228 results for “Antitrust”.
Antitrust and Intellectual Property
Antitrust Law Remedies in Intellectual Property Cases
In any research paper it is important to first define the terms used prominently in order to make sure that the reader understands what is being said. In this case, the two terms that require definition are antitrust and intellectual property. According to a definition from Cornell University Law School "Trusts and monopolies are concentrations of economic power in the hands of a few." Thus, antitrust legislation would logically follow as "designed to protect competition and protect free trade" (Putnam). Mark Putnam, a business ethics expert, goes on to say that "Basically, antitrust laws prohibit price-fixing, allocating territories, boycotts, or any other kind of conspiratorial or monopolistic behavior between companies that unfairly restrain free trade." Intellectual property, however, is different entirely from a trust. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) which deals almost exclusively with intellectual property…
Works Cited
Anthony, Sheila F. "Antitrust and Intellectual Property Law: from Adversaries to Partners." AIPLA Quarterly Journal 28.1 (2000): 1-22. Print.
Bingaman, Anne K. "The Role of Antitrust in Intellectual Property." Federal Circuit Judicial Conference (Patent and Trademark Breakout Session), Washington, D.C. 16 June 1994. Web.
Bowen, John. "Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, et al." Duke Law, 2003. Web.
Cannon, Constantine. "Comparing Antitrust Guidelines in the U.S. And Korea." Law 360, 2012 31 January. Web.
Antitrust laws are laws that were enacted to guarantee American consumers the right to expect the benefits of free and open competition. Such laws are enforced by the United States Department of Justice's antitrust division (Anonymous, 2010). There are numerous Acts that constitute the Antitrust Laws. These include the Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and the obinson-Patman. Sherman Act, the primary federal antitrust provision, seeks to promote and protect competition by outlawing any form of combination or conspiracy that restraint interstate commerce.
Antitrust legislations envisaged a situation where competitors would collude and engage in price fixing, bid rigging, market division, or allocation of schemes to the disadvantage of the consumers who may have to buy goods or access services at inflated prices. The customers could also end up getting cheated (Anonymous, 2010).
The Antitrust laws were legislated to deter dishonest businessmen from engaging in price fixing activities. Competitors can collude to…
References
Anderson, R.W & Johnson, R.N. (1999). Antitrust and Sales-Below-Cost Laws: The Case of Retail Gasoline. Review of Industrial Organization, 14(3), 189-204.
Anonymous. (2010). Price Fixing, Bid Rigging, and Market Allocation Schemes: What They Are
and What to Look For. Retrieved August 13, 2012 from http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/guidelines/211578.pdf
Lechter, J, Posner, D. & Morris, G. (2002). Antitrust violations. The American Criminal Law
ANTITUST
Economics
Antitrust practices and market power:
Technology, social networking sites, and anti-competitive behavior
Q1.Why was/were the firm(s) investigated for antitrust behavior?
IBM, AT&T, Microsoft, Intel, Google, Twitter, and Facebook are all technology companies that have been accused of operating as de facto and de jure monopolies: in other words, of engaging in blatant violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act or of substantially limiting market competition to such a degree that a monopoly has been created and consumer choice has been limited in a negative fashion. "From an antitrust standpoint, monopoly power is the power to raise price or exclude competition. Monopoly power is not unlawful in its own right, but unless a firm is deemed to have monopoly power (or at least a dangerous probability of acquiring such power), it cannot be held liable for monopolization or attempted monopolization" and having a negative impact upon consumers (Waller 2012: 1775).…
References
Efrati, A. (2013). There's no avoiding Google +. WSJ. Retrieved from:
http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887324731304578193781852024980
Ingram, M. (2013). Facebook can't expect a messaging monopoly. Business Week.
Retrieved from:
Summary and Conclusion
As noted by Greaney (2009) competition is heavy on the legislative minds of the United States and it is believed as evidence by all proposals stating the same that competition is the factor that will drive the competition in the health care market and ultimately will be that which resolves many of the present consumers complaints and shortcomings of the health care programs presently in use in today's Health Care market. Excess and waste are noted as two primary costs associated with the health care market that must be effectively addressed.
ibliography
Uncertain Future of Competition in Health Care Law: Legislative Proposals to Immunize Providers from Antitrust Law (2002) Health Affairs. 2002;21(2) © 2002 Project HOPE.
Sage, William M., Hyman, David a. And Greenberg, Warren (2003) Health Affairs. Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003 Project Hope. Online available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/22/2/31.pdf
Greaney, Thomas L. (2009) Statement of Professor efore…
Bibliography
Uncertain Future of Competition in Health Care Law: Legislative Proposals to Immunize Providers from Antitrust Law (2002) Health Affairs. 2002;21(2) © 2002 Project HOPE.
