If the child responds well to one or more medications, then the medication with the lowest cost is prescribed. The cost is found taking into account the per-dose cost and the number of doses daily. A positive attitude is mandatory which is advised by the health care professionals and they help parents and care takers in developing a positive attitude in the management of medication. It may include positive reinforcements and praise for the children or adults ("Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults" 39). There are several treatment options as there is no cure for ADHD in the current times. The treatment can be done by psychological interventions and pharmacotherapy. Patients (in this case, children) can be taught to manage and cope up with the visible symptoms by the psychological interventions as they are designed to help patients learn and manage…...
mlaReferences
"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.." Questia. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 June 2013. .
"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults."National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. N.p., March 2013. Web. 24 June 2013. .
BioMed Central. "ADHD linked to Interaction of Genetics and Psychology." Science Daily, 16 Apr. 2010. Web. 24 Jun. 2013. .
McCulloch, D.K. "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Adults Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline."Group Health Cooperative. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 June 2013. .
But Canada took steps to defer sales of the medicine which was provoked by 20 sudden losses of lives; out of 14 were children, among those consuming the prescribed doses of Adderall X. There were reported cases of about a dozen strokes, two among children. The deaths took place during 1999 in the United States. The Canadian retracting of the drug Adderall X will not drive similar steps in our nation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration -FDA declares that the proof of deaths, strokes do not blame hyperactivity drug. FDA declares that it was content with the unharmed character of the drug that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-ADHD. The physicians in the circle explained the medicine as useful, nevertheless powerful. The medicine has been found to be very effectual and rather popularly recommended, according to Dr. Lenard Adler, director of the Adult ADHD…...
mlaReferences
Barkely R. (1977) "A Review of Stimulant Drug Research with Hyperactive Children" Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Vol: 18; No: 1; pp: 137-165
Bower, B. (29 November, 2003) "Cerebral Clues Emerge for Attention Disorder - ADHD's Brain Trail" Science News. pp: 12-14
Castellanos, F. Xavier; Lee, Patti P; Sharp, Wendy; Jeffries, Neal O; Greenstein, Deanna K; Clasen, Liv S; Blumenthal, Jonathan D; James, Regina S; Ebens, Christen L; Walter, James M; Zijdenbos, Alex; Evans, Alan C; Giedd, Jay N; Rapoport, Judith L. (2002) "Developmental Trajectories of Brain Volume Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" Journal of American Medical Association. Vol: 288; No: 1; pp: 1740-1748.
Chan, Eugenia. (1 February, 2002) "The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. Vol: 12; No: 1; pp: 45-48
It is easier to focus on ADHD statistics for children of school age (5-17 years old), because diagnosing ADHD in preschool aged children is difficult. Data from the NHIS indicate that:
In 2001-2004, 7.7% of children ages 5-17 were reported to have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Nine percent of White non-Hispanic children, 8% of Black non-Hispanic children, 2% of Asian non-Hispanic children, and 4% of Hispanic children were reported to have ADHD.
Almost 13% of White non-Hispanic children living in families with incomes below poverty level were reported to have ADHD -- the highest of any group.
Two to three times more boys than girls are diagnosed with ADHD (Pastor, p. 206).
Well-known researcher, Dr. ussell Barkley, has detailed the differences that can occur in reporting, due to the type of criteria used in any given report. eported variations in the prevalence of ADHD may be due to differences in the…...
mlaReferences
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. (2006). America's Children and the environment (ACE). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 31, 2007 at http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/emerging_issues/adhd.htm .
Barkley RA. (1998). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Scientific American.;279:66-71.
Barkley, Russell (2004) Attention-Deficit. Hyperactivity Disorder: Nature, Course, Outcomes, and Comorbidity. American Psychological Association
Barkley, Russell (2006) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, Third Edition. New York, New York: Guilford Press
Students with attention problems are more likely to succeed on academic tasks that are well-matched to their abilities and when instructed at their pace of learning.
To gather data on how effective peer tutoting is, DuPaul and Henningson implemented their case study on an ADHD child, Don, by observing his behavior when given with the traditional teacher lecturing and when provided with peer tutoring method. The case study's result shows that Don exhibited a higher rate of fidgety and out of task behavior in the classwide learning process. On the other hand, during peer tutoring, Don showed a significant improvement both in his academic performance and stability of focus to his tasks.
