Adhd Essays (Examples)

ADHD Medications Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

But Canada took steps to defer sales of the medicine which was provoked by 20 sudden losses of lives; out of 14 were children, among those consuming the prescribed doses of Adderall XR. There were reported cases of about a dozen strokes, two among children. The deaths took place during 1999 in the United States. The Canadian retracting of the drug Adderall XR will not drive similar steps in our nation. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration -FDA declares that the proof of deaths, strokes do not blame hyperactivity drug. FDA declares that it was content with the unharmed character of the drug that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-ADHD. The physicians in the circle explained the medicine as useful, nevertheless powerful. The medicine has been found to be very effectual and rather popularly recommended, according to Dr. Lenard Adler, director of the Adult ADHD Program at New York University Medical Center. (Gardner, 2005)

During the same period, Dr. Jon a. Shaw, Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Miami School of Medicine went on to further say that the medicine is a potent one and requires to be used widely and exercising…… [Read More]

ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Students with attention problems are more likely to succeed on academic tasks that are well-matched to their abilities and when instructed at their pace of learning.

To gather data on how effective peer tutoting is, DuPaul and Henningson implemented their case study on an ADHD child, Don, by observing his behavior when given with the traditional teacher lecturing and when provided with peer tutoring method. The case study's result shows that Don exhibited a higher rate of fidgety and out of task behavior in the classwide learning process. On the other hand, during peer tutoring, Don showed a significant improvement both in his academic performance and stability of focus to his tasks.

In another study conducted by Aro and his colleagues, where they implemented their analysis by providing more teaching guidance and supervision on non-ADHD and ADHD children, they found that provision of more attention to ADHD students during their process of learning helps them improve their focus on what they are doing. After the treatment, the results show that those children with a high hyperactivity level somehow learned to control their impulsivity in a situation such as solving mathematical problems, which requires effortful processing..."

Attention Deficit Disorder Help Center…… [Read More]

ADHD Psychology FAQ About ADHD

Some children also report mild stomachaches or headaches. Most side effects are minor and disappear over time or if the dosage level is lowered."

Q4: Can their children become addicted to methylphenidate?

While there has been a great deal of publicity in the media about how the drugs prescribed for ADHD have been abused, it is important to make a clear distinction between the pharmacological use of such drugs to treat behavioral disorders and individuals using them for recreational purposes. Individuals without ADHD who are self-prescribing, and using such medications to stay awake and focused for long periods of time are not carefully monitoring their doses to facilitate a normal existence, but are striving to test their limits.

Q5: Would consuming an addictive drug now increase my child's chances of abusing drugs later in life?

According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA): "research thus far suggests that individuals with ADHD do not become addicted to their stimulant medications when taken in the form and dosage prescribed by their doctors. Furthermore, several studies report that stimulant therapy in childhood does not increase the risk for subsequent drug and alcohol abuse disorders later in life." In fact, poor performance in…… [Read More]

ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Is

ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is a common childhood problem affecting as much as 3-5% of the school-age population. The core symptoms of ADHD are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Children with ADHD exhibit functional impairment across multiple settings and engage in disruptive behaviors, thus inviting criticism from adults and peer rejection. Psycho stimulant medication has been shown to be reasonably successful, but may produce significant side effects in a school-age child. A multi-component model of intervention consisting of pharmacological treatment in consonance with contingency management and cognitive behavior modification techniques seems to be the answer for this very baffling problem. For practitioners to have confidence in the expected outcomes, specific procedures to implement behavioral management in school classrooms must be scientifically replicated.

Chapter 1

Introduction

What is ADHD?

Impact of ADHD

Diagnostic Standards

Related Disorders and Comorbidity

Chapter 2

Review of literature

Multi-component Intervention

Comorbidity

Pharmacological Intervention

Chapter 3

Methodology

Chapter 4

Findings and results

Chapter 5

Conclusions and summary

Overview of ADHD

Introduction

What is ADHD? ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is a common childhood problem. It is estimated that ADHD affects 3-5% of the school-age population, which means that as many as 3.5 million children could…… [Read More]

ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD Has

ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become a relatively common diagnosis. Most young people know someone with the diagnosis, if they have not themselves been diagnosed. The article "More Diagnoses of A.D.H.D. Causing Concern," published in The New York Times, highlights the growing concerns with the increase in diagnoses of ADHD in children and teens. While there are certainly kids that legitimately have ADHD, some doctors are rushing through the evaluation and screening processes and making the diagnosis haphazardly.

I believe the reasons for jumping to the diagnosis of ADHD are varied but relatively straightforward. Many doctors are profit-motivated, and simply want to make their clients happy by bowing to what Schwartz & Cohen (2013) claim to be "pressure" from parents. Doctors have long been lackeys of big pharmaceutical companies that manufacture drugs like Ritalin, prescribed for ADHD. When big pharma wants to sell more drugs, the companies will encourage doctors to make diagnoses that warrant selling those drugs. For example, doctors are all but bribed, given many perks in the development of a marketing relationship with the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, journalists like Schwartz & Cohen (2013) are exposing a real problem in American society. The problem does not…… [Read More]

ADHD and Substance Abuse the

It is not only addiction to abusing substances that may go hand in hand with ADHD, but also cigarette smoking. A study by Wilens and colleagues (2007) of the Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and the Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit of Massachusetts General Hospital question whether or not ADHD individuals self-medicate with cigarettes as well as the substance abuses. In a longitudinal ADHD family study focusing on substance use disorders he finds that those who do and do not have ADHD differ significantly in their personal preferences for alcohol and cigarettes. The ADHD youth are less likely to prefer alcohol but more apt to prefer cigarettes. Both of these groups use substances to self-medicate and get high. Also ADHD self-medicating teens do not differ from those using substances to get high in their type of ADHD symptoms or drug use problems. It is suggested, then, that adolescent self-medication is not just for those with ADHD and that ADHD youth who self-medicate are similar in symptomatology to those who use substances for euphorigenic effects.