Sage, William M., Hyman, David a. And Greenberg, Warren (2003) Health Affairs. Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003 Project Hope. Online available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/22/2/31.pdf
Greaney, Thomas L. (2009) Statement of Professor Before the Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety and Insurance. Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation United States Senate. 16 July 2009. Online available at: http://law.slu.edu/healthlaw/news_stories/statement.pdf
Hubbard, Robert L. (1997) Towards a Competitive Health Care System. Fordham Urban Law Journal. Vol. XXIV, No. 4, 1997. Online available at: http://www.oag.state.ny.us/bureaus/antitrust/pdfs/FordhamULJ1997.pdf
.. are not to be distinguished by any judgment regarding the wisdom or unwisdom, the rightness or wrongness, the selfishness or unselfishness of the end to which the particular union activities are the means.'
The law, however, still bites on situations where trade unions and groups of employers conspire together to suppress or eliminate competition. In other words, businessmen are not entitled to take advantage of the relative immunity of labor and suborn the union, perhaps in consideration of a wage increase, to carry out restrictive schemes that they cannot legally operate themselves. Cases in which collusion between employers and unions is alleged are not infrequent; even so, some commentators believe that a serious loophole is left, since the community of interest between employers and unions may at times be so close that collusion is either unnecessary or of so informal a nature that its occurrence cannot be proved.
Public…
Supreme Court opinion in United States v. Hutcheson (1941)
Corwin D. Edwards, Maintaining Competition (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1949), pp. 82
United States v. Investors' Diversified Services et al.
Antitrust Law: The Microsoft Company Probe
Antitrust law umbrellas all pieces of federal and state legislation that are aimed at regulating commerce and trade by preventing price fixing and unlawful restraints, and controlling monopolies so as to maximize consumer welfare by promoting competition, encouraging quality production and ensuring reasonable prices (Farlex, 2014). Monopolies and oligopolies are the two forms of market structures covered under antitrust law. Such could be natural monopolies, government monopolies, or monopolies resulting from collusion. One significant feature of these is that a handful of firms (one firm in the case of monopoly) control the entire market, and therefore enjoy significant market power. Owing to this, such firms often charge a price higher than would be the case in a competitive structure (monopoly price), and produce less-than-optimal output levels. The resultant productive and allocative inefficiencies, as signified by the monopoly dead weight loss and high prices provide…
References
Brinkley, J. (2000, April 4). U.S. Vs Microsoft: The Overview; U.S. judge Says Microsoft Violated Antitrust Laws with Predatory Behavior. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/04/business/us-vs.-microsoft-overview-us-judge-says-microsoft-violated-antitrust-laws-with.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
Farlex. (2014). Antitrust Law. The Free Legal Dictionary. Retrieved from http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Antitrust+Law
RBA. (2009). The Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Consequences and Countermeasures. The Reserve Bank of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.rba.gov.au/speeches/2009/sp-so-150409.html
Shughart II, W.F. (1995). Public-Choice Theory and Antitrust Policy. In McChesney, F. & Shughart II, W.F. (Eds.), The Causes and Consequences of Antitrust: the Public-Choice Perspective (pp. 7-24). Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Antitrust
Case Background
One recent antitrust action has been between the United States Justice Department and the credit card companies. The government has argued that American Express has hindered competition in the credit card market. At issue are rules that AMEX imposes on retailers to prevent them from offering incentives to customers to use other cards (Longstreth, 2014). This is not the first time that credit card companies have faced antitrust action, either. In 2012, Mastercard and Visa entered into a settlement worth $7.25 billion, regarding alleged price fixing of the interchange fees that are paid by merchants when customers use Mastercard or Visa for their purchases. Interchange fees are paid by the store to the credit card company. When these two companies always charge the same fees, it opened up the possibility of antitrust legislation, with accusing of collusion. The settlement meant that the companies were not officially found…
References
Grossman, J. (2012). $7.25 billion antitrust credit card fee settlement receives approval. Lexis Nexis. Retrieved November 15, 2014 from http://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/litigation/b/litigation-blog/archive/2012/11/12/7-25-billion-antitrust-credit-card-fee-settlement-receives-approval.aspx
Heggestuen, J. (2014). Emerging payment technologies will create new winners and losers in the giant credit card industry. Business Insider. Retrieved November 15, 2014 from http://www.businessinsider.com/new-credit-card-industry-market-competition-2014-5
Longstreth, A. (2014). U.S., Amex duel at antitrust trial over credit card fees. Reuters. Retrieved November 15, 2014 from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/07/us-usa-antirust-amex-idUSKBN0FC22T20140707
Antitrust Exemptions
One of the first national laws against trusts and monopolies was the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1886, which applies to all businesses engaged in interstate or international commerce. Federal law and the courts have defined commerce very broadly, as the "giving of essentially anything in return for barter or money" unless a specific exemption is granted (ABA, p2007, p. 7). Up to the 1970s and 1980s, many industries had such exemptions, including shipping, trucking, airlines, and telephones, on the grounds that excessive competition was destructive and destabilizing to the economy or that foreign cartels had an unfair advantage over American industries. According to the Clayton Act and Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, and the National Labor elations Act of 1935, labor unions are specifically exempt from prosecution on antitrust grounds. Moreover, the Supreme Court has granted them non-statutory exemptions in the Jewel Tea and Pennington cases of…
REFERENCES
Federal Statutory Exemptions from Antitrust Law (2007). American Bar Association, Section on Antitrust Law, Monograph 24.
