a reduction of public wealth, and it would have reduced
economic performance.
The opinion of U.S. taxpayers is that the AIG bailout was not
justified. For them, it did not seem fair that they should pay for the
mistakes made by financial corporations' CEOs and by the defective policies
and strategies practiced by financial groups.
There are two sides to this issue, one opposing the other. U.S.
citizens have strongly declared themselves against the bailout. Their
pressure determined the country's officials to reject financial saving
plans initially.
However, the efforts of these taxpayers had to be sacrificed, and AIG
has to be helped to…...

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Reference list:

1. Chronology: Financial Crisis Spreads from U.S. to World

Markets (2008). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved November 7, 2008

from http:www.dw-world.dedwarticle0,2144,3689713,00.html.

2. Subprime mortgage crisis (2008). Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia. Retrieved November 7, 2008 from

http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiSubprimemortgagecrisis.

3. DiMartino, D. & Duca, J. V. (2007). The Rise and Fall of

It was irresponsible for banks to operate from a position of absentee management, and the careless ownership enabled reckless conduct from their "agents" who ran the day-to-day operation. While some blame must be placed on the public for continuing to spend at outrageous rates, the bank itself promoted and enabled such activity. Blankfein's argument that no one had been arrested is irrelevant since the issue at hand is whether the financial industry was responsible, not whether bank officials should be arrested. Banks made profound miscalculations concerning interest rates and loans, and should have been aware that their business practices were not feasible toward long-term success (Murphy).
Issue 7 places the theories of authors oger Lowenstein and obert Samuelson against one another. Lowenstein contends that government should bail out economic institutions; however, he does not argue that bailouts are necessary in order to assist the careless companies, but instead asserts that…...

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References

Newton, L., Englehardt, E., & Pritchard, M. (2012). Taking Side: Clashing Issues on Business Ethics and Society. New York: McGray Hill.

Murphy, a. (Nov. 4, 2008). An analysis of the financial crisis of 2008: Causes and solutions. SSRN. Retrieved from  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1295344 .

Andrews, E.L. (2008, Oct. 23). Greenspan 'shocked' that free markets are flawed. International Herald Tribune.

Social evolution to rapid revolutionary change and contemporary globalization dynamics: Emphasizing the an Analysis of Global Economics.
An article that recently appeared in The Korea Herald, "U.S. And Germany stress cooperation" details a visit to Germany by U.S. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner, who met with his German counterpart to discuss the financial crisis that has enveloped Europe as of late. The context for this meeting was important, as the European Union's currency, the Euro, has consistently been devalued in the past few years and several countries that are part of this alliance (17 altogether) are contemplating various measures in which the currency and the economic solidarity of the EU could be saved.

The crux of this article, which directly correlates to Hans-Werner Sinn's opinion editorial, "Why Berlin is Balking on Bailout" actually has less to do with the meeting between the two financial heads of the U.S. And Germany and more to…...

The 2008 financial crisis had a significant and widespread impact on global economies and banking systems. Some of the key impacts include:

1. Economic recession: The crisis led to a global economic recession as financial markets collapsed and lending froze, leading to a sharp decline in GDP growth and widespread job losses.

2. Banking system failures: Many banks around the world collapsed or required government bailouts to survive, leading to a crisis of confidence in the banking sector. This also led to increased government regulation of the banking sector to prevent future crises.

3. Stock market crash: The crisis caused stock markets to....

The Profound Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis on Global Economies and Banking Systems

The 2008 financial crisis, widely acknowledged as the most severe financial upheaval since the Great Depression, left an indelible mark on global economies and banking systems. The crisis's origins can be traced to various factors, including the subprime mortgage debacle, excessive risk-taking by financial institutions, and inadequate regulatory oversight. Its effects, however, reverberated far beyond the financial sector, affecting businesses, households, and governments worldwide.

Impact on Global Economies

The crisis triggered a deep and prolonged recession across the globe. Economic growth plummeted, unemployment soared to alarming levels, and international....