Levin and Mariani (2006) of Columbia University conclude that it is important to continue these types of studies regarding ADHD and substance abuse disorder because substance abuse…… [Read More]

ADHD Causes Significant Psychosocial Dysfunction

[Stephen V Farrone]

Research has also focused on brain studies of ADHD subjects with the hope of a better understanding of the neurobehavioral disorders. Functional MRI images have revealed new information on the differences in the brain activation patterns among ADHD subjects and healthy people without the condition. The focus, which had thus far been restricted to the frontal lobe, has now been extended and researchers are actively studying other regions of the brain. One recent study showed that ADHD subjects not only exhibited underactivation in the prefrontal cortex but also in the parietal and the temporal cortex regions. Another study reported a distinct absence of activation of the anterior cingulate cortex region among ADHD subjects.

A recent Stanford university study has also concluded that ADHD patients showed lesser activation in the posterior parietal attention system when compared with control subjects. Using an odd ball task the researchers tested 12 healthy boys and 14 boys with ADHD. The test involved pressing two different buttons in response to two different images (circle and a triangle) showed on the screen. The results showed that control subjects fared much better than the ADHD subjects. Though there was no great difference in reaction time,…… [Read More]

ADHD How Many Are Affected

This ignorance on the part of public school instruction results in an unfair lack of respect towards ADHD students - a tragic mis-diagnosis of their health-related condition - and all too often this lack of understanding results in a loss of self-esteem on the part of the student. Any unwillingness to work with young people whose lives are being negatively affected by ADHD - whether the lack of teacher support is through indifference or a dearth of hands-on knowledge - is unacceptable morally, socially and academically.

Do scientists know how children develop ADHD?… [Read More]

ADHD in Order to Understand

With the ADHD teen's short attention span and restlessness, this problem becomes crucial to solve. But how? The answer may lie in a framework and structure that allows the ADHD child to accomplish the homework throughout his or her school years (Robin, n.d.).

First, the parent and child must work together to investigate the points at which they are having the problem with homework. Are they writing down the assignment properly? Do they understand the assignment? Do they bring home the appropriate schoolbooks, etc. with which to accomplish the assignment? Do they have a quiet, well-lit workspace at home? Are they adhering to the promised schedule for doing the homework? Do they have a problem focusing once they sit down to do it? Are his or her medications planned so that they can take advantage of it during those hours and have optimum concentration?

Second, work out a written agreement with your ADHD child -- a simple, structured document that they can understand and adhere to. Address specifically those homework areas that you have both identified as needing improvement with solutions that you have both agreed to. Try it out for a few weeks, and adjust it as necessary. And…… [Read More]

ADHD to 89985 Special Needs

The high energy level and subsequent behavior are often misperceived as purposeful noncompliance when, in fact, they may be a manifestation of the disorder and require specific interventions." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003)

Children with ADHD generally display behavior that is categorized as follows: (1) poor sustained attention; and (2) hyperactivity-impulsiveness. (Ibid) Because of this "three subtypes of the disorder have been proposed by the American Psychiatric Association in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV):

1) Predominantly inattentive;

2) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; and 3) Combined types. (Barkley, 1997; as cited by the U.S. Department of Education)

Common characteristics of the child with hyperactivity include the child being "fidgety, have difficulty staying seated or playing quietly, acting as if drive by a motor..." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) Characteristics of children with impulsivity include "difficulty participating in tasks that require taking turns, blurting out answers to questions instead of waiting to be called and flitting from one task to another without finishing." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) Characteristics of the child with inattention is something that impacts the education of other children because of the child's challenges in "attending to detail in directions, sustaining attention…… [Read More]

ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Clinicians typically report that boys are referred for AD/HD assessment nine times more often than girls. Studies using a broader population base generally indicate that the ratio of boys to girls with the disorder is closer to 3:1."

"In people with AD/HD, the brain areas that control attention have been observed to use less glucose, indicating that they are less active."

4. Strength related to the student with an exceptionality.

Individuals with ADHD tend to be highly creative, intuitive, open-minded, flexible, energetic, and optimistic. They are very quick learners when engaged and tend to develop a broad range of interests and hobbies as they get older. Students with ADHD are able to generate a tremendous amount of ideas in a very short period of time. They give a new meaning to the word brainstorm. Another great attribute of students with ADHD is their ability to work independently. Individuals with ADHD figuratively and sometimes literally throw themselves into their task, becoming so involved with it that the outside world disappears for a time.

The unique, intense traits possessed by students with ADHD constitute great strengths in the realm of education. The student with ADHD is very likely to be the "idea…… [Read More]

ADHD Case in the Case of the

ADHD Case

In the case of the 13-year-old boy, clearly there is something going on that is creating a situation where he is becoming a disturbance both at home and at school. His parents fear he may have ADHD, a fear which is backed up by a number of his teachers. In order to understand what is really going on, a clinical assessment must be fully conducted in a multifaceted way that would allow the clinical researcher to understand what's going on in the boy's head.

The multifaceted approach to assessment would include a psychometric test given to the boy's parents and teachers. This would be a way to help understand how third parties see the boy's behavior on an everyday basis. There are number of paths a clinician might take in order to find the most appropriate psychometric test. Most rating scales used today can be helpful in determining the presence of ADHD in this case. These include tests that use measurements through a Likert scale, where questions are answered on a scale from 0 to 4, 0 meaning never and 4 meaning often (Haavik et al. 2010). There are a number of tests that can be implemented which…… [Read More]

ADHD and Reading Difficulty Learning Disabilities the

ADHD and Reading Difficulty

Learning Disabilities

The Nature of the Relationship between ADHD and Reading Difficulty

The Nature of the Relationship between ADHD and Reading Difficulty

There is substantial evidence showing a strong association between reading difficulty and attention problems in children and adolescents (reviewed by Greven, Rijsdijk, Asherson, and Plomin, 2012). This learning-related 'comorbidity' is believed to be primarily genetic in nature and several studies have presented evidence consistent with this theory. Since the association is so strong, some scientists have argued that the same genetic factor(s) is likely responsible.

