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Needs assessment can be defined as a systematic procedure that progresses through several identified steps and focuses on outcomes or goals to be accomplished instead of processes or means for achieving those goals or outcomes ("Comprehensive Needs Assessment," 2001). The needs assessment procedure collects data through various methods and steps that are developed to accomplish specific purposes. McCawley (n.d.), defines a needs assessment as a methodical approach to examine the state of interest, ability, knowledge or attitude of specific individual or audience involving a certain subject (p.3). Berkowitz & Nagy (n.d.), agree with this definition by stating that a needs assessment usually focuses on needs that relate to a specific group or community. This implies that while the process of needs assessment involves a systematic approach at examining an issue or problem, the issue or problem depends on the composition and nature of the specific individual, group or community under evaluation.

There are various needs assessment techniques and tools depending on the specific subject and interest group such as existing data approach, community forum, attitude survey approach, and focus group interview ("Needs Assessment Strategies," n.d.). Given the differences in the tools and techniques, the process of conducting a needs assessment is also different. One of the models that can be used in conducting a needs assessment is a three-phase model that incorporates exploration of the problem or issue, collection and analysis of data, and decision making ("Needs Assessments," n.d.). Steege, Marra & Jones (2012) suggests that there are several models that can be utilized in a needs assessment, which vary based on organizational elements like inputs, products, and outputs (p.32). The existence of these various tools, techniques, and models has been considered as the major factors that contribute to confusion in the process. Watkins et al. (1998), argue that a needs assessment is characterized by unrealistic expectations because of the lack of a precise definition of the concept and the existence of various tools, techniques, and processes for conducting it.

Despite the difference in needs assessment models and techniques as well as the likelihood of confusion, the process is helpful in various settings in the society. It is a popular tool for enabling businesses identify necessary steps for enhancing their operations and products and services (Boiarsky, 2004, p.58). Holleran (1996), states that the procedure can be used in the health care field to determine health risk behaviors that eventually result in hospitalization and clinical treatment (p.32). It is also vital in enhancing patient care through providing important insights for health care professionals who deliver care services ("Guide to Conducting an Educational Needs Assessment," n.d.). Billings & Cowley (1995), state that a health needs