Spengler, J.D. et al. (2009). Introduction to Sports Law. Human Kinetics.
Wise, A.M. And B.S. Meyer (1997). International Sports Law and Business, Volume 1. Kluwer Law International.
Wong, G.M. (2010). Essentials of Sports Law, 4th Edition. ABC-CLIO.
Antitrust
The enforcement action being studied is that of Novartis AG. The case involves the proposed acquisition by Novartis of Alcon Inc., which is a subsidiary of Nestle. The industry in question is the injectable miotics, which is a $12.4 million market. Injectable miotics are a class of prescription pharmaceuticals. These two companies are the only two in the industry, with respective market shares of 67% and 33%. Post-merger, Novartis would have a 100% share of this industry in the United States.
The specific antitrust act that is relevant to this investigation is the Clayton Act, Section 7 and Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act. If the merger went through, Novartis would have a monopoly in the injectable miotics industry. Firms with monopoly power have no market incentive to constrain their prices. The risk to consumers of this deal is that Novartis would have complete pricing power in…
Works Cited
Eppel, K. & Schaffer, R. (1996). The transition from monopoly to competition: The case of housing insurance in Baden-Wurttemberg. European Economic Review. Vol. 40 (3-5) 1123-1131.
Meier, M., Albert, B. & Brau, S. (2012). Overview of FTC antitrust actions in health care services and products. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved November 16, 2012 from http://www.ftc.gov/bc/healthcare/antitrust/hcupdate.pdf
The government discarded its claims under section 1 after adverse evaluation at the appellate court level. The center of the government's elite contracts accusation was that Microsoft had banned the allocation of Netscape's competing Web browser. This dispute was unproductive at the district court level since Netscape's continued to expand throughout the late 90's (Butts, 2010).
Tying is fundamentally a contract conditioning the acquiring of one product on the purchase of another. Tying infringements are found where two separate products are concerned; the defendant forces its consumers to take the tied good in order to attain the tying product; the agreement influences a considerable volume of interstate business; and the defendant has marketplace control in the tying product market. The government disputed that Microsoft was at fault of tying because IE and Windows were thought to be two distinct products by customers, Netscape had experienced a decline in revenues ensuing…
References
Butts, Chris. (2010). The Microsoft Case 10 Years Later: Antitrust and New Leading
"New Economy" Firms. Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property,
8(2), 275.
International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.63. St. James Press, 2004.
Antitrust
Failure of the Firm to Increase Market Power through the Merger
Merging refers to a corporate combination of two or more independent companies into one enterprise. A merge can take various forms such as a dominant firm purchasing the shares of another or a mutual agreement by two rival firms to cut unhealthy competition between them. The forms of mergers between companies can be horizontal, vertical or market extensional. The form of merger in our case is horizontal because the two rival firms produce the same commodities and serve the same market. The aim of this merger is to reduce rivalry and increase market power for both companies. The merger did not produce the intended purpose, and as a result, our company has not increased its market power. The aims of the merger were also to increase market efficiency, market extension, eliminate competition from other companies within the industry…
References
Straub, T. (2007). Reasons for the Frequent Failures in Mergers and Acquisitions: A
Comprehensive Analysis. Printed in Germany: Springer Publishers
Banerjee, S.B. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly.
Montpellier: Edward Elgar Publication Ltd.
Antitrust egulations and Business Law
Antitrust regulations regulate economic activity in a way that encourages competition and discourages collusion between competitors. This collusion could be the result of horizontal mergers, price fixing, or even vertical contracts, which act to exclude competitors from a market. Antitrust regulations and actions are often hot button issues within the economics community as well as the business law field. Many different cultures have varying ides and understandings of these issues and may deal with them in completely different ways. This can, and does occur within the framework of U.S. business relations and exchanges, especially on the internet. As technologies change and adapt, antitrust laws and regulations need to be changed as well.
There is a mountain of evidence suggesting that while the current U.S. antitrust laws are quite effective on the macro level, many of these regulations were put in place before the economics of…
References
Averitt, N.W. And Lande, R.H. (2007). "Using the Consumer Choice Approach to Antitrust Law." Antitrust Law Journal. Vol. 74. Pp. 175-178.
Farmer, S.B. (2010). "Feature Article: The Impact of China's Antitrust Law and Other Competition Policies on U.S. Companies." Loyola Consumer Law Review. Vol. 34, No. 1. Pp. 25-29.
Foster, S.E. (2010). "Too Big to Fail- Too Small to Compete: Systemic Risk Should
be Addressed Trough Antitrust Law but such a Solution Will Only Work if it is Applied on n International Basis." Florida Journal of International Law. Vol. 22, No. 31. Pp, 77-83.
New York Yankees, 1953; Picher, 1997; as cited by Scremin, 2005). It is interesting to note that: "with the exception of baseball, to some extent, all other major professional sports have had to adapt their rules and policies to comply with antitrust law." (Scremin, 2005) The principle was again tried in the case Flood v. Kuhn in 1972 but the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the exemption.