Greven and colleagues (2012) agree that the evidence is indeed strong and therefore have a genetic origin, but not necessarily with the theory that a single stable genetic factor could be responsible. To support their argument, they point to evidence that suggests these traits are unstable over time. Although the authors discussed a recent twin study, which revealed these traits to be stable between the ages of 6 and 9, they argue that this is too short of a time span, and possibly too small of a sample, to determine whether the expression of these learning traits can be modified by genetic or environmental factors over time. In addition,…… [Read More]

ADHD and How it Affects Students and

ADHD and how it affects students and their education. The writer provides suggested accommodations for these students and discusses why the teachers should do so. The writer provides an overview of the disorder and discusses the ways that a teacher can accommodate the student. There were two sources used to complete this paper.

Students with Attention Deficit Disorder are often called lazy, disruptive, and disorganized. The students with ADHD face obstacles that other students do not have to face. Elementary aged students are especially vulnerable to such criticism because of their youthful desire to please, and to internalize when they fail at that venture. It is important for elementary school teachers to accommodate and work with students who have ADHD for several reasons, including the student's self-esteem, the student's academic progress and the impact the student will have on the classroom without accommodations.

WHAT IS IT

Before one can begin to understand why students with ADHD should be accommodated by their teachers, one should have a grasp on what ADHD is and how it affects students.

ADHD afflicts between 4% and 6% of school-age youth. Children with the condition often fidget, are easily distracted, and impulsively blurt responses in conversation…… [Read More]

ADHD and Achievement Meta-Analysis of the Child

ADHD and achievement: Meta-Analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students" by Frazier (et al. 2007) was to examine the role of the learning disability ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in determining the academic performance of students in college. Previous literature reviews had indicated that students with ADHD more likely than their non-LD counterparts to fail or repeat grades. However, there were a number of problems with these previous studies: first, not all ADHD students manifest academic problems. Secondly, other features of ADHD academic achievement like content domains (math vs. reading) and student demographics have not been rigorously studied. The study compared previous existing research studies of ADHD students to provide greater clarity upon the issue and then conducted a small, preliminary study of college students with ADHD at a single university.

Description of participants/sample

The article deployed two different kinds of research on ADHD students. The first study was a large meta-analysis of previous research which found multiple academic achievement problems for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Age, gender, achievement domains, measurement methods (standardized testing vs. self-reports), samples, and diagnostic methods were all assessed. The second study was deliberately narrower…… [Read More]

ADHD and Antisocial Behavior Juvenile Delinquency

Juvenile Delinquency: ADHD and Antisocial Behavior

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is, in basic terms, a mental health disorder typified by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illnesses (NAMI), approximately 1 out of every 10 children in the U.S. is living with ADHD, yet only 56% of these receive treatment or even diagnosis for the same. This text attempts to establish a connection between ADHD and juvenile delinquency.

Significance

Scores of researchers have identified untreated ADHD as a risk factor for future delinquent/antisocial behavior. The NAMI expresses that 47% of youths in juvenile correctional facilities are living with ADHD. Foley, et al.'s (1996) findings mirror this perspective. In their view, adolescents living with ADHD have a higher likelihood of arrest (58% to 36%), compared to their age mates without the condition. These findings depict a strong, positive correlation between ADHD and juvenile/adult delinquency. This can rightly be translated to mean that the early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD could go a long way in reducing overall resultant crime levels. Early diagnosis and treatment is, however, only possible if parents and caretakers are given adequate education on the risk factors and identifiable symptoms of ADHD.

ADHD…… [Read More]

ADHD and How Its Classified'so How

ADHD and How Its Classified So How Is

With ADHD being a very complex disorder, mental disorders experts devised a series of ways meant to enable doctors to provide diagnoses with more effectiveness and to generally make it possible for them to understand the condition better. The disorder is considered to be a persistent impairment of psychological development and to thus make it especially difficult for individuals suffering from it to integrate the social order properly. There are a series of ways in which ADHD can be classified and it is thus essential for the person in charge of the diagnosis to be familiar with the diverse ways that the disorder can affect an individual.

Classification system

Depending on the symptoms that a person displays, he or she can be diagnosed with a particular type of ADHD. This makes it easier for doctors to provide treatment that is likely to be effective and to encourage the individual to integrate society with little to no problems. Hyperactivity and inattentiveness both play important roles when considering this disorder, and the degree to which each of these concepts affects the individual enables doctors to determine the type of disorder that affects them. A…… [Read More]

ADHD Assessment of Children by School Nurse

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder presents itself in many different ways for many different people. It is further complicated by the fact that there are three types of ADHD recognized by the DSM-IV and even further evidence that females and males manifest the disorder in different ways. ADHD has been a challenge to school administrators for many years. The symptoms of the disorder not only interfere with the educational process of the affected child but they also can be disruptive and interfere with the education of students who learn with and interact with the affected child. ADHD impacts many aspects of the school day including the learning process, socialization and maturity. Its impact cannot be underscored enough as it has the potential to create self-esteem issues which can lead to inappropriate behavior, serving to further interfere with the learning process. Schools are often the first entities to notice the symptoms of ADHD. When a child gets into the structured setting of a classroom and is expected to maintain focus and perform task that require sustained concentration the symptoms often become more evident than they may have been in the past. Many times the child's parents are unaware of the problem or…… [Read More]

Effects of ADHD in Children With Comorbid Conditions

ADHD Comorbidity

The challenge of dealing with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is increased exponentially by the individual having accompanying challenges. These challenges may be psychological as well as social. A primary concern for parents, patients, and researchers is that there are a large number of individuals with the original condition who remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. This means that the accompanying condition also remains undiagnosed. It therefore becomes critical that there is an increase in screening for ADHD and the accompanying comorbidities.