In another study conducted by Aro and his colleagues, where they implemented their analysis by providing more teaching guidance and supervision on non-ADHD and ADHD children, they found that provision of more attention to ADHD students during their process of…...
mlaBibliography
Aro, T., et. al. (1999). Contribution of ADHD Characteristics to the Academic Treatment Outcome of Children with Learning Difficulties. Developmental NeuroPsychology, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. 291-305.
DuPaul, G., Henningson, P. (1993). Peer Tutoring Effects on the Classroom Performance of Children with ADHD. School Psychology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 1, pp. 134-143.
Organizational and Study Skills for the ADHD School Child.
Retrieved on 05 Dec 2004, from Attention Deficit Disorder Help Center Online.
Some children also report mild stomachaches or headaches. Most side effects are minor and disappear over time or if the dosage level is lowered."
Q4: Can their children become addicted to methylphenidate?
While there has been a great deal of publicity in the media about how the drugs prescribed for ADHD have been abused, it is important to make a clear distinction between the pharmacological use of such drugs to treat behavioral disorders and individuals using them for recreational purposes. Individuals without ADHD who are self-prescribing, and using such medications to stay awake and focused for long periods of time are not carefully monitoring their doses to facilitate a normal existence, but are striving to test their limits.
Q5: Would consuming an addictive drug now increase my child's chances of abusing drugs later in life?
According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA): "research thus far suggests that individuals with ADHD do…...
mlaReference
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (2009, June 15). NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health). Retrieved January 25, 2010 at deficit hyperactivity disorder/complete-index.shtmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention
NIDA InfoFacts: Stimulant ADHD Medications - methylphenidate and amphetamines.
(2009, October 2). National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Retrieved January 25, 2010
ADHD, o attention deficit hypeactivity disode, is a common childhood poblem affecting as much as 3-5% of the school-age population. The coe symptoms of ADHD ae inattention, hypeactivity and impulsivity. Childen with ADHD exhibit functional impaiment acoss multiple settings and engage in disuptive behavios, thus inviting citicism fom adults and pee ejection. Psycho stimulant medication has been shown to be easonably successful, but may poduce significant side effects in a school-age child. A multi-component model of intevention consisting of phamacological teatment in consonance with contingency management and cognitive behavio modification techniques seems to be the answe fo this vey baffling poblem. Fo pactitiones to have confidence in the expected outcomes, specific pocedues to implement behavioal management in school classooms must be scientifically eplicated.
Chapte 1
Intoduction
What is ADHD?
Impact of ADHD
Diagnostic Standads
Related Disodes and Comobidity
Chapte 2
Review of liteatue
Multi-component Intevention
Comobidity
Phamacological Intevention
Chapte 3
Methodology
Chapte 4
Findings and esults
Chapte 5
Conclusions and summay
Oveview of ADHD
Intoduction
What is ADHD? ADHD, o…...
mlareferences for ADHD information from schools. School Psychology Review, 31 (1), 94.
Leo, J. (2002). American preschoolers on Ritalin treatment. Society, 39 (2), 52.
Macnab, A.J., Duffy, D., Milligan, J., Miller, K., George, S., Grant, E., & S, M. (2002). Audiovisual hyperactivity disorder (AVHD): a peril of the desire to excel. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 167 (12), 1331.
Miranda, A., (2002). Effectiveness of a school-based multi-component program for the treatment of children with ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35 (6), 546.
McGoey, K.E., Eckert, T.L., & Dupaul, G.J. (2002). Early intervention for preschool-age children with ADHD: A literature review. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 10 (1), 14.
However, in spite of the fact that they knew when and why they failed in doing something, they were unable to come up with an effective plan to solve the condition. oys were mainly indifferent to the reaction others displayed at their behavior while girls were severely affected by anything that was a direct result of their behavior (Krueger, and Kendall).
Most ADHD adults are capable to understand their condition and to attempt to find answers to their problem. However, they too are expected to put on view antisocial behavior, even after undergoing treatment. Substance use is also a common occurrence in ADHD adults, as the influence of those who were formerly close to them is reduced and they cannot be controlled suitably (Wilens et al.).