ANALYSIS
According to the U.S. Supreme Court due to exemption from antitrust laws claimants making claims based on federal antitrust laws in the major league did not have sufficient basis for suit because the U.S. Supreme Court did not assume jurisdiction over the baseball teams even though clubs did travel across state lines and even though players could be transferred across a state line to another club. The reasoning for this is the fact that during the development of the existing antitrust legislation as…
References
Scremin, Glaucio (2005) Impact of Antitrust Laws on American Professional Team Sports - The Sports Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 Winter 2005 online available at http://www.thesportjournal.org/2005Journal/Vol8-No1/SCJ_04_antitrust.asp .
The Application of Federal Antitrust Laws to Major League Baseball (2002) Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress - Second Session, 13 February, 2002. Serious No. J-107-50. Online available at http://www.businessofbaseball.com/docs/SenateAntiTrustHearing.pdf .
Ross, Michael E. And Sashe D. Dimitroff (1997) Whose Field of Dreams? - Antitrust Relief Against Restrictions on the Sale or Relocation of Major League Fall 1997 Antitrust Bulletin. Online available at http://www.kslaw.com/library/articles.asp?18
Antitrust
A common reason for antitrust investigation is with mergers and acquisitions. The Department of Justice must approve proposed mergers, to ensure that the merger or acquisition activity does not unduly restrain competition in an industry or market. One recent example of antitrust investigation came with the bids by Dollar General and Dollar Tree to acquire Family Dollar. The concern was that post-merger, the combined entity would be able to constrain competition and by virtue of that raise prices, in a market whose customers depend on access to those low prices (Heneghan, 2015).
Antitrust behavior comes with it costs to the economy. The underlying principle of antitrust legislation is that when there is insufficient competition in a market, the participants in that market have the ability to exploit that lack of competition, and raise their prices to a level that would not occur if the market was competitive (Investopedia, 2015).…
References
Heneghan, C. (2015). Antitrust investigation of Family Dollar merger expands. Food Dive. Retrieved March 21, 2015 from http://www.fooddive.com/news/antitrust-investigation-of-family-dollar-merger-expands/351084/
Investopedia. (2015). Antitrust. Investopedia. Retrieved March 21, 2015 from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/antitrust.asp
The Structural approach believes high barriers to entry reduces efficiency and the potential entry may not limit the power of incumbent firms. Chicago believes barriers to entry are due to the efficiency of incumbent firms and the potential to entry limits the economic power of incumbents. On the other hand, New IO believes barriers can be present, especially from the economics of standardization that can lead to market power of an incumbent. The New IO approach agrees with the Structural approach where market power derives from horizontal power and vertical arrangements, but also views market power as extended through strategic behavior. Chicago, on the other hand, views market power as only deriving from horizontal factors.
The Structural approach believes that collusion can be expected with profit increases and is more likely in concentrated markets. The Chicago approach believes that is not likely due to the difficulty of enforcement and is…
In short, the petitioners accused Microsoft of monopolizing the market by way of unfair practices. In 2000, the court found Microsoft guilty of such violations of antitrust laws. As a consequence, Microsoft was broken into two businesses. What's more, other businesses filed grievances against Microsoft; the latter oftentimes settled out of court, paying restitution to the claimants. Shortly after the judgment to breakup Microsoft was made, it was partly overturned in an appellate court. Furthermore, recent events have shown a more conciliatory stance towards Microsoft; President ush's administration sought a settlement with the computer giant in 2001.
Microsoft has been brought to court abroad as well. The European Union forced the company to pay over $600 million dollars in fines as a result of its anti-competitive practices. What's more, Microsoft was required to divulge some of its industry formula to rivals in the hopes of promoting future competition.
Certainly, additional…
Bibliography
Case, Karl and Ray Fair. Principles of Economics. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice
Hall, Inc. 2002.
Dolan, Edwin. Basic MicroEconomics, 3rd ed. Chicago: CBS College Publishing.
Golson, Kevin G. Time Line. Golden Books Ltd. Retrieved September 23, 2005. Web site: http://www.sagepub.com/Salinger%20Timeline_4533.pdf.2004 .
