Monetary Policy and Government

Demand-Side Policies and the Great Recession of 2008 A recession can be defined as an overall downward spiral in a nation's economy. In particular, the outcome of recession is high inflation, high level of unemployment slowing down its gross domestic product (GDP) (Study, 2016). In this period there is an economic weakening and is usually accompanied and further complicated by decrease in the stock market, an upturn in unemployment and also a deterioration in the housing market.

Some of the factors that cause recessions include high interest rates, increased inflation, decreased consumer confidence, and decreased real wages (Mankiw, 2014). Fiscal Policies In delineation, fiscal policies refer to the use of government expenditure and taxation to regulate the aggregate level of economic activity. It can be argued that by increasing investment or government expenditure, for instance, an initial stimulus to expenditure, through the multiplier-accelerator interaction results in an even greater increase in national income (Mankiw, 2014).

When the government makes the decision with regard to the goods and services it buys, the transfer payments it disseminates or the taxes it collects, it takes part in the fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is deemed to be contractionary when the revenue is greater than the expenditure, i.e.; the government budget is in excess. On the other hand, fiscal policy is deemed to be expansionary when the expenditure is greater than the revenue, that is, the government budget is in deficit (Weil, 2008).

Monetary Policies Monetary policy can be defined as one of the public intervention measures aimed at influencing the level and pattern of economic activity so as to achieve desired goals. Monetary policy covers all actions by the central bank and the government which influence the quantity, cost and availability of money and credit in the economy. Specifically, monetary policy works on two principles -- 1) Economic variables, meaning, the aggregate supply of money in circulation and 2) the Level of interest rates (Mankiw, 2014).

First of all, the Federal Reserve oversees and institutes codes of practice and guidelines for a range of commercial banks, together with capital reserve requirements. Secondly, the Fed institutes the discount rate, which is the rate at which banks are able to borrow from the Federal Reserve. Third, it takes part in open market operations (OMO), i.e.; the purchasing and selling of U.S.

Treasury Securities and other assets, with the purpose of controlling the federal funds rate, indirectly impacting the money supply in the economy of the United States (Genetski, 2014). Benefits of Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Restoring Economic Growth and Decreasing Unemployment Monetary policies and fiscal policies are implemented by the Fed in order to follow its statutory decree of maximum employment, stability in prices and moderate long standing interest rates (Labonte, 2016).

The global recession that took place between 2008 and 2009 resulted in a considerable decrease in output in terms of GDP, a significant increase in unemployment and also a deflationary alarm and worry in many nations across the globe. This led to government policy responses through monetary policies and fiscal policies initiated by the respective central banks. These responses have had an impact on how various economies have progressed over the years, subsequently (Hetzel, 2009). According to Carvalho et al.

(2012), the fiscal stimulus packages executed during the course of recession consisted of a mixture of - Increase in government spending as well as --Tax cuts. These two fiscal measures were set up in order to stabilize economic activity and inflation through the stimulation of aggregate spending (Carvalho et al., 2012). Other policies were also implemented. These included bank reserves policy that are purposed at improving and enhancing lending and stimulating aggregate spending. In addition, there was credit policy that was determined to enhance financing conditions in particular private sector debt markets.

In addition, exchange-rate associated policies intended to have an influence on the level and volatility of the exchange rate were also implemented. Expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, in general, were effective and successful in fashioning expectations of an economic recovery. One of the monetary policies undertaken by the Fed was the reduction of the federal funds rate target from 5.25% to about 0.25% (Labonte, 2016). This in turn decreased the rate of inflation and also improved the rates of employment to mandated steady levels.

This was purposed to influence interest-sensitive spending, for instance household, business and residential spending. Through the reduction of the increasing rate of inflation, these monetary policies sought to induce price transparency and in turn resulted in more sound economic decisions. Different from higher government spending, the decreased taxes meant that there is more disposable income for companies and households. In addition, the Fed endeavoured to provide extra stimulus through.