Our survival, as well as the ecosystem of the planet, depends on our stewardship and that stewardship is the price of our research. One must finally wrestle with the issue of survival on a personal level in order to understand this issue. Coming down from the macrocosmic view, if it were a matter of your child having leukemia and suffering for years before dying or a laboratory rat suffering for a small fraction of that time and resulting in a cure, what would you do?
orks Consulted

Animal Lab May Have Leaked Foot and Mouth." Sunday Mercury (Birmingham, England) 5 Aug. 2007: 2.

Eldridge, Jennifer J., and John P. Gluck. "Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Animal Research." Ethics & Behavior 6.3 (1996): 239-256.

Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal elfare. Ed. Marc Bekoff and Carron a. Meaney. estport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998.

Fujihara, Noboru, and Peggy Yoder. "Clones." orld atch July-Aug. 2007: 2.

Galvin, Shelley…...

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Works Cited

Beauchamp, Tom L. "Opposing Views on Animal Experimentation: Do Animals Have Rights?." Ethics & Behavior 7.2 (1997): 113-121.

Guither, Harold D. Animal Rights History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998.

Hadjistavropoulos, Thomas, and Kenneth D. Craig, eds. Pain: Psychological Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Owen, Ed. "The Dangers of Cuddly Extremism: By Their Emotive Rejection of All Animal Testing, the Mainstream Animal Rights Organisations Are Providing Encouragement for the Violent Fringe, Argues Ed Owen." New Statesman 12 Sept. 2005: 20-28

Pycroft insists that because the human body is made up of "…trillions of cells, each containing billions of molecules, many of which are composed of tens of thousands of atoms" -- with these microscopic "machines" able to communicate with each other and function in a "stunningly interdependent environment" -- researchers in biomedical environments need tools that can at least "mimic" human biology (Pycroft, 2011, p. 1). And animals are the answer, Pycroft explains, since their cells, molecules and atoms work in similar patterns to humans' biological functions.
Pycroft points to the research by John C. Eccles, who used cats' spinal cords in his investigations, and it led to "the nature of synapse"; Eccles was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1963 for his discoveries (using cats in labs) (Prycroft, 1). Further, Prycroft mentions the fact that if scientists didn't have access to "live organisms, we would know far less…...

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Works Cited

Andre, Claire, and Velasquez, Manuel. (2010). Of Cures and Creatures Great and Small. Santa Clara University. Retrieved April 9, 2012, from  http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/vIn3/cures.html .

Cohn, Meredith. (2010). Alternatives to animal testing gaining ground. Tribune Business News.

Retrieved April 10, 2012, from ProQuest.

Prycroft, Laurie, and Marston, Helen. (2011). Is Animal Testing Necessary to Advance Medical

Animal research is a necessity today, and has afforded us the opportunity to create lifesaving drugs and vaccines, new surgical procedures and improved diagnosis of disease. Despite the bad press animal activists have given, institutions are given guidelines that guarantee the safe and ethical treatment of research animals. Most scientists agree that continued animal testing is essential to develop new vaccines and medicines, and that computer and mathematical models are not adequate substitutes in all cases. Even so, they follow ethical and legal guidelines that minimize the use of animals and treat them as humanely as possible under the circumstances. Few of them follow the extremist position that animals are mere objects or things that exist only for the benefit of humanity and can be treated in any way humans see fit. In general, public opinion also supports this position, as well as the idea that unnecessary cruelty to animals…...

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WORKS CITED

Cohen, Carl. "The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research."

De Deyn, Peter Paul and Debby Van Dam. "General Introduction of Animal Models of Human Conditions." Animal Models of Dementia. Neuromethods, 48(1): 3-13.

DeGrazia, David. "On the Ethics of Animal Research"

Gaddy, Daniel. "The Importance of Animal Research." Fund Science Blog, 2009.  http://fundscience.org/blog/2009/08/the-importance-of-animal-research/

Animal esearch
Milgram and the Ethics of Psychological Experimentation

Milgram's experiment, while it may be viewed as controversial in a modern context, was ultimately ethical. This is because the American Psychological Association (or "APA") provides five general principles in its ethical code of conduct, the document scientists are meant to use to govern ethical decision-making in experiment design and implementation. Milgram's work does not defy any of these principles, which are given as: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, Fidelity and esponsibility, Integrity, Justice, and espect for People's ights and Dignity (APA, 2010). One of the stated ethical goals is "safeguard the welfare and rights of…subjects of research" (APA, 2010). While this may appear to run counter to the Milgram experiment, in which subjects were led to believe that they had a hand in causing harm to another human being (which could result in psychological distress), in fact the experimenters took care to treat the…...