ADHD

It is believed that ADHD affects between 3-6% of American children who are around school age (MIrsky 2001). Historically boys have been the primary targets for ADHD, but it should be noted that a significant number of girls are also afflicted with the condition. In samples of individuals taken from clinics the ratio of males to females is 10:1(Goldman, Genel, Bezman and Slanetz 1998). This ratio however does not present an accurate picture of the problem as other studies that have employed samples drawn from community-based populations have a ratio of 3:1. It is suggested that the higher clinical rate for boys captures the social experience that boys are more likely to be sent for evaluation because…… [Read More]

Russell Barkley's Theory of ADHD

ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects between two and ten percent of children, which is why it is important for all educators to understand (Barkley, 1998). The disorder is technically incurable, but it is manageable. Barkley (1998) frames ADHD in terms of its genetic, biological, and cognitive dimensions, helping educators understand how to best approach children with ADHD and help them reach their highest potential. Educators need to know that ADHD leads to a cluster of observable behaviors but that the child may not be able to master impulse control in the same way as his or her peers. Likewise, educators do need to be aware that ADHD is more common in boys than in girls. Educators need to be less concerned with potential causes of ADHD, less judgmental or biased about their students who have ADHD, and more proactive about changing their classroom environments and classroom management methodologies, as well as their teaching methods.

Defined as a "failure of behavioral inhibition," ADHD does relate directly to children's behavior (Barkley, 1998, p. 70). Barkley (1998) recommends that teachers create more structured environments for their students to facilitate their cognitive and emotional self-mastery. Although many parents may be wary about…… [Read More]

ADHD and How it Relates

If the child responds well to one or more medications, then the medication with the lowest cost is prescribed. The cost is found taking into account the per-dose cost and the number of doses daily. A positive attitude is mandatory which is advised by the health care professionals and they help parents and care takers in developing a positive attitude in the management of medication. It may include positive reinforcements and praise for the children or adults ("Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults" 39). There are several treatment options as there is no cure for ADHD in the current times. The treatment can be done by psychological interventions and pharmacotherapy. Patients (in this case, children) can be taught to manage and cope up with the visible symptoms by the psychological interventions as they are designed to help patients learn and manage their symptoms. Pharmacological treatments have risks as well as the benefits. This fact limits the use of this treatment as there are safety concerns as well. If the child has additional health problems like heart diseases he/she cannot be treated with pharmacological treatment (McCulloch 7).

Behavioral therapy and emotional counseling…… [Read More]

ADHD the Growing Incidence of

It is easier to focus on ADHD statistics for children of school age (5-17 years old), because diagnosing ADHD in preschool aged children is difficult. Data from the NHIS indicate that:

In 2001-2004, 7.7% of children ages 5-17 were reported to have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Nine percent of White non-Hispanic children, 8% of Black non-Hispanic children, 2% of Asian non-Hispanic children, and 4% of Hispanic children were reported to have ADHD.

Almost 13% of White non-Hispanic children living in families with incomes below poverty level were reported to have ADHD -- the highest of any group.

Two to three times more boys than girls are diagnosed with ADHD (Pastor, p. 206).

Well-known researcher, Dr. Russell Barkley, has detailed the differences that can occur in reporting, due to the type of criteria used in any given report. Reported variations in the prevalence of ADHD may be due to differences in the ways samples are chosen, the criteria is used to define ADHD, and the age range and gender composition used during the sampling. For example, lower rates of ADHD are reported when the full DSM-IV criteria and parent reports are used and higher rates when teacher-only…… [Read More]

ADHD Generation ADHD the Attention

However, in spite of the fact that they knew when and why they failed in doing something, they were unable to come up with an effective plan to solve the condition. Boys were mainly indifferent to the reaction others displayed at their behavior while girls were severely affected by anything that was a direct result of their behavior (Krueger, and Kendall).

Most ADHD adults are capable to understand their condition and to attempt to find answers to their problem. However, they too are expected to put on view antisocial behavior, even after undergoing treatment. Substance use is also a common occurrence in ADHD adults, as the influence of those who were formerly close to them is reduced and they cannot be controlled suitably (Wilens et al.).

All things considered, ADHD individuals can display a perfectly normal behavior and it is wrong to have a biased opinion regarding them.… [Read More]

ADHD Case Study Our Focus

There is however no cure. There is currently a lot of research dedicated to the development of more effective interventions as well as treatments for ADHD. These include the use of revolutionary tools such as brain scanners. The management and treatment of ADHD should be given a multidirectional approach.… [Read More]

Students With ADHD

ADHD (what it is this disease) and what are the symptoms and result of this disease. The paper also discusses the affects of ADHD on patients. In this paper the treatment of ADHD is also discussed and explained.

All the details relating to this condition and its symptoms and treatments are explained and supported by the use of literature review.

ADHD in Children

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome) is a chronic condition that affects the children and continues till their adulthood in many cases. This disease results in the combination of a number of problems such as difficulty in focusing on something and paying attention, 'hyperactivity and impulsive behavior'. (Mayo Clinic, 2013)

In the children, the children suffering from ADHD also experience lack of confidence and self-esteem, trouble in relationships and bad performance in school. The disease is usually preceded by behavioral and learning problems and lack of attention in children. This condition has particularly received a lot of attention in the last decade because of increased diagnosis in children. (Mayo Clinic, 2013)

Symptoms of the ADHD include:

Symptoms showing inattention and lack of attention:

Failure to focus on things and pay close attention, difficulty in maintaining constant attention on…… [Read More]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

He must have a reasonable amount of stick-to-itiveness and patience to tolerate difficult tasks; if he gives up immediately, learning will obviously be impaired. And... The ADHD child is both inattentive and readily frustrated. The learning problems are further complicated because they tend to move in vicious circles; they often snowball. (Wender, 2000, p. 22)

Another related aspect is that unless the problems that the student is experiencing are related to his or her ADHD condition, the student may become demotivated as a result of poor performance and criticism. This can lead to other learning issues and even to serious related problems such as the loss of self -worth and self-esteem. This will in turn impact again on the learning ability of the student.

