This paper examines nursing burnout as a significant and globally recognized practice problem with consequences for patient care quality, healthcare facility efficiency, and nurse retention. Drawing on research from the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, the paper explores how burnout relates to compassion fatigue, emotional exhaustion, and turnover. It considers two major theoretical approaches — the Five Factor personality model and environmental/external factor analyses — to understand the roots of burnout. The paper argues that both personal and workplace variables must be considered together if nurse managers, administrators, and health reform agencies are to design effective interventions that reduce burnout and protect the quality of care patients receive.
The problem of nurse burnout is one that impacts the nursing industry all over the globe. Researchers have identified the problem and its significance in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia (Henry, 2014; Cañadas-De la Fuente, Vargas, San Luis, García, Cañadas & Emilia, 2015; Wang, Liu & Wang, 2015; Sadati, Rahnavard, Heydari, Hemmati, Ebrahimzadeh & Lankarani, 2017). Nursing burnout can lead to higher costs for health care facilities, as burnout typically leads to higher turnover and higher turnover to the need for more training and expenditure on staffing. Nursing burnout can also impact the care given to patients, as it can result in compassion fatigue (Henry, 2014). There are numerous indicators of burnout among nurses, but how to address it and reduce the risk of burnout is still unclear (Cañadas-De la Fuente et al., 2015).
Burnout is a practical problem because it impacts not only the ability of the nurse to provide quality care effectively, but also the ability of the health care facility to operate efficiently. Because of the global nature of burnout, researchers have attempted to identify causes and interventions based on the Five Factor theory, which examines the personalities of nurses and categorizes them as: 1) extraverted, 2) agreeable, 3) open, 4) conscientious, and 5) neurotic (Cañadas-De la Fuente et al., 2015). Other approaches have been to examine external factors and the environment in which nurses work to see how these impact nurses, correlate with fatigue, and affect effectiveness in the health care industry (Sadati et al., 2017).
The problem of nursing burnout is significant because nurses are the front line in the health care industry and patients rely upon nurses for quality care. If nurses experience burnout or compassion fatigue in the course of their work, patients are the ones who can suffer the most, as their quality of care is likely to be reduced substantially (Henry, 2014). Thus, there is a need for this issue to be addressed from an appropriate theoretical perspective supported by evidence, for the sake of patients and their loved ones.
Nursing burnout can also impact the industry by causing nurses to abandon their profession and the health care facilities that rely upon qualified and able nurses to deliver quality care routinely. As Wang et al. (2015) show, nurse managers and administrators must be mindful of the needs of nurses so that they are not worn out by personal or environmental factors that prevent them from operating at the highest levels of their calling. If personal and environmental factors go unobserved by nurse managers and administrators, nursing quality can decline and damage the reputation of the facility, patients' health, and relations among other professionals — including nurses and physicians in the department.
"Workplace and personal variables that drive burnout"
"Reform strategies and managerial responsibilities addressed"
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