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References

1 Milgram's experiment "Obedience" (2011, March 24). YouTube. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TAqBbFJtfE 

2 Milgram's experiment "Obedience" (2011, March 24). YouTube. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDV85IJxicU 

3 Milgram's experiment "Obedience" (2011, March 24). YouTube. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcGHZT4kkGE 

APA. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychological Association (APA). Retrieved June 17, 2011, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

animal research and experimentation in psychology? hen, if ever, do you think that animal research is justified? Do you approve of current regulations concerning it? hy or why not?
One of the most horrifying images in psychology is that of a monkey, clinging to a false 'mother' monkey that looks like a piece of carpet. The monkey has been deprived of maternal companionship to compare its psychological reactions to those monkeys given adequate maternal care. The results of these experiments, unsurprisingly, concluded that animals that received such treatment were traumatized in comparison to those who did not find themselves taken away from their mothers.

Except in the most extreme cases where animal experimentation can conclusively further human life, rather than merely indulge human desire to enhance knowledge, it seems best to forego such experimentation, as often the results merely lead to conclusions about the obvious, or deal with cognitive capacities in…...

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Works Cited

Croce, Phillip. (1991) Vivisection or Science: a choice to make. Text available 1 Feb 2005 at online  http://www.pnc.com.au/~cafmr/online/research/croce1.html 

Rowan, Andrew N. (2005) "Animal experimentation." World Book Online Reference Center. Retrieved 1 Feb 2005 at .

Mignini, Pradeep Jayaram, and Khalid S. Khan
BMJ 2007 334: 97. Online available at http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/334/7588/274

Perel, et al. (2007) states that only immediate preclinical testing of new drug therapies, but animal research aids medical science in many more ways Animal studies play a part in the initial development of candidate drugs, and the development and testing of medical devices and surgical procedures. Even more crucial, animal research informs clinical research by building the foundation of biological knowledge." (2007)

6. Study on Long-Term Effects of Chemicals on the Environment

Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. 22 Mar 2007. Online available at http://www.rcep.org.uk/chemicals/chemscop.htm

This work states that diverse organizations including the 'Chemical Industries Association', CEFIC, the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions as well as the Department of Health and Friends of the Earth "...raise the impact of chemicals assessment policy on animal testing. Most of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions'…...

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16. Study on Long-Term Effects of Chemicals on the Environment

Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. 22 Mar 2007. Online available at http://www.rcep.org.uk/chemicals/chemscop.htm

This work states that diverse organizations including the 'Chemical Industries Association', CEFIC, the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions as well as the Department of Health and Friends of the Earth "...raise the impact of chemicals assessment policy on animal testing. Most of the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions' postbag on the European Commission Chemicals Strategy concerns the huge increase in animal testing likely to result. It would seem difficult for the Commission to make recommendations on chemical assessment without addressing the issues of the acceptability of alternatives to animal testing, and the implications of the recommendations for animal testing.

The geneticist must first identify the wild crop, to be utilized as a comparative, (99) stressing that such information to be considered accurate in time and space must be gleaned from archaeological record and only based on the genetic process determined from the modern research in plant and/or even animal genetics.
In regards to the animal domesticate the issues become much more complicated, sometimes offering a richer picture of the effects of domestication upon animals but more often offering a more laborious process with more missing pieces of information. The difference between the plant and animal studies is largely do to the complicated nature of the animal as compared to the plant. The variables associated with animal selection are far greater in number and far less predictable than with those of plants as within the genetic record of an animal far more variations occur and surprises are historically evident in…...

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Works Cited

Emshwiller, E. 2006 Genetic data and plant domestication. in, Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by M.A. Zeder, D.G.Bradley, E.Emshwiller, and B.D.Smith, pp.99-122. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Smith, Bruce D. 206 Documenting domesticated plants in the archaeological record. in, Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by M.A. Zeder, D.G.Bradley, E.Emshwiller, and B.D.Smith, pp.15-24

Bradley, D.G 2006 Documenting domistication: reading Animal genetic texts. in, Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by M.A. Zeder, D.G.Bradley, E.Emshwiller, and B.D.Smith, pp.273-278 University of California Press, Berkeley.