All things considered, ADHD individuals can display a perfectly normal behavior and it is wrong to have a biased opinion regarding them.
ibliography:
1. Claude, D. &…...
mlaBibliography:
1. Claude, D. & Firestone, P. "The Development of Adhd Boys: a 12-year Follow-up," Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 27.2 (1995).
2. Edbom, T. Granlund, M. Lichtenstein, P. & Larsson, J. "Adhd Symptoms Related to Profiles of Self-esteem in a Longitudinal Study of Twins: a Person-oriented Approach," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 21.4 (2008).
3. Hartnett, D.N. Nelson J.M., and Rinn, A.N. "Gifted or ADHD? The Possibilities of Misdiagnosis," Roeper Review 26.2 (2004).
4. Krueger, M. Kendall, J. "Descriptions of Self: an Exploratory Study of Adolescents with Adhd," Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 14.2 (2001).
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become a relatively common diagnosis. Most young people know someone with the diagnosis, if they have not themselves been diagnosed. The article "More Diagnoses of A.D.H.D. Causing Concern," published in The New York Times, highlights the growing concerns with the increase in diagnoses of ADHD in children and teens. While there are certainly kids that legitimately have ADHD, some doctors are rushing through the evaluation and screening processes and making the diagnosis haphazardly.
I believe the reasons for jumping to the diagnosis of ADHD are varied but relatively straightforward. Many doctors are profit-motivated, and simply want to make their clients happy by bowing to what Schwartz & Cohen (2013) claim to be "pressure" from parents. Doctors have long been lackeys of big pharmaceutical companies that manufacture drugs like Ritalin, prescribed for ADHD. When big pharma wants to sell more drugs, the companies will encourage doctors…...
It is not only addiction to abusing substances that may go hand in hand with ADHD, but also cigaette smoking. A study by Wilens and colleagues (2007) of the Depatment of Psychiaty, Havad Medical School and the Pediatic Psychophamacology Unit of Massachusetts Geneal Hospital question whethe o not ADHD individuals self-medicate with cigaettes as well as the substance abuses. In a longitudinal ADHD family study focusing on substance use disodes he finds that those who do and do not have ADHD diffe significantly in thei pesonal pefeences fo alcohol and cigaettes. The ADHD youth ae less likely to pefe alcohol but moe apt to pefe cigaettes. Both of these goups use substances to self-medicate and get high. Also ADHD self-medicating teens do not diffe fom those using substances to get high in thei type of ADHD symptoms o dug use poblems. It is suggested, then, that adolescent self-medication is not…...
mlareferences for alcohol and cigarettes. The ADHD youth are less likely to prefer alcohol but more apt to prefer cigarettes. Both of these groups use substances to self-medicate and get high. Also ADHD self-medicating teens do not differ from those using substances to get high in their type of ADHD symptoms or drug use problems. It is suggested, then, that adolescent self-medication is not just for those with ADHD and that ADHD youth who self-medicate are similar in symptomatology to those who use substances for euphorigenic effects.
Levin and Mariani (2006) of Columbia University conclude that it is important to continue these types of studies regarding ADHD and substance abuse disorder because substance abuse only further aggravates the difficulties with ADHD, present more difficulty with remission and with treatment. The co-morbidity can also lead to other psychological problems. Studies have been few to date of ADHD and substance abuse, so it would be helpful to place more an effort here in the future to better understand how these different elements come together.
Faraone. S.V., Wilens, T.E., Petty, C., Antshel, K. Spenser, T., Biederman, J. Kolpe, M. & Carlson, G.A. (2007) Substance Use among ADHD Adults: Implications of Late
Onset and Subthreshold Diagnoses. The American Journal on Addictions, 16: 24-34,
Kolpe, M. & Carlson, G.A., (2007) Influence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms on methadone treatment outcome. American Journal of Addiction. 16(1): 46-48
[Stephen V Farrone]
Research has also focused on brain studies of ADHD subjects with the hope of a better understanding of the neurobehavioral disorders. Functional MRI images have revealed new information on the differences in the brain activation patterns among ADHD subjects and healthy people without the condition. The focus, which had thus far been restricted to the frontal lobe, has now been extended and researchers are actively studying other regions of the brain. One recent study showed that ADHD subjects not only exhibited underactivation in the prefrontal cortex but also in the parietal and the temporal cortex regions. Another study reported a distinct absence of activation of the anterior cingulate cortex region among ADHD subjects.
