This paper provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes mellitus, examining its global prevalence, signs and symptoms, and key risk factors such as physical inactivity, depression, and family history. It outlines disease management approaches centered on patient self-care, and explores nursing interventions including patient education and lifestyle counseling. The paper also details health assessment strategies—such as evaluating eyesight, peripheral neuropathy, and mental health—along with step-by-step insulin delivery assessment techniques. Screening guidelines from the American Diabetes Association and broader prevention strategies are discussed, concluding with a call for sustained nursing involvement to address the growing global burden of diabetes.
The paper effectively uses integrated evidence: quantitative projections (e.g., global prevalence doubling from 171 million to 366 million) are paired directly with clinical recommendations, showing how epidemiological data translates into nursing practice priorities. This technique strengthens arguments by connecting macro-level data to micro-level patient care decisions.
The paper opens with a brief disease definition, then widens to global prevalence data before narrowing back to individual-level risk factors, symptoms, and detection. The middle sections address management and nursing practice in detail, including a procedural sub-section on insulin assessment. The paper closes with screening guidelines and prevention strategies, ending with a conclusion that reconnects individual nursing care to the broader global health burden.
Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not generate or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the body that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into the energy required for daily life (Wan et al., 2009).
Diabetes is among the five leading causes of death from disease in most countries. What exactly causes diabetes is still not fully understood, but both genetics and environmental factors — such as being overweight and lack of exercise — are recognized as diabetes-inducing contributors (Minaker, 2006). According to Piette et al., the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is expected to double from 171 million to 366 million over the next 20 years, and "developing countries will likely experience 80% of this burden" (Piette et al., 2010, p. 56).
Lack of physical activity has also been identified as a factor in the development of diabetes, primarily because exercise uses glucose as energy. Depression may also increase the risk of contracting diabetes; this is likely because depressed individuals tend to gain weight and be less physically active than non-depressed individuals. An additional factor to consider is whether a patient has a parent or sibling who also has diabetes.
Several reports suggest that screening programs targeting individuals with multiple diabetes risk factors — such as advanced age, obesity, and family history of diabetes — may be worthwhile (Lee et al., 2000; Lindahl et al., 1999; Ko et al., 2000).
The signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include unexplained weight loss, constant hunger, weight gain, flu-like symptoms such as weakness and fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of cuts or bruises, tingling or loss of feeling in the hands or feet, recurring gum or skin infections, and recurring vaginal or bladder infections (Causes and Symptoms, 2007). Symptoms can also include swelling in the hands and feet, nausea, fatigue, headaches, and sleep problems (National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, 2010).
Diabetes care mainly consists of self-care. Patients themselves must regulate their blood glucose levels by monitoring those levels and by balancing their food intake, physical activity, and their use of oral hypoglycemic agents and/or insulin. The overall treatment goal is to prevent acute and chronic complications while preserving a good quality of life (Schram, Baan, & Pouwer, 2009).
One of the most effective interventions nurses can make includes educating the patient and his or her family members and loved ones. One recent study showed that such education did not significantly address the physical aspects of diabetes, but it did produce "improved diabetes treatment satisfaction and patient empowerment" (George et al., 2008, p. 1452). Pre-diabetes education can also be beneficial. Interventions that address the importance of weight loss and a healthy lifestyle have likewise been shown to be effective.
You’re 34% through this paper. Sign up to read the remaining 2 sections.
Sign Up Now — Instant Access Already a member? Log inAlways verify citation format against your institution’s current style guide requirements.