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RRL#1
The following questions pertain to:
McMillan, S.C., & Small, B.J. (2007). Using the COPE intervention for family caregivers to improve symptoms of hospice homecare patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34(2), 313-21.
What is the purpose of this research?
The purpose of this research was to describe the unexpected and distressing symptom experiences that women may have after undergoing breast cancer treatment, with the goal of enhancing follow-up care through practitioner education and an increase of the knowledge base.
What is the research question (or questions)? This may be implicit or explicit.
What symptoms may be experienced after breast cancer treatment that contribute to symptom distress and psychological stress that are may be temporal, situational, or attributive -- and that may be ameliorated during follow-up care?
What theories, frameworks, models or concepts may have influenced the researchers' choice of a research design?
The qualitative approach stems from a phenomenological philosophical background that considers the personal accounts of the study participants to be valued narrative secondary data. In this study, the qualitative narrative data was analyzed by using constant comparative methods, in which emerging themes are teased out by an iterative process of discovery that is fostered by the categorization of data.
15) How do the authors describe the design of this study?
The study is qualitative and descriptive. That is to say, the research aims to describe a phenomenon by accessing the personal accounts of patients who have had treatment for breast cancer.
16) Determine the classification of this study; is it
Quantitative, qualitative or mixed method?
Experimental or nonexperimental?
Cross-sectional or longitudinal?
The research in this study is qualitative, with in-depth interviews used to collect the narrative, personal account data from 13 participants.
17) What is the evidence that this journal is peer-reviewed? Does the journal have an editorial board? (Look for the journal's website to discover this information)
The Editor of Oncology Nursing Forum provides this in her introduction to the "Submissions" section of the journal website:
"The Oncology Nursing Forum (ONF) publishes manuscripts that focus on nursing achievements in the field of oncology including, but not limited to, clinical advances, research findings, educational developments, and role and theory development…Manuscripts...
Papers will be judged on the quality of the work and suitability for the audience."
18) Is there evidence of any conflict of interest that might introduce bias into the way the study is designed, or the way the results are viewed? Do the authors have any potential financial gain from the results of this study?
The authors of this article are assistant professors in the College of Nursing at New York University in New York City. They clearly state in the author section of the article that there are "No financial relationships to disclose."
19) Describe the population for this study.
The population studied in this research consisted of 13 English-speaking women who had undergone active treatment for breast cancer from one to 18 years prior. The subjects had also volunteered with the Reach for Recovery program.
20) How was the sample selected? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this sampling strategy?
The sampling procedure used was purposive, with the study participants recruited from a list of volunteers provided by Reach for Recovery, which is a cancer survivors' network sponsored by the American Cancer Society (ACS). Naturally, the participants all gave their informed consent to participate and their privacy and rights were protected by the human subjects process requirements of the college.
21) Were the subjects in this study vulnerable? Were there any risks for them as the result of participation in the research study?
It is prudent to assume that the subjects in the study were vulnerable. The memories of many of the women participants would be quite fresh and the interviews would likely bring unsettling memories to the forefront, creating considerable stress anew. The risks for these survivors would include raised levels of anxiety directly attributed to the interviews in which their feelings, perceptions, and frank discussion of symptoms were the topic. The unit of focus for the in-depth interviews was the first three years following treatment for breast cancer.
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The following questions pertain to:
Rosedale, M., & Fu, M.R. (2010). Confronting the unexpected: Temporal, situational, and attributive dimensions of distressing symptom experience for breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing…
, 2010). This point is also made by Yehuda, Flory, Pratchett, Buxbaum, Ising and Holsboer (2010), who report that early life stress can also increase the risk of developing PTSD and there may even be a genetic component involved that predisposes some people to developing PTSD. Studies of Vietnam combat veterans have shown that the type of exposure variables that were encountered (i.e., severe personal injury, perceived life threat, longer duration,
One important aspect was that research findings suggested that PTSD was more common than was thought to be the case when the DSM-III diagnostic criteria were formulated. (Friedman, 2007, para.3) the DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD further extends the formalization of criteria as well as the methodological consistency for PTSD and now includes six main criteria. The first of these criteria qualifies the meaning of trauma. A traumatic event is
The study also revealed that 9% of those still in active military service developed psychiatric disorders. It concluded that many of them displayed psychotic symptoms other than flashbacks and dissociative symptoms. These symptoms are essential parts of PTSD. Most of the war veterans investigated exhibited psychotic symptoms of either depressive or schizophrenia. O the PTSD patients, 9% also suffered from major depressive disorder with psychotic features, while 11% had psychotic
In his book, Finley relates to the stories of four soldiers that suffered PTSD, including a U.S. Marine named Tony Sandoval "who can barely complete a full sentence about the horrors he saw" and by an Army soldier (Jesse Caldera) who "is haunted by fears he killed a child" (General OneFile). An article in the journal Policy Review references an early example of PTSD, suffered by an Athenian warrior that
In this study, patients were adults suffering from PTSD that had been referred after three months of PTSD symptoms. These patients were not combat soldiers, and had been referred after either a non-sexual assault or a motor vehicle accident. The patients were between 17 and 60 years old and did not have other psychological problems. Eighty-four individuals made it through the primary assessment through the follow-up meeting. Individuals were
The embedded traumatic experiences are usually deeply disturbing to the individual and can lead to typical symptoms of PTSD, such as depression, suicidal tendencies and loss of personal motivation. In terms of existential analysis, these traumatic experiences can be understood and analyzed from the subjective and experiential viewpoint of the individual. The advantage of this form of analysis and treatment is that it is based on the view that the