Zeder, M.A. 2006 Archaeological approaches to documenting animal domestication.In, Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by M.A. Zeder, D.G.Bradley, E.Emshwiller, and B.D.Smith, pp.171-180 University of California Press, Berkeley.

Animal Senses
Herman, Pack and Hoffman-Kuhnt performed relatively rigorous experiments to determine the source of dolphin recognition of objects; they wanted to discover, among other things, whether "dolphins attained the shape discriminations (of objects) through associative learning or direct perception" (Herman et al. 1998 292). Fukuzawa, Mills and Cooper sought to determine the mechanism by which domestic dogs responded to commands. Greenberg wanted to discover the facts about depth perception in two species of Asian rodents, the Mongolian Gerbil and two varieties of Spiny Mice.

Dolphins

The experiments run by Herman et al. involved a single dolphin, a female named Elele, and were designed to determine whether echolocation or visual cues were central to dolphin recognition of objects that appeared in their environment. The researchers were extremely rigorous in setting up each experiment, avoiding contamination between visual and echolocation fields; the objects used for the dolphin's recognition tests were never available for both…...

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References

Fukuzawa, M.D.S. Mills and J.J. Cooper. (2005) Brief Communication: The effect of human command phonetic characteristics on auditory cognition in dogs (Canis familiaris). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 119(3), 117-130.

Greenberg, G. (1986) Depth perception in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and Spiny Mice (Comys russatus and A. cahirinus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 100(1), 81-84.

Herman, L.M., A.A. Pack and M. Hoffmann-Kuhnt. (1998) Seeing through sound: Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perceive the spatial structure of objects through echolocation. Journal of Comparative Psychology 117(3), 292-305.

Animal Production: Biotechnology
Biotechnology has achieved some dramatic advances in recent years in both crop and livestock production. Food production results from the interaction of humans, animals, land and water; to help speed up this process, make it safer and more efficient, biotechnology has been involved. These include transferring a specific gene from one species to another to create a transgenic organism; the production of genetically uniform plants and animals (clones); and the fusing of different types of cells to produce beneficial medical products such as monoclonal antibodies. Today, biotechnology has a number of applications in livestock production. It is being used to hasten animal growth, enhance reproductive capacity, improve animal health and develop new animal products. In 1999, FFTC carried out a regional survey to draw up an inventory of technologies and products which have been developed using biotechnology for livestock production. Some of these are now being applied on…...

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Works Cited

Boyd, Emily. "Societal Choice for Climate Change Futures: Trees, Biotechnology, and Clean Development." Bioscience 60.9 (2010): 742-750. Environment Complete. EBSCO. Web. 30 Jan. 2011.

Devendra, Canagasby. "Sustainable Animal Production from Small Farm Systems in South East Asia." (London: Daya Publishing House, 1998).

Devendra, C., Thomas, M.A., and Zerbini, E. "Improvement of livestock production in crop- animal systems in rain-fed agro-ecological Zones of South Asia." (Kenya: International Livestock Research Institutie, 2000)

Kingiri, Ann. "Experts to the rescue? An analysis of the role of experts in biotechnology regulation in Kenya." Journal of International Development 22.3 (2010): 325-340. Environment Complete. EBSCO. Web. 30 Jan. 2011.

Steel can create a very durable and rugged car that will often outlast the animals that are drawing it. However aluminum is as durable and element resistant as well as being extremely lightweight and is often the material of choice for many countries. Pneumatic or inflatable tires also have been a boon to carts by helping to absorb some shock as well as to distributing the weight over a wider surface without significantly increasing drag on the vehicle.
Aluminum casting is already a technique that is widely used in many parts of Africa and other developing countries. Africa, usually to make cooking utensils and the like. "Aluminium wheels with integral roller bearings could be made by these artisans and would provide a very low cost solution to the wheel and bearing problem." (Oram173) See figure 6 below:

These designs element the ordinary friction involved in a typical axle joint design made…...

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Works Cited

Carts." Nation Master Encyclopedia. Nationmaster.com.  http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Cart 

The Golovan one-ox cart," in Land, June 1997 from Dept. Of Agriculture, sought Africa http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Infopaks/golovancart.pdf

Light Single Drum Water Carrier." Animal Cart Programme. Development Technology Unit, Department of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, England  http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/dtu/pubs/tr/animals/tr30.pdf 

Oram. CE. "The development of low-cost animal-drawn carts." Meeting the challenges of animal traction Starkey P. And Kaumbutho P (eds), 1999 Harare, Zimbabwe. Intermediate Technology Publications, London.