Antitrust Investigation: Google
It was reported in 2011 that the 'Wall Street Journal' reported that the FTC was preparing a major antitrust investigation into Google's core search advertising business. Specifically stated by the Wall Street Journal was:
"The new FTC investigation . . . will examine fundamental issues relating to Google's core search advertising business, which still accounts for the overwhelming majority of its revenues. Those will include whether Google -- which accounts for around two-thirds of internet searches in the U.S. And more abroad -- unfairly channels users to its own growing network of services at the expense of rivals'." (Schonfeld, 2011, p.1)
It is reported that the issues was that Google "was using its market power 'in search to push consumers to its own services." (Schonfeld, 2011, p.1) Stated as the most prominent example is that of "Google Places, which comes up at the top of search results…
Bibliography
Franceschi-Bicchierai, L. (2012) Congressman Warns FTC Against Investigating Google. 13 Jan 2012. Mashable. Retrieved from: http://mashable.com/2012/10/16/congressman-warns-ftc-against-investigating-google/
Google Confirms FTC Antitrust Investigation (2011) Huffington Post. 24 Jun 2011. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/google-confirms-ftc-antitrust-investigation_n_883951.html
Manne, G. (2013) FTC Deservedly Closes Google Antitrust Investigation Without Taking Action. 3 Jan 2013. Retrieved from: http://truthonthemarket.com/2013/01/03/ftc-deservedly-closes-google-antitrust-investigation-without-taking-action/
Schonfeld, E. (2013) The Knives are out for Google as FTC Prepares Antitrust Investigation. 31 Jan, 2013. The 2012 Crunches. Retrieved from: http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/google-ftc-antitrust/
antitrust claims faced Microsoft corporation
Who to Trust: Analysis of United States vs. Microsoft
On May 18, 1998, The United States vs. Microsoft trial began. The computer networking and software company, Microsoft, was being charged with numerous allegations, the most salient of which included monopolizing the market for computer operating systems and engaging in illicit practices that were detrimental to competition. The company was also charged with trying to create a monopoly for the internet browser market, since the usage of multiple browsers would allow for competition from alternative operating systems. Other points of anti-competitive charges that Microsoft faced included the bundling of its browser, Internet Explorer, with all Windows Operating systems (another Microsoft product), that it engaged in exclusive contracts with original equipment manufacturers for computers and with internet service providers.
There is still a lingering sense of ambiguity that surrounds many of these allegations that still exists two…
References
J.P., Barnes, A.J., Bowers, T., & Langvardt, A.W. (2010). Business law: The ethical, global, and ecommerce environment (14th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Economides, N. (2001). The Microsoft Antitrust Case. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade: From Theory to Policy.
Page, W.H. And Lopatka J.E. (2009). The Microsoft Case: Antitrust, High Technology, and Consumer Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reynolds, A. (2001) The Microsoft Antitrust Appeal. Washington D.C.: Hudson Institute.
New Bus Dilemma
The author of this report has been asked to assess a situation where a bus company is trying to make entry into a market. They are present in said market but the barriers to entry as well as the barriers for any firm other than the top three players in the field to stay there are quite high. It is to the point that there would seem to be subterfuge being executed by at least one of the three competitors. Given all that, it would seem that the best option is to put Greenbus (the subterfuge party) in the limelight for not following the law or just acquiring the two smaller players in the market and go after Greenbus head to head. The author of this report will describe the situation and will then describe the best path forward.
Analysis
The situation here is pretty basic. Tom…
References
Australia. (2016). Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 6 June 2016, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011C00003
Australia. (2016). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Department of Finance. Finance.gov.au. Retrieved 6 June 2016, from http://www.finance.gov.au/procurement/ict-procurement/contract-framework/sourceit-model-contracts/faqs.html
Antitrust Legislation and Healthcare
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) was designed to promote competitive practices in the marketplace and protect consumers from price gouging and other egregious practices generated from a lack of competition in monopolistic markets. It was not originally designed to impact the healthcare market but over the years its protections have been extended to do so
Strengths
Antitrust and anticompetitive laws were not always applied to physician and healthcare conduct. But in Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar (1975), the “Supreme Court made it clear that professional conduct that interfered with normal market processes would face a heavy burden of justification and might even be unlawful per se” (Sage, Hyman, & Greenberg, 2003, par. 18). This ensured that collusion between healthcare providers, including withholding information, was illegal. It also meant that it was illegal to limit the actions of consumer ratings agencies which graded physicians and other healthcare…
References
Antitrust Laws: Apple's Case
Competition is a vital element of any vibrant marketplace. Thanks to competition, both businesses and individuals get to benefit from lower prices, increased product variety, higher-quality commodities, and greater innovation. Antitrust laws are meant to ensure that consumers are protected from unfair business practices and anticompetitive mergers, and that consequently, effective levels of competition are created and sustained in the economy.
Antitrust laws differ from country to country and, at times, from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In the U.S., antitrust laws include the Sherman Act of 1890 and the Federal Trade Commission and Clayton Acts, both of 1914 (FTC, 2014). The Sherman Act, whose violation is punishable by criminal law, outlaws any attempts to monopolize a market or restrain trade through rig bids, divide markets, or price fixation (FTC, 2014). The Federal Trade Commission Act, on the other hand, illegalizes any '"unfair methods of competition' and 'unfair…
References
Carmody, T. (2012). DOJ Files Antitrust Suit against Apple and Five Publishers over E-Book Pricing. Wired. Retrieved 1 March 2014 from http://www.wired.com/2012/04/doj-files-antitrust-suit-against-apple-and-five-publishers/
Catan, T., Trachtenberg, J. & Bray, C. (2012). U.S. Alleges E-Book Scheme. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2014 from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304444604577337573054615152
FTC. (2014). The Antitrust Laws. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved 1 March 2014 from http://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws
Herther, N. (2013). Apple Gambles on Winning E-Book Antitrust Suit. Information Today. Retrieved 1 April 2014 from http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Apple-Gambles-on-Winning-Ebook-Antitrust-Suit-90274.asp
(discuss them and then choose one that would possibly work)
One possible solution for this anti-trust problem, which is currently proposed by authorities, is that Microsoft should allow its competitors to access its information database. In this way, the competition could build new applications that are compatible with the Microsoft operating systems - Windows so would not be affected by the Microsoft strategy to develop an integral and connected line of products. Another solution could be the individual taxation of Microsoft due to its market power. In this case, the taxes that could be as high as 0% from the total profits and would unfairly tax the advantage taken in time by Microsoft. The money for this tax could be otherwise used by Microsoft for development plans, or why not for resolving social aspects - the poverty reduction of third world countries.