A recent Stanford university study has also concluded that ADHD patients showed lesser activation in the posterior parietal attention system when compared with control subjects. Using an odd ball task the researchers tested 12 healthy…...
mlaBibliography
Aaron Levin (2006), 'ADHD Research Spreads Throughout the Brain," Psychiatric News, Volume 41, Number 12,-page 25, American Psychiatric Association.
Stephen V Farrone & Saijad a Khan, (2006) 'Candidate Gene Studies of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder', Clin Psychiatry. Suppl 8:13-20 16961425
Esther Sobanski MD, Michael Schredl, PhD, Nina Ketller, MD & Barbara Alm, MD, 'Sleep in Adults with ADHD before and during treatment with methylphenidate: A Controlled Polysomnographic Study'
Sleep, Vol 31, issue 3, pg 375-381
This ignorance on the part of public school instruction results in an unfair lack of respect towards ADHD students - a tragic mis-diagnosis of their health-related condition - and all too often this lack of understanding results in a loss of self-esteem on the part of the student. Any unwillingness to work with young people whose lives are being negatively affected by ADHD - whether the lack of teacher support is through indifference or a dearth of hands-on knowledge - is unacceptable morally, socially and academically.
Do scientists know how children develop ADHD?
ndeed, the ongoing medical mystery into the issue of why children first show symptoms of ADHD and are later confirmed through reliable diagnosis as having this disorder has been explored by healthcare professionals for many years. The research is vitally important because this disorder doesn't involve merely a few children. n fact, according to Environmental Health Perspectives journal…...
mlaIndeed, the ongoing medical mystery into the issue of why children first show symptoms of ADHD and are later confirmed through reliable diagnosis as having this disorder has been explored by healthcare professionals for many years. The research is vitally important because this disorder doesn't involve merely a few children. In fact, according to Environmental Health Perspectives journal (Tillett 2006), about 8% of the children in the United States suffer from the disorder. And further, the cost to the American society is estimated to exceed $9.2 billion each year, Tillett asserts, which is an enormous sum of money. Those nine billion dollars - in addition to the families of ADHD children who suffer and need help - should raise a red warning flag to the medical profession. Some serious research needs to be ongoing and money needs to be invested through private and public sources.
How does a child develop symptoms?
One of the suspected culprits that is lurking in many households and public places in the U.S. is secondhand tobacco smoke; another is exposure to lead. While in the womb, a child exposed to smoke - or lead - could possibly
With the ADHD teen's short attention span and restlessness, this problem becomes crucial to solve. ut how? The answer may lie in a framework and structure that allows the ADHD child to accomplish the homework throughout his or her school years (Robin, n.d.).
First, the parent and child must work together to investigate the points at which they are having the problem with homework. Are they writing down the assignment properly? Do they understand the assignment? Do they bring home the appropriate schoolbooks, etc. with which to accomplish the assignment? Do they have a quiet, well-lit workspace at home? Are they adhering to the promised schedule for doing the homework? Do they have a problem focusing once they sit down to do it? Are his or her medications planned so that they can take advantage of it during those hours and have optimum concentration?
Second, work out a written agreement with your…...
mlaBibliography
ADHD health center. (n.d.). ADHD health center. Retrieved June 8, 2009, from Healthcenter.com: http://www.healthcentral.com/adhd/education/?ap=800
Goldstein, S. (n.d.). Guidelines for successfully parenting ad/hd children. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from A.D.D. Warehouse: http://www.addwarehouse.com/shopsite_sc/store/html/article7.html
Jaffe-Gill, E., Dumke, L.F., Segal, R., de Benedictis, T., Smith, M., & Segal, J. (2007, September). Parenting a child with add/adhd. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from Helpguide.org: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd_add_parenting_strategies.htm
Kane, A. (2009, January 6). What to do when your teen chooses bad friends. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from Healthyplace.com: http://www.healthyplace.com/adhd/children-behavioral-issues/what-to-do-when-teen-chooses-bad-friends/menu-id-53/
The high energy level and subsequent behavior are often misperceived as purposeful noncompliance when, in fact, they may be a manifestation of the disorder and require specific interventions." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003)
Children with ADHD generally display behavior that is categorized as follows: (1) poor sustained attention; and (2) hyperactivity-impulsiveness. (Ibid) Because of this "three subtypes of the disorder have been proposed by the American Psychiatric Association in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV):
1) Predominantly inattentive;
2) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; and 3) Combined types. (Barkley, 1997; as cited by the U.S. Department of Education)
Common characteristics of the child with hyperactivity include the child being "fidgety, have difficulty staying seated or playing quietly, acting as if drive by a motor..." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) Characteristics of children with impulsivity include "difficulty participating in tasks that require taking turns, blurting out answers to questions instead…...
