Ancient Greece developed eastern side Mediterranean a series loosely connected City-States. Here seeds modern science. Greek philosophers / scientists, Plato Aristotle (Hellenic Era) wealth devote time study natural phenomena, abstract ideas mathematics, astronomy..ID
Ancient Greece: Overview

Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of civilization because the city-states of Greece, most notably Athens, gave birth to concepts that still inform modern life, such as the significance of empirical, rationalist science and the importance of democracy. In contrast to the hereditary monarchy of Egypt, which exercised considerable centralized control over the entire empire of the Pharaoh, Greece was organized into a series of disparate city-states. Athens was run as a democracy of free-born men, who voted by majority rules on the decisions of the city. "Although there were exceptions, many of the city-states operated on the principle that rulers served the people and did not necessarily rule for life, but could be removed.….

Ancient Greece
Greek History

The Impact of Alexander and the Development of Democracy

The development of democracy in Greece came about due to many factors, each playing a significant role in a slow process. It can be traced back to the election of Solon and his impact on the polis of Athens. He created a four-tier class system, awarding political privileges to those in each class (Ober, 1998). While more say was given to the people, it was not until the polis of Athens went to war with Sparta did great change commence. The growth of the Athenian navy was pivotal in the creation of democracy, as Athens became a predominant military power (Ober, 1998). Thereafter, equal powers were dispersed among the people, as their role in defending the state grew greater.

According to author Josiah Ober (1998), "the rise of the navy was contemporary with the flowering of Athenian democracy" (p. 64). This….

At any stage in the proceedings, "judgment could be entered by default, but it could also be set aside "…except in the case of perjury established by judgment of court" (Calhoun, 309-10). The incidents mentioned above pertain to civil law only, and reflect the intelligence of the ancient Greeks when it was obvious that trivial cases could be handled in "cheap and speedy" kind of justice (Calhoun, 310).
In the case of criminal law in ancient Athens, it also has similarities with modern estern law strategies and procedures. It was what Calhoun calls "logical, coherent," and it entailed a complete "body of statutory law, enforced by the processes very similar" to those described in the paragraphs above (310). Seven centuries before Christ, in ancient Greece, the Council of the Areopagus created a "customary criminal jurisdiction of nearly as advanced a type as that exercised much later in Rome," Calhoun explains….

When Plato was constructing his ideal civilization in the epublic, those citizens fittest to rule were of the philosophers' class, while the lowest orders of society were deemed to be the craftsmen and tradesmen. Although Greek was in actuality a democracy, these common men, in Plato's estimation, were considered unworthy to participate in government. This reflects a type of snobbery typical of ancient Greece. Even scientific disciplines that emphasized thought rather than experimentation and application were esteemed more than pursuits such as architecture. This is also why astronomy, more than the hands-on sciences, was considered to be the highest art.
oman architecture, including the aqueducts, the domed Pantheon, and its impressive network of roads were important 'firsts' in the history of the world. They would not have been possible without the use of Greek principles, but many of the principles had never been put into action.

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Lecture 7: Hellenistic science and oman….

irth control which is also known as fertility control and contraception, describes the devices or methods that are used to prevent an egg from getting fertilized by the sperm and thus preventing pregnancy[footnoteRef:2]. Provision of birth control and planning a pregnancy is referred to as family planning. Safe sex implies the use of condoms; both male and female, does not only prevent unwanted pregnancies, but also prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases through the use of condoms. In the contemporary world, the use of contraceptives has increased in the developing countries and therefore the number of maternal deaths has decreased by about 44%. However, this figure can be decreased by 73% if the demands for birth control are met completely. Teenage pregnancies have the tendency to result in complications including low birth weight, preterm birth and infant mortality. Therefore, many health specialists believe that adolescents should be given complete….

Statues
Ancient Greece was a place of incredible artistry in terms of architecture, playwriting, and sculpture. At the start of Grecian culture, artists and craftsman were seen as relatively unimportant members of society because they did not contribute anything of perceived importance. They worked in aesthetic mediums which although appreciated were not given as much value as politicians or philosophical thinkers. In around the year 480 BC, art became far more important as it became clear that through artistic media, stories could be written and legacies forged. In the present moment, by looking at the artworks which have been discovered that date back to the period of the Ancient Greeks, modern scholars can interpret what differences occurred in the various epochs of the era, such as the types of artwork created, the subjects which were given the most importance, and the mediums employed. The subject of the sculpture in particular….

At the top were the native Spartans who could trace their ancestry back to the original inhabitants of the city. These were the individuals who could serve within the army and enjoyed the full political and legal rights of the state. The second class of citizens was the perieici, who were foreign people who worked within the city and for the Spartans and served as a buffer to the Helots. These individuals acted as the commercial class within Athenian society, running the majority of trade and shops within the city. They were granted a great deal of liberty within the Spartan system and also received the protection of the Spartan military. The final class was the conquered Messenians or Helot class. This class lived as virtual slaves and they farmed the lands for the Spartan military class. Exploitation within this arena was taken the extreme level as the majority….

Olympic Games of Ancient Greece
The legends surrounding the beginning of the Olympic games are many, but it is generally believed that Heracles, the son of Zeus, founded the ancient Greek Olympic games. There is some evidence that the games had been going on for longer than we have written records for. The first records of the games at Olympia are from 776 BC.