Another answer proposed by analysts in this case…
1) Lemos, Robert. CNET News, 2003-06-10. Retrieved on 2007- 02-05
2) Mace, Michael. www.pa.msu.eduarchived from apple.com, February 9, 1995
3) Rebello, Kathy. www.businessweek.comBusiness Week, 1997-06-15. Retrieved on 2007- 02-05
Antitrust Practices and Market Power: Google Antitrust Behavior
Economic theory expresses that competition contributes substantially to the efficient operations of markets, and hence to the improvement of a nation's wealth status. Antitrust laws seek to foster competition in the marketplace and to consequently ensure that the welfare of consumers is maximized through the provision of low-priced high-quality products. This the laws do by preventing the emergence of cartels and monopolies, which impede on competition by creating barriers to entry, with the help of which they are able to obtain market power and consequently drive market prices to favor them. Although monopolies may result from either government action or natural reasons, in which case they are referred to as government and natural monopolies respectively, most monopolies are formed through exclusivity contract arrangements, mergers, acquisitions, and collusion. Antitrust laws work at limiting these.
The Costs of Antitrust Behavior
A number of companies…
References
Antitrust Laws. (2014). Antitrust Law Examples: Are they Helpful to the Free Marketplace? Antitrust.org. Retrieved 19 March 2014 from http://www.antitrustlaws.org/Antitrust-Law-Examples.html
Marrs, M. (2012). 30 Facts about the Google Antitrust Case. The Word Stream Blog. Retrieved 19 March 2014 from http://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2012/12/06/google-antitrust-case
Marrs, M. (2012). 30 Facts about the Google Antitrust Case. The Word stream Blog. Retrieved 19 March 2014 from
Antitrust
I don't have the proper bibliographical info for the book chapters. I noted the number from the two PDFs of the book where appropriate. You might wish to add the proper info and change the notes to fit.
MAKET CONDITIONS in the U.S.: It would seem highly unlikely that this information alone would be sufficient to bring an antitrust action. Prudent and even gutsy or aggressive business people might well seek such information to generate a competitive advantage with little intention toward manipulating the market (Fried Frank, 2002). Even if it does lean toward some expected restraint of trade (Sherman Act), what is occurring at this point clearly passes the reasonableness test. Talking of such issues is not collusive price fixing and suggests no conscious parallelism, for example, which might indicate that their association is for inappropriate purposes (pg. 468).
DETAILS of INDIVIDUAL SALES: In this instance the burden…
REFERENCES
Bern, R. (1995). A Biblical Model for Analysis of Issues of Law and Public Policy: With illustrative applications to contracts, antitrust, remedies and public policy issues. Regent University Law Review, Vol. 6. 103-196.
Elzinga, F. (n.d.). CASE 9: Collusive Predation: Matsushita v. Zenith (1986). Viewable at www.oup.com/us/pdf/kwoka/0195120159_09.pdf.
Fried Frank (2002). Firm Hit with $1 Billion Antitrust Verdict for Aggressive Marketing Practices. Fried Frank Antitrust and Competition Law Alert. Viewable at www.ffhsj.com/practice_groups/antitrust.htm.
FTC (2007). International Aspects of Antitrust Enforcement. Prepared Remarks of Commissioner Roscoe B. Starek, III. Viewable at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/starek/starekda.shtm .
Of course, in recent years, this power has been diluted somewhat thanks to the rise of collective bargaining. Nonetheless, the fact that for so many years baseball has been characterized as a game rather than interstate commerce worked to the benefit of the industry as a whole.
If the exemption were repealed, apparently only possible through act of Congress, players and teams could sue the league if their movements were restricted and limitations placed on their ability to conduct business for themselves (Rovell). MLB could still manage how teams and players moved, but the repeal of the exemption would eliminate their absolute control over these movements. Obviously, this would have a significant impact on the baseball industry, but would not be necessarily devastating. Other sports have persisted despite not having antitrust exemptions, so there is little reason to expect that baseball couldn't adapt as well.
orks Cited
Belth, Alex. "Ending…
Works Cited
Belth, Alex. "Ending Baseball's Antitrust Exemption." Baseball Prospectus. 26 Nov. 2001. 15 July 2008 http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/Courses/econ352jpw/readme/Baseball%20Prospectus%20-%20Ending%20Baseball%27s%20Antitrust%20Exemption.htm .
Greenberg, David. "Baseball's Con Game." Slate. 19 July 2002. 15 July 2008 http://www.slate.com/id/2068290/ .
Morrissey, Mo. "Baseball Labor Relations: Anti-Trust Exemptions & the Reserve Clause." Associated Content. 19 Oct. 2007. 15 July 2008 http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/421296/baseball_labor_relations_antitrust.html .