There are numerous studies which attest to the relationship between ADHD and learning problems. In a study by Maynard et al. (1999) it was found that students with ADHD are "...more disabled academically and cognitively than those without ADD." (Maynard, Tyler & Arnold, 1999, p. 183) This study also emphasizes that the disorder can have a negative effect not only on educational and school achievements but "... limits functional ability in other environments as well." (Maynard,…… [Read More]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Often is forgetful in daily activities

10. Often has difficulty maintaining alertness, orienting to requests, or executing directions

11. Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat

12. Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected

13. Often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate

14. Often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly

15. Often is "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor"

16. Often talks excessively

17. Often blurts out answers before questions have been completed

18. Often has difficulty awaiting turn

19. Often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations/games)

20. Often has difficulty sitting still, being quiet,... inhibiting impulses in...classroom or at home

21. Often loses temper

22. Often argues with adults

23. Often actively defies or refuses adult requests or rules

24. Often deliberately does things that annoy other people

25. Often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior

26. Often touchy or easily annoyed by others

27 Often is angry and resentful

28. Often is spiteful or vindictive

29. Often is quarrelsome

30. Often is negative, defiant, disobedient, or…… [Read More]

ADD ADHD the Controversial Attention Deficit

Thus, it is easy to see why the use of medication to treat ADHD is controversial, especially in students who have the disorder in only mild amounts (Boyd and Bee, 2009). However, an option other than medication is available in the form of parent training programs. Boyd and Bee (2009) note that parent training programs intend to help parents who are having trouble controlling their ADHD affected child. According to the authors, "By the time their children are diagnosed with ADHD, usually upon entering school, many parents have lost confidence in their ability to control them" (Boyd and Bee, 2009, pg. 269). Because of this, it is easy for parents to take their parenting in two extreme directions -- either allowing their children to be undisciplined or by disciplining them to the point of abuse. Through parent training, teachers and parents can communicate regarding the child's success in school, and parents can apply consistent parenting that can help the child (Boyd and Bee, 2009).

Thus, ADHD may be one of the more controversial childhood disorders, but it is not without foundational research. From defining it as a disorder, to setting guidelines for diagnosis, to determining its affects and treatment, researchers…… [Read More]

Diagnosing Children With ADHD Attention

, 2005). In conclusion, Kim et al. (2005) suggested that combining the use of the CBCL with the ARS-IV could be used by clinicians as a fast and effective method of predicting, identifying, and diagnosing children with ADHD.

Although the studies discussed thus far involve the use of psychometric instruments in the diagnosis of ADHD in children, there are proponents of an alternate method of diagnosis. Gordon, Antshel, Faraone, Barkley, Lewandowski, Hudziak, Biederman, and Cunningham (2006) investigated the idea that diagnosis of ADHD by symptom lists, such as those provided by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) may be more beneficial than diagnosis by psychometric assessments. This proposition is grounded in the observation that the number and frequency of symptoms experienced by an individual is closely associated to the impairment of functioning experienced by the individual. However, results of the study indicated that the average correlation between current symptoms and impaired functioning only accounted for less than 10% of variance (Gordon et al., 2006). Also, symptoms were never able to predict more than 25% of variance in impaired functioning. Furthermore, when a measure of current symptoms was used to form and ADHD group the sample size…… [Read More]

Students With ADHD

Students with ADHD

Education 518, Section B13

Dr. Carolyn McCreight

Qualitative article review: Students with ADHD

Homeschooling is one of the controversial approaches to educate children with 'special needs'. Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder are preferred to be taught at home by their parents. Instructors for homeschooling are also arranged for this purpose. However, there has been widespread criticism on this method of teaching attention-deficit students. The main purpose of this paper is to review a qualitative study conducted on the topic of providing homeschooling to attention-deficit students. Duvall, Delquadri and Ward (2004) conducted a study to investigate the appropriateness of homeschooling environment for instructing basic skills to children with special needs. The main purpose of this qualitative study was to ascertain whether or not parents of children having attention-deficit as well as hyperactivity disorder could provide their children with instructional environmental that was conducive for facilitating acquisition of basic skills by their children.

Description of participants/sample

Four students were made part of this research as participants of the study. All four students had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder being diagnosed to them. The main category of ADHD students that were selected as sample was suffering from 'inattentiveness syndrome'. In…… [Read More]

Medicate Kids With ADHD Answer Is Yes

medicate kids with ADHD? Answer is Yes

Children with ADHD have basic behavioural problems and are uncontrollable. In such cases the care givers face a big problem and often are victims. Having an ADHD child at home is being tied up to the child, and to prevent the parent getting mental problems some methods have to be resorted to keep the balance. In 1991 the amount of children treated with medication was negligible because medication itself was not available and was in the test stage. But now the scenario is different. More and more children have been diagnosed with the symptoms of ADHD and they are also in schools. That today 6-9% of pre-school children have severe psychiatric disorders is a fact. (Barkley, 41)

The alarming situation therefore has called for research in the area and has produced some of the best solutions in the form of medication. It is not correct to give up medications because of some rumours and some small setbacks. Though the medicines may not 'cure' ADHD, they make the patient's and thereby the caregiver's life easy. Otherwise the parent who looks after the child and the teachers at school would be miserable.

Arguments:

Therefore we…… [Read More]

Add Adhd Study Skills Guide for

Dennison, Schwiebert & Sealander (2002) suggest school counselor's work with students and parents in the home to identify ways the student can learn more efficiently, and identify areas where the student can work proactively with their teacher and peers (p.3).

Study Skills to Organize Time and Maximize Learning

ADD/ADHD students often find it difficult to organize time efficiently to complete tasks. One way to assist them so learning is maximized is by creating a calendar, and on each day of the calendar outlining what skills and information the student should study or learn on those dates (Dennison, Schwiebert & Sealander, 2002). The authors note it is important that teachers work with students in multiple classes to help them learn a teacher's unique learning style so the student can better track materials, "course content and assignments" and even work with students to "modify tasks and instructions to help a student stay focused" (Dennison, Schwiebert & Sealander, 2002, p. 3).