Clinicians typically report that boys are referred for AD/HD assessment nine times more often than girls. Studies using a broader population base generally indicate that the ratio of boys to girls with the disorder is closer to 3:1."
"In people with AD/HD, the brain areas that control attention have been observed to use less glucose, indicating that they are less active."
4. Strength related to the student with an exceptionality.
Individuals with ADHD tend to be highly creative, intuitive, open-minded, flexible, energetic, and optimistic. They are very quick learners when engaged and tend to develop a broad range of interests and hobbies as they get older. Students with ADHD are able to generate a tremendous amount of ideas in a very short period of time. They give a new meaning to the word brainstorm. Another great attribute of students with ADHD is their ability to work independently. Individuals with ADHD figuratively and…...
mlaBibliography
BC Ministry of Education (2003). Teaching Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Resource Guide for Teachers.
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ADHD Case
In the case of the 13-year-old boy, clearly there is something going on that is creating a situation where he is becoming a disturbance both at home and at school. His parents fear he may have ADHD, a fear which is backed up by a number of his teachers. In order to understand what is really going on, a clinical assessment must be fully conducted in a multifaceted way that would allow the clinical researcher to understand what's going on in the boy's head.
The multifaceted approach to assessment would include a psychometric test given to the boy's parents and teachers. This would be a way to help understand how third parties see the boy's behavior on an everyday basis. There are number of paths a clinician might take in order to find the most appropriate psychometric test. Most rating scales used today can be helpful in determining the…...
mlaReferences
Haavik, Jan, Halmay, Anne, & Lundervold, Astri. (2010). Clinical assessment and diagnosis of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapuetics, 10(10), 1569-1580.
University of British Colombia. (2011). Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Sef Report. Caddra. Web. http://www.caddra.ca/cms4/pdfs/caddraGuidelines2011WFIRS_S.pdf
Ward MF Wender PH Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Am J. Psychiatry. 1993(150),885-890.
There are many reasons why it is important for school counselors to focus on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in elementary school. Doing so gives children the best chance of success academically and socially, as children with ADHD can have a very difficult time working within the rigid structure of the average school day. Children who are not diagnosed with ADHD, but who experience it, are often treated like they are “bad” kids, which not only causes them to fall behind academically, but can also stigmatize them with their peers. With appropriate interventions, which....
People are diverse learners in various ways. Here are a few examples:
1. Learning Styles: Individuals have different preferred learning styles, such as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. Visual learners learn best through pictures, diagrams, and visual aids, while auditory learners grasp information better through listening and speaking. Kinesthetic learners, on the other hand, learn best through physical activities and hands-on experiences.
2. Sensory Preferences: People have different sensory preferences and sensitivities. Some may have a heightened sense of touch, taste, smell, sight, or hearing, which may affect their learning. For instance, individuals who are visually impaired may need alternative methods, like Braille....
1. Understanding ADHD: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
2. The Impact of ADHD on Academic Performance and Social Relationships
3. Exploring the Connection between ADHD and Comorbid Mental Health Disorders
4. The Role of Parenting Strategies in Managing ADHD in Children
5. ADHD in the Workplace: Challenges and Strategies for Success
6. The Stigma Surrounding ADHD: Dispelling Myths and Promoting Awareness
7. Gender Differences in the Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD
8. The Relationship between Diet, Exercise, and ADHD Symptoms
9. ADHD Across the Lifespan: Challenges and Coping Strategies
10. ADHD and Substance Abuse: Understanding the Link and Preventative Measures
11. The Impact of Technology and Screen Time on ADHD....
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