Rovell, Darren. "Baseball's Antitrust Exemption: Q & a." ESPN: Baseball. 6 Dec. 2007. 15 July 2008 http://espn.go.com/mlb/s/2001/1205/1290707.html .
Additionally, he argued that the best interest of the consumers, as promoted by Gate's organization, was in fact not the core element of new endeavors, as the company had argued, but that whenever a new product or service was being projected, this would be done in order to serve the financial interests of the organization rather than increase customer utility (Kegel, 2006).
In order to better understand why the above mentioned actions were ethical or unethical, it is best to assess them in light of three ethical perspectives. From the standpoint of the utilitarian perspective, the company is able to seek out those actions which maximize its gains, but in doing this, it must remain aware of the needs of others. More specifically, they can work towards their goals as long as these do not impede with the goals of others (Leiss, 1988). From this standpoint, the behavior of Microsoft…
References:
Cooper, C., 1999, Microsoft Antitrust Judgment: Winners and Losers, ZD Net, http://news.zdnet.co.uk/software/0,1000000121,2074984,00.htm last accessed on August 14, 2009
Dale, N.B., Lewis, J., 2004, Computer Science Illuminated, 2nd Edition, Jones & Bartlett Publishers
Hunter, D., 2005, More Microsoft Employees to Get Antitrust Training, HunterStrat, http://www.hunterstrat.com/news/more-microsoft-employees-to-get-antitrust-training / last accessed on August 14, 2009
Kegel, D., 2006, Corporate Ethics, Dan Kegel's Web Hostel, http://www.kegel.com/corporate_ethics.html last accessed on August 14, 2009
Online AntiTrust Issues
Antitrust law is a United States legal code that helps to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competition actions by organizations. The Sherman Act of 1890 was one of the first attempts to restrict large companies who fixed price, output and then manipulated demand to maximize their products. Standard Oil was one of the prime early examples of a company that controlled markets to the point that the government felt was detrimental to the entry of other competitors (Bork, 1993). In our current example, companies like Facebook and Google are being investigated, similar to Microsoft and AT&T, for controlling the Internet search process and/or network effects. This does not stop with Facebook and Google, but moves into many of the giant e-tailers (Amazon, EBay, etc.) that often use predatory or collusive practices to force customers into either advertising on their site, pricing to their scale, or in the…
REFERENCES
Is Microsoft a Monopoly? If so, why does it matter? (2009). Thisnation.com. Retrieved from:
http://www.thisnation.com/question/027.html
Monopoly. (January 20, 2005). The Linux Project. Retrieved from:
After an eleven year investigation against Microsoft claiming it was trying to monopolize the web, the company finally settled with the Justice Department. Even though Microsoft was required to implement changes, the company maintains its dominance and has grown larger while being responsibly and adhering to the antitrust laws.
The Potential U.S. Case Against Google
An antitrust suit was filed against Google this year claiming the search giant is violating the antitrust laws. The Justice department has been looking at Google for some time now. In the fall of 2007, while Google was prepared to commit to a search ad deal with Yahoo, the justice department was planning to file suit if the deal hadn't fallen through with Yahoo.
Google is now becoming everyone's favorite antitrust target, rapidly replacing Microsoft. In February of this year a company called TradeComet.com, which operates a business-focused search service called SourceTool.com, filed an antitrust…
Bibliography
Carr, Nicholas. "Understanding Google." 27 Nov 2007. Rough Type. 1 June 2009 .
Hof, Rob. "Antitrust Suit Filed Against Google." 17 Feb 2009. BusinessWeek. 2 June 2009 .
McCollum, Jordan. "Antitrust Suit Filed Against Google." 19 Feb 2009 . Marketing Pilgrim . 2 June 2009 .
Page, Larry. "Corporate Information." n.d. Google. 1 June 2009 .
Federal Trade Commission ruled on charges of anti-trust leveled against the Wisconsin Chiropractic Association. The WCA and its executive director, Russell A. Leonard, had been charged with organizing a conspiracy among members of the WCA, which represent 90% of the chiropractors in Wisconsin, of conspiring to force health care providers to pay higher rates for chiropractic services than they had previously paid.
According to the proceeding records (FTC, 2003) and published statements by the FTC (FTC, 2000a), the plan began when the federal government as well as many insurance companies adopted new billing codes to cover chiropractic treatments. In addition, two other chiropractors, Michael T. erkley, D.C., and Mark A. Cassellius, D.C., settled with the FTC on similar charges (FTC, 2000a).
The final settlement included about 2,800 words of restrictions on the WCA and Leonard, some of them extending to the year 2020 (FTC, 2003).
The FTC alleged that the…
Bibliography
Brookings Institution. 2002. "The Effect of Antitrust Policy on Consumer Welfare: Assembling the Empirical Evidence." June. Accessed via the Internet 2/27/03. http://www.ftc.gov/be/seminardocs/antitrustpolicy-consumerwelfare.pdf
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 2000. "Wisconsin Chiropractic Association and Its Director Agree to Settle FTC Charges of Price-Fixing." March 7. Accessed via the Internet 2/27/03. http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2000/03/wischiro.htm .