The first Olympic games were not the games of today that represent a worldwide competition between the best athletes of the world. The ancient Olympic games were dedicated to the Gods and only involved Greek athletes. There are mythological origins of the games. One myth is that Pelops, the son of Tantalus (who defied the Gods), wanted to marry Hippodamia. Hippodamia was the daughter of Oenomaus, the king of Pisa. The king lusted after his own daughter and strived to kill all of her potential mates by….

Greek Civilization
Philosophy and Ancient Greece

Polis State

The ancient Greek civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations of their time. They were innovators in their own class as they were one of the first civilizations to develop a functioning society, economy as well as a political system. Setting up a political system was one of the most innovative and bold things to do. In those times the Greek lived in small states rather than one nation. This was the establishment of the polis or better known as the city-state. Despite introducing a political system, the polis had to go through several teething problems. Politics was an experimental system with no definite foundation. The problems could be traced back to the time when autocratic rulers ruled the city-states. Due to the transformation of societies a definite political system could not be established. Even though a democracy was established, it wasn't a well-defined….

human form: Paleolithic art through ancient Greece
Over the course of human history, the artistic representation of the human form gradually became both more 'realistic' and 'idealistic.' Although this may sound like a contradictory statement, when viewing the shift from the highly stylized, anonymous figures in Paleolithic art to the anatomically correct, near-perfect representations of the human form in Classical Athens, a gazer can see a clear change in the intentions of the artists. Instead of attempting to render the human form in spare and symbolic terms, artists instead grew intent upon celebrating the unique nature of the human spirit and anatomy.

Art of the Paleolithic era "concerned itself with either food (hunting scenes, animal carvings) or fertility (Venus figurines). Its predominant theme was animals" (Esaak 2010). The meaning of Paleolithic art was purposeful, to either gain food through creating a symbolic representation of an animal, or to gain control over….

Idealism and Naturalism
Art in ancient Greece approached beauty through the concepts of naturalism, idealism, and a combination of the two. In the case of the diskobolos (also spelled discobolos), it is viewed as naturalistic because it accurately represents the way a human male body looks. The discus in hand indicates that diskobolos does human things, and the way in which his muscles are poised - realistically -- adds to the naturalistic theme. An argument can also be made that the sculpture is idealistic because it has a pose that is so perfect it idealizes the act of throwing a discus (and because the man's body is idealized). This paper points to the literature that identifies diskobolos as naturalism and idealism -- and a blend of both.

Diskobolos -- The Literature

It is apparent that Myron has caught the discus thrower in mid-swing; the thrower has gone as far back as he can….

World Civilization to 1500: Comparing Ancient Athens and Ancient SpartaIntroductionAncient Athens and Ancient Sparta were both Greek city statesbut they were two very different civilizations in spite of the fact that they existed in some proximity to one another. Athens was known as the seat of culture and learning in the ancient world, and Spartan culture was often ridiculed by Athenians because it was much more focused on sports, physicality and brutality. The Spartans and the Athenians were often at war with one another as well, but on some occasions they worked together against a common enemy, as they did against ancient Persia. The Athenian playwright Aristophenes wrote about the differences between the two civilizations in his famous comedy Lysistrata, in which the Spartan women and the Athenian work together to deprive their men of sex so that the men will stop fighting their silly wars with one another. The….

Odysseus is an ideal of manly conduct and resourcefulness in ancient Greek society, as is shown in Homer's The Odyssey. For example, it is the idea of Odysseus to have his men tie him to the mast of their ship and to pour wax in their ears when they are sailing past the sirens: Odysseus wants to hear the music but he is smart enough to know that if he does hear, he will guide his men to sail towards the rocks where the sirens are and then they will wreck. So he uses foresight as a means of self-discipline. And, indeed, when he does hear the voices of the sirens, he wants to go to them -- but, of course, he has guarded against this catastrophe. This would be an example of how Odysseus is resourceful.
An example of the way in which Odysseus displays manly conduct could be….

The Greeks were one of the most religious societies in the ancient world. With roots in Minoan culture, West Asian beliefs, and Central Asian gods, religion permeated virtually every aspect of Greeks' life -- from politics and culture to family, morals, agriculture, festivals, games, as well as beliefs about nature and the origin of life (Carr). The Greeks strongly believed that there were invisible, all-powerful gods and goddesses that controlled every occurrence. As a society, therefore, it was important to maintain a good relationship with the gods through prayer, sacrifice, and leading a good (morally upright) life. The prayers and sacrifices were made in sacred sites and temples where the gods were erected in their personified forms (Cartwright). Gods were also believed to reside in mountains.
Religion in ancient Greece was strongly tied to natural phenomena like rain, storms, plagues, earthquakes, and volcanoes (Carr). There were gods for each of these….

Athens and Sparta were two most powerful states in Ancient Greece. Athens was known for its undying focus on infrastructural development while Sparta had an unmatched military prowess. As such, Sparta was the most powerful Greek state. Although the two states are very close geographically, they do have contrasting lifestyles, governance structures, military strength and economic systems (Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Greece. 1998).
Government

Unlike Athens, which was a democracy government, Sparta was an Oligarchy system of government. This means the state was ruled by a few individuals. Two kings acted as leaders who were accompanied by five Ephors. The Kings passed on their crowns to their sons. The Ephors and Kings would attend the general assembly to develop and pass motions, decrees legislations and make civil decisions (Blackwell, 2003).

Education

In Sparta, the goal of education is to yield a well-disciplined and well-drilled marching army. These people believe in a life of self-denial,….