This is what makes drug testing on animals so very important in the pharmaceutical industry.
References

Cami, Jordi. (1991). Perspectives and future on testing for abuse liability in humans. British Journal of Addiction. 86(12), p1529-1531.

De Boer, Bonita. (2009). IV Drugs, Vaccines and Animal Testing. Retrieved March 19, 2010,

from Avert Web site: http://www.avert.org/hiv-animal-testing.htm

Greaves, Peter, Williams, Andrew and Eve, Malcolm. (2004). First dose of potential new medicines to humans: how animals help. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 3(3), p226-

oudebine, L.-M. (2005). Use of Transgenic Animals to Improve uman ealth and Animal

Production. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 40(4), p269-281.

Wanjek, Christopher. (2008). Why Lab Animals are Still Used. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from Live Science Web site: http://www.livescience.com/health/080212-bad-animal-testing.html...

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Houdebine, L.-M. (2005). Use of Transgenic Animals to Improve Human Health and Animal

Production. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 40(4), p269-281.

Wanjek, Christopher. (2008). Why Lab Animals are Still Used. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from Live Science Web site:  http://www.livescience.com/health/080212-bad-animal-testing.html

69). Petting a dog lowered blood pressure and respiratory rate -- even if the dog was somebody else's. Pet owners that have heart surgery recover faster and stand a better chance of full recovery. Touching a warm furry animal gives them relief.
Moreover, pet ownership is a predictor of survival after hospitalization for any serious illness (Gunter & Furnham, 1999).

Demello (1999) found that the "mere presence of an animal" could lower blood pressure and that the effect persisted even after the animal was gone. Visual contact with an animal, although it helped, was not as good as touching. Heart rates decreased significantly in a three-minute period of physical contact with the animal (Demello, 1999).

A story in Time magazine (2001) tells how a brain-injured man needed help to get back his sense of balance. Ginger, an Australian shepherd, liked to fetch, so physical therapy for this man was to reach down,…...

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References

Brodie, S., Biley, F.C., and Shewring, M. (2002). An exploration of the potential risks associated with using pet therapy in healthcare settings. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11 (4), 444-456.

Demello, L. (1999). The effect of the presence of a companion-animal on physiological changes following the termination of cognitive stressors. Psychology & Health, 14 (5), 859.

Gunter, B. And Furnham, a. (1999). Are pets good for our physical well-being? In Pets and People: The Psychology of Pet Ownership, Chapter 5, 6. London: Wherr Publishing, 66-81/

Hooker, S.D., Freeman, L.H., and Stewart, P. (2002). Pet therapy research: A historical review. Holistic Nursing Practice, 16 (5), 17-23.

Society at large does not and would not permit risking harm to humans in order to avoid using animals for research (Animals pp).
The pharmaceutical industry uses animals only when research cannot be accomplished in other ways, and always with care (Animals pp). If society wants to relieve conditions such as epilepsy, asthma, multiple sclerosis, and heart disease, then animals will continue to be need for research (Animals pp).

Although it is important and morally right to minimize the use of animals for research, it would be morally wrong to place the concern for animals above the concerns and needs of people who are dying from and/or living with incurable and untreatable conditions that could benefit from such research (Animals pp).

orks Cited

Animals in Medicines Research Information Centre - AMRIC. http://www.abpi.org.uk/amric/introduction.asp...

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Works Cited

Animals in Medicines Research Information Centre - AMRIC.  http://www.abpi.org.uk/amric/introduction.asp

Animal Experience - Abstract
Though Rise of the Planet of the Apes (yatt, 2011) is classified in the Sci-Fi genre, this film portrays the reasonably foreseeable possibility of intelligent apes successfully revolting against humankind. The main character, Caesar, is a chimpanzee injected with an experimental Alzheimer's-treatment drug that surprisingly develops Caesar's humanlike intelligence and emotions. Though initially well-treated by the drug's inventor and a primatologist, Caesar is eventually relegated to an ape sanctuary, where he grows to resent the cruel conditions to which apes are subjected. As a result, a defiant Caesar administers the same experimental drug to other apes, creating an ape army that escapes from the sanctuary, wages war on Homo sapiens and eventually crosses the Golden Gate Bridge as humans are decimated by a deadly virus.