Edelen-Smith et al., (1999) suggest gains in productivity are accomplished through student self-monitoring of their performance in the classroom. While this skill did not improve accuracy, it did improve student behavior and student ability to organize information and time in the classroom…… [Read More]

Symptoms of ADHD Patrick Is a Ten-Year-Old

Symptoms of ADHD

Patrick is a ten-year-old boy and for the past nine months he has been developing a strange behavior. He gets easily bored when doing his school work especially when the work involves activity that he does not like. He is easily distracted and is very forgetful, he moves from doing one thing to another without completing them. This has led to his teacher complaining of inability to complete or turn in his homework assignments. Patrick has become a concern to his parents and appears less interested in school work; he talks all the time, moves around and has difficulty in performing tasks that require silence.

Diagnosis

There is a possibility of mistaken diagnosis for ADHD. Therefore, it is important for involved parties to ascertain that there are no cases of maturity level, personalities or temperaments. This is because this condition is not easy to diagnose, symptoms vary from one patient to another. In regard to Patrick's case, the first question would be his age. According to the American Psychological Association (2012), the symptoms of this condition are usually recognisable at the ages of 3 and 6. Patrick being a 10-year-old is old enough to have this condition.…… [Read More]

Children and Adolescent ADHD

Subgroups

There are differences between children with ADHD and typical children, but there are also differences are between ADHD subgroups. Most of the observed differences in the subgroups are oftentimes related to response inhibitions. It is important therefore to learn and understand the differences between typical children and children with ADHD as well as the differences in the ADHD children according to what subgroup they can be categorized. Perhaps a more comprehensive understanding of the different subgroups would provide better treatment, more focused treatment, which would likely lead to better results from those treatments on an individual basis. With so many children experiencing ADHD, and the fact that ADHD can last through adulthood, a better understanding of the subgroups could be quite beneficial to a lot of ADHD sufferers.

Treatments

With the misuse of stimulants becoming a major problem and the cost of medications exacerbating the problem, other effective treatments for ADHD are being sought and used in a variety of forms. Some include non-medical approaches, others advocate for complementing the current medical regime with atypical antipsychotic medicines. The problem with the atypical antipsychotic approach is that it can become much more expensive. Not only is there an increase in…… [Read More]

Psychosocial Academic Interventions for Children With ADHD

Academic Outcomes of Children With ADHD

ADHD Literature Review

Improving the Academic Outcomes of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Improving the Academic Outcomes of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition recognizable by attention deficits, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that manifest across multiple settings. The most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-V) describes ADHD as consisting of inattention, and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity, severe enough to interfere with day-to-day functioning and development. Common symptoms of inattention include poor listening skills, frequent mistakes, disorganized, avoidance of mentally challenging tasks, distracted, and forgetful. Hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms include fidgeting, inappropriate physical activity, excessive talking, interrupting others, and an inability to play quietly. Children suffering from ADHD would therefore have a difficult time succeeding academically.

If ADHD were rare this would not be a significant problem, but the most recent statistics reveal that close to 11% of children between the ages of 4 and 17 were diagnosed with ADHD in 2011 (CDC, 2013). This is up from almost 8% in 2003. Among this age group, the number of children taking medications to treat ADHD increased…… [Read More]

Antisocial Behavior in Females With Comorbid Diagnoses of ADHD and Conduct Disorder

Antisocial Behavior in Females with Comorbid Diagnoses of ADHD

Detention centers and residential treatment facilities are replete with male and female youth that have been in and out of the juvenile justice system for many years. Although the majority of the populations in these facilities are male, the number of female juvenile offenders is continually increasing. Many of the children in these facilities have a history of behavioral difficulties that may or may not have been diagnosed during much of their childhood.

Antisocial behaviors are acts that violate social rules and the basic rights of others. They include conduct intended to injure people or damage property, illegal behavior, and defiance of generally accepted rules and authority, such as truancy from school. "These antisocial behaviors exist along a severity continuum (Clark, et al., 2002). When childhood antisocial behaviors exceed certain defined thresholds -- the diagnostic criteria specified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) -- the child is considered to have CD and possibly a comorbid condition. Together with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), these two disorders are classified as "disruptive behavior disorders" in the DSM-IV (Clark)."

Antisocial behaviors represented in the…… [Read More]

Technology Use Supporting ADHD and ADD

technology plays a very important role in the learning process of students with ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). The previous problems encountered by lecturers and ADD/ADHD learners, such as learning adversities caused by complexities in the behavioral patterns, were reduced when technology started to play a role in the educational environment of ADD/ADHD students. Problems even in simple learning intervention are now rarely experienced by both the lecturers and ADD/ADHD learners ever since technology became part of the educational curriculum for special students.

There are different kinds of technologies that are applied these days to facilitate the learning process of ADD/ADHD learners. This includes multimedia computers and televisions among many other learning devices that have been developed. Their use in special classroom environments presents advantages and disadvantages, as how they also do to normal learners who have no disabilities. However, in an advocate to maximize the usability of technology in helping ADD/ADHD learners to properly cope in their learning process, lecturers as well as clinicians have worked hand in hand to find strategies and techniques that can provide effective learning experience to special learners.

There are many researches and studies that focus on the use…… [Read More]

Treating ADHD the Writer Then Uses Information

treating ADHD?." The writer then uses information from peer reviewed journals to discuss and conclude the answer to the question. There were five sources used to complete this paper.