In its depiction of the intelligent apes' interactions with humans, the film explores at least three scientifically supported human/animal experiences. First, the surprising…...

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Works Cited

Borenstein, S. (2012, June 25). Rise of the planet of the apes? Retrieved on September 24, 2012 from www.iol.co.za Web site:  http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/science/news/rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes-1.1326671 

Manisha, R. (2011). Monkey business: Emotion and consciousness in primates. Berkeley Scientific Journal, 15(2), 1-5.

Marsh, J. (Director). (2011). Project Nim [Motion Picture].

Panaman, R. (2008). How to do animal rights - great apes. Retrieved on September 24, 2012 from www.animalethics.org.uk Web site: http://www.animalethics.org.uk/great-apes.html

The Heifer, the Goat, and the Sheep, in Company ith the Lion illustrates the absolute power of the feudal lord (the lion) over the peasantry (the goat and sheep). This fable may be referring to the division of taxes and possessions, or it may be a direct reference to the hunting rights of feudal lords. The feudal lord (lion) declares that a stag killed by the goat is his, by the right of the strong.

Again, as the bravest, the third must be mine.

To touch but the fourth whoso makes a sign,

I'll choke him to death

In the space of a breath!" (Shapiro, p. 9).

This attitude represents the attitudes of the wealthy towards the peasantry. They would rather see them dead than share even a small portion of their wealth with them. This fable is where the phrase "a lions' share" originates (Shapiro, p. 9). A similar version to this story can…...

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Works Cited

Aesop's Fables. The Mules and the Robbers. Aesopfables.com. last Updated October 1, 2006. Accessed April 15, 2008.http://www.aesopfables.com/cgi/aesop1.cgi-srch&fabl/TheMulesandtheRobbers

Shapiro, N. (trans.) the Complete Fables of Jean de La Lafontaine, University of Illinois Press. Chicago, Illinois. October 2007.

## Suggestions for a Thesis Statement on Animal Testing

Animal testing, a controversial issue, has sparked ethical debates and ignited fervent arguments. Crafting a compelling thesis statement that succinctly captures the multifaceted nature of this topic can be challenging. Here are some suggestions to guide you in developing a strong and thought-provoking statement:

1. Define the Scope of Animal Testing:

Animal testing should be abolished due to its inherent cruelty and limited scientific validity.
Animal testing is a necessary evil for advancing medical knowledge and improving human health.

2. Explore Ethical Concerns:

Animal testing violates the fundamental rights of animals, causing them unnecessary....

Ethical Considerations in Animal Testing

1. The Moral Dilemma: Weighing Animal Welfare against Scientific Progress: Explore the ethical implications of using animals for testing, considering both the potential benefits to humans and the potential suffering inflicted on animals.

2. The Principle of Proportionality: Determining the Justified Extent of Animal Use: Discuss the concept of proportionality in animal testing, examining the criteria that should be used to determine when the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms.

3. Alternatives to Animal Testing: Exploring the Promise and Challenges: Examine the potential of alternative methods, such as in vitro models, computer simulations, and human-based research, to replace....

Research Methodology for Comprehensive Investigation

1. Define Research Objectives and Questions:

Clearly articulate the purpose and specific questions the research aims to address.
Ensure that the objectives are concise, measurable, and aligned with the research topic.

2. Literature Review:

Conduct a thorough review of existing literature to gain insights into the research topic.
Identify relevant theoretical frameworks, empirical findings, and knowledge gaps.
Analyze the strengths and limitations of previous studies to inform the research design.

3. Data Collection Methods:

Determine the most appropriate data collection methods for the research objectives.
Consider quantitative (e.g., surveys, experiments) or qualitative approaches (e.g., interviews, observations).
Ensure that....

1. Implement strict ethical guidelines: Establish clear guidelines and regulations that prioritize the ethical treatment of animals in scientific research. These guidelines should outline acceptable practices and procedures that prioritize the well-being and humane treatment of animals.

2. Use alternative testing methods: Encourage the use of alternative testing methods, such as cell cultures, computer modeling, and human cell-based assays, which do not involve the use of animals. These methods can provide reliable, relevant data without the need for animal testing.

3. Conduct thorough ethical reviews: Require thorough ethical reviews of research proposals involving animals to ensure that the potential benefits of the....