As the medical community continues to make advances, disorders that were at one time questionable, are now accepted fact. One of the most controversial disorders in the past five decades has been ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has been the center of focus in the media, and in other arenas when it comes to the topic of abnormal psychology. After decades of debating its merit and validity the public has come to accept the fact that it is a real disorder, most likely biologically based, and something that can last a lifetime. The disorder can wreak havoc in an individual's life socially, economically, and academically unless effective treatment is implemented. ADHD not only affects the person who has it, but also can have a negative impact on the lives of those around them. ADHD students can be disruptive to the class, ADHD adults can be disorganized at work, and ADHDers in general can have social problems that make gatherings difficult. Because of the impact that ADHD has on the lives of…… [Read More]

Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological Intervention Behavioral Social Skill Training for ADHD Children

Non-Pharmological interventions for ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common affliction that affects approximately 3 to 5% of school age children in the United States (Friel, 2007). Although the majority of research into effective interventions for this disorder are primarily focused on pharmacological therapies (Karpouzis et al., 2009), some researchers have explored the efficacy of non-pharmacological treatments, such as types of psychotherapy and alternative interventions. It has been determined that the best clinical outcomes of treatments for ADHD are interventions that take a multidisciplinary approach, combining pharmacological therapy with behavioral or psychosocial therapies (Karpouzis et al., 2009). However, it is crucial that researcher further investigate the most effective means of treating ADHD outside of medication in order to provide clinicians and parents with more intervention options. The following discussion will review current research investigating non-pharmacological interventions for ADHD, and will evaluate these investigations according to their findings and limitations.

A current area of research into effective non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD has focused on the use of meditation-based interventions. Baijal & Gupta (2008), recognized how research had determined positive effects of meditation-based training, including lasting effects in regards to changes in brain and cognitive functions. ADHD is characterized…… [Read More]

Motivational Strategies to Support ADHD Learners in the Classroom

Motivational Strategies to Support Learners in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Classrooms

Motivational strategies in the classroom in general represent a challenging enterprise, but the need for such effective strategies in classrooms with young learners suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is particularly pronounced. The condition affects the ability of students to learn in a number of ways that can detract from the most thoughtful motivational strategies, though, and teachers in crowded classrooms may find themselves as a distinct disadvantage trying to satisfy the mandates of the No Child Left Behind Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act as a result. To determine what motivational strategies have proven effective in classrooms with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder learners, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder varies from source to source, but Wender suggests that, "Probably as many as four million children and four to five million adults in the United States suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)" (2000, p. 3). While the condition has been described in the medical literature for several…… [Read More]

Organization Ability of Children With ADHD

Children With ADHD

Visuospatial development and non-verbal memory skills have usually been evaluated using the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, which is one of the widely used neuropsychologic tests. This test is commonly used because it entails copying a multifaceted geometric figure and recreating it from memory, instantly and after a short delay. The Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure is regarded as a very beneficial tool for examining the functioning of the frontal lobe, which is needed for strategic planning and organizing in relation to executive skills. Children apply different approaches to performance of the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure task, which indicates various aspects including visual perception, quality of attention, motor planning and control, metacognitive skill, and organizing. This neuropsychologic test has been widely used in neuropsychologic evaluation of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). When using this test, the assessment primarily focuses on potentially compromised skills in neuropsychologic domains.

The purpose of the study is to examine the comparability of the different performance between Korean and American children on the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. The researchers also sought to determine whether Korean children with ADHD and other cognitive disorders vary in cognitive attributes and deficits on the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure (Shin et al., 2003,…… [Read More]

School Based Interventions for ADHD

PBS Strategy

The author of this report has been asked to address two general question as they pertain to a child named Leonard. The scenario and proposed intervention involves the plight of a child named Leonard. The child is exhibiting some of the telltale characteristics of having Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. However, the parents are resisting him being diagnosed or shifted to a special education environment. Even so, some sort of intervention is required as Leonard is not doing well in school and his behaviors are also disruptive to other children. While Leonard is not going to get the help he needs until his parents are cooperative and participatory, there are indeed assessments and measurements that can be done in the meantime.

Analysis

Many of the behaviors of ADHD involve one of two (if not both) of two interventions that would require the active participation of Leonard's parents. Indeed, those would be drug interventions and therapy interventions. Indeed, behavior problems are helped quite well by productive and consistent therapy batteries. However, that is not an option here, at least not yet. One intervention that is entirely useable and that can be put in place in Leonard's school environment is a…… [Read More]

Use of Technology to Support ADD and ADHD Learners K-8

nology to Support ADD and ADHD Learners (K-8)

Research Paper

November 6, 2005

Use of Technology to Support ADD and ADHD Learners (K-8)

Abstract

The student with AD/HD is one that requires more specialized and individualized instruction. Technological possibilities present great potential in providing these instructional needs for the AD/HD learner. Technology implemented in the school and in the classroom is critically dependent upon collaboration in development and implementation which is inclusive of the participation of students, teachers, parents and the community at large. Some of these technological methods that are included in the curriculum are use of video, networking, PDAs, email, Internet access and other various technologies. The objective of this work is the research and review of technologies that have been effective as well as ineffective and finally the technologies that offer new promise to the teaching and learning initiative for students with disabilities in learning such as the AD/HD learner.

Use of Technology to Support ADD and ADHD Learners (K-8)

Table of Contents

Objective of the Research

4

Background of the Study

4

I. Technologies: Those that have already been tested

5

II. Conditions under Which the Technologies were found to be Effective

7

III. Conditions under…… [Read More]

Video Illustrates a Common Perception That ADHD

video illustrates a common perception that ADHD is being over-diagnosed in our society today. It reflects the notion that there seems to be 'more' ADHD because students are being allowed to get away with bad behavior and are not being reprimanded as they would be in previous eras for not doing their work and not paying attention in class. According to the textbook, however, ADHD is a genuine learning disability reflecting the brain's inability to filter out irrelevant stimuli, and more 'discipline' will not cure it any more than more 'discipline' will enable a child with dyslexia to read without assistance like his or her peers.

Of course, it is possible that ADHD is being over-diagnosed in some anecdotal instances, and being used by parents as an excuse for children's conduct problems. But this does not mean that all cases are the result of over-diagnosis and this cannot be used as an excuse not to treat students with ADHD in an effective pedagogical manner. Effective strategies include restricting lesson plans to break them down into 'chunks;' minimizing distractions in the classroom (such as seating the students with ADHD away from windows; and implementing behavioral 'rewards' systems in which students are…… [Read More]

Self-Regulation Issues in Children and Adolescents With ADHD ODD and OCD

Self-Regulation Issues in Children and Adolescence with ADHD, ODD, and OCD

Self-regulation in children and adolescence who suffer from ADHD, ODD, and OCD (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder) is often evident due to several things. A lot of the issues in relation to self-regulation stem from additional anxiety the child/teen may feel from the difficulties experienced from these kinds of mental disorders. OCD is known to cause anxiety and isolationist behaviors leading to decreased emotional self-regulation. ADHD at times can cause hyperfocus, making it difficult for the child/teen to switch tasks therefore limiting their ability to handle their emotions and activities that assist in regulating themselves. ODD, connected to ADHD, is a disorder that has the child react angrily and spitefully to people in otherwise normally responsive situations. The extreme feelings of children or adolescence who manifest ODD make it hard for them to respond to things in a rational and balanced way.

Children who experience OCD are often stuck with repeating set and defined patterns to rid themselves of sad or disturbing thoughts. Self-regulation among children who suffer from this disorder is very difficult to attain because of the repetitions and obsessions that…… [Read More]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Scientists have not yet figured out what causes ADHD, even though many studies propose that genes play a large part. Like a lot of other sicknesses, ADHD almost certainly can be contributed to a mixture of factors. In addition to genetics, researchers are looking at probable environmental factors, and are examining how brain injuries, nutrition, and the social environment might add to ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2010). Most research supports the hypothesis that ADHD is a physiological situation and is consequently present at birth. Nevertheless, the obvious beginning of ADHD indications characteristically takes place early in childhood. Prior to the age of five, ADHD indications may be hard to diagnose, for the reason that most young kids are extremely energetic, easily distractible, and impulsive. Consequently, the average age of diagnosis is eight years for ADHD and ten years for ADD. The dissimilarity in diagnosis age likely takes place because hyperactive indications tend to draw more notice as a consequence of the child's energetic, noisy behavior than do pure concentration problems that are composed and silence. Onlookers can hardly help but observe wild and out of control behavior, while they may have to cautiously study a child to see…… [Read More]

Psychological Disorder ADHD ADHD Is

My final recommendation was that the parents and Adam's teachers should work as a team to help Adam manage his condition. In other words, the parents should communicate with the teachers to determine if the interventions have been effective. I would then talk to the parents themselves every two months to make further recommendations as necessary.

CONCLUSION

While drug interventions for ADHD, especially in children, have been increasingly controversial because of their possible side-effects, their main advantage is the speed and efficacy with which they work. Those who have benefited reported that the effects were almost immediately visible, on the same day the drug was used.

On the other hand, drug therapies for any mental disorder have been imperfect and frequently plagued by side-effects and non-compliance. Continuous research is therefore necessary to improve not only drug therapies and identify potential harmful effects in the long-term, but also to find possible alternatives to drug therapy.

Today, the most common strategy for the management of ADHD in children is a combination of drug intervention, psychotherapy, and parenting. It should, however, be recognized that no therapy is perfect and that the combination of therapies will often have to be modified at least once…… [Read More]

Distinguishing ADHD and Bipolar Disorder

Child & Adolescent Psychology

Assessment & Evaluation

Both ADHD and BMD display genetic relationships, although BMD does not seem to run in families to the degree seen in ADHD. With the ADHD established early in Clara's life, the focus of this assessment is on the possibility of co-morbid bi-polar mood disorder (BMD) and depression. While most individuals experience their first episode of BMD around the age of 18 or after -- the mean for diagnosis is 26 years of age -- children do rarely develop BMD. Clara would experience her ADHD as a chronic, consistent impairment, while the BMD is episodic, alternating with periods of normal levels of moods. That said, it is important to recognize that ADHD is typically associated with emotional reactions to certain trigger events, and that the people with ADHD are often quite passionate. The occasion of happy events bring ebullient reactions; unhappy experiences evoke intense sadness. The stark differences between BMD and ADHD with respect for moodiness are the rapidity of mood shifts and the grounding of moods in reality. For BMD, the shifts in mood are generally not connected to life events and actual experiences, and the mood shifts may take hours or days…… [Read More]

Treating ADHD in Children

Jeremy's Psychological Disorder

Jeremy is an eight-year-old boy who is having problems both at school and at home. The parents at home or teachers in school cannot succeed in instructing him to do any specific thing. Furthermore, he loses his homework and shows other signs of disorderliness. In Jeremy's life, disorganization is part of him. It is evidently hard to take care or treat him. This is a sign of disease and uncomfortable living. From the symptoms identified, it is likely that he is suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). In this paper, Jeremy's case is discussed in relation to ADHD: possible ways of treatment using the four psychological schools of thought are also identified.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

This disorder affects the psychological stability of individuals and alters the way they face the world and handle their lives. The disorder mainly affects children at their young age. As they grow, the situation becomes complex. Once a child is suspected to be having this disease, immediate attention should be taken to remedy the situation. In this remedy case, care should be taken to ensure that there is no delay since as the child grows; it might prove more…… [Read More]

Comorbid Diagnosis of ADHD & ODD

journal and literature review that all centers on the same single test case of a patient situation that is known to the author. Indeed, the case in question is one the author of this report is aware of from an internship as a social work intern. The specific case is that of a seven-year-old Hispanic male that has been diagnosed with both Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). The boy in question comes from lower socioeconomic status and, obviously, is of a racial minority group at the same time. The author will cycle through five different book excerpts and journal articles that pertain in whole or in part to the plight and diagnosis faced by the boy mentioned above and the learning gleaned from each source will be applied to his case. While the boy in question has a comorbid diagnosis and faces some societal roadblocks due to his race, he absolutely has a chance at a normal and productive life provided he receives the proper treatment and counseling.

Literature Review

Each of the sources to be used in this literature review is derived from a particular unit covered during this class. The seventh unit's source…… [Read More]