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 2000. Docket No. C-3943 Decision and Order.May 18, 2000. Accessed via the Internet 2/27/03. http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/05/wisconsin.do.htm
Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 2003. "HEARINGS ON7 HEALTH CARE and COMPETITION, LAW, AND POLICY." October 1. Accessed via the Internet 2/27/03. http://www.ftc.gov/ogc/healthcarehearings/031001ftctrans.pdf
Antitrust Practices and Market Power
The modern business environment is increasingly characterized by the proliferation of emerging monopolies in various industries. One of the industries that have experienced an increase in budding monopolies is Information Technology, particularly with the growth and development of social media and networks. Technology companies have rapidly developed into monopolies because of the connection between attractive business opportunities. The growth of leading technology companies into monopolies has also been fueled by their efforts to gain and maintain market power. However, some of these companies such as Google, AT&T, Standard Oil, Microsoft, and Facebook have been investigated for antitrust behavior.
Similar to Google, Facebook is company whose growth and development is partly attributed to the failure by Microsoft to strangle it like it did to Netscape a decade before. Facebook's business and operations are entirely built on focusing on developing network effects since the firm's value for…
References
European Commission (2014, October 24). Antitrust: Commission Probes Allegations of Antitrust Violations by Google. Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-10-1624_en.htm
Fox, J. (2013, January). The Web's New Monopolies. Atlantic Monthly, 30-34.
Windrum, P. (n.d.). Back from the Brink: Microsoft and the Strategic Use of Standards in the Browser Wars. Retrieved November 13, 2014, from http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=292
Antitrust Case
Economic general
Antitrust practices and market power: Microsoft
One of the most famous and prolonged cases involving antitrust allegations was that of the suit brought about by the Department of Justice against the Microsoft Corporation. It was alleged that Microsoft's act of 'bundling' specific applications such as its web browser, Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player to make them the default setting of its Windows operating system resulted in anticompetitive practices within the software industry. The European Union also waged an antitrust case against Microsoft, and its findings against the company were even more broad and sweeping than in the United States. As a result, in the EU, Microsoft "was not allowed to offer any technological, commercial, or contractual term or inducement to make the bundled version the more attractive, and a monitoring trustee was required to ensure that the unbundled version of Windows works as well as…
References
Economides, N., & Lianos, I. (2009). The elusive antitrust standard on bundling in Europe and in the United States in the aftermath of the Microsoft cases. Antitrust Law Journal, 76(2), 483-567.
Although one cannot make a good case for asserting that any one component in and of itself constitutes a monopolistic practice (see, for example how the operating system's prices have remained low in the following graphs), as part of a greater plan to dominate the market, there certainly is a solid case. Although the penalty for Microsoft as a monopoly is hardly extreme, it will certainly serve as a model to both avoid, and watch out for in the future.
Table retrieved at http://www.gsm.uci.edu/~mckenzie/mantra.pdf
End Notes
Bill Gates, the Economist, 6/13/98
Ralph Nader and James Love, Computerorld, 11/9/98
http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/microsoft_antitrust_case.html
Economics Resource Center. "Policy Debate. Is Microsoft a Monopoly? http://www.swlearning.com/economics/policy_debates/microsoft.html
http://www.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/book/msmonopoly.html
Economics Resource Center. "Policy Debate. Is Microsoft a Monopoly? http://www.swlearning.com/economics/policy_debates/microsoft.html
McKenzie, Richard. "Microsoft: The Monopoly Mantra." http://www.gsm.uci.edu/~mckenzie/mantra.pdf
http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/microsoft.html#the%20monopoly%20question zdnet. "Microsoft to Reveal indows Code. http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-948381.html
orks Cited
Branyencyclopedia.com. "Microsoft Anti-trust Case." 2004. eb site. Retrieved on September 30, 2004 http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/microsoft_antitrust_case.html…
Works Cited
Branyencyclopedia.com. "Microsoft Anti-trust Case." 2004. Web site. Retrieved on September 30, 2004 http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/microsoft_antitrust_case.html
Branyencyclopedia.com. "The Monopoly Question." 2004. Retrieved on September 30, 2004 http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/m/mi/microsoft.html#the%20monopoly%20question
Economics Resource Center. "Policy Debate. Is Microsoft a Monopoly?" Web page. Retrieved on September 30, 2004 http://www.swlearning.com/economics/policy_debates/microsoft.html
Liebowitz, Stan. "Microsoft Monopoly and Consumer Harm. 2001. Retrieved on September 30, 2004 http://www.utdallas.edu/~liebowit/book/msmonopoly.html
Monopolies and Trusts:
Appropriate Areas for Government Intervention?
Capitalism is the economic system that has dominated the United States virtually since the day of its independence. A social and economic system based on the recognition of individual rights; capitalism demands that owners' rights to control, enjoy, and dispose of their own property must be respected. In a capitalist system, the purpose of government is to protect individual economic rights, and to make sure that no one individual, or group may employ physical or coercive force upon any other group or individual. The success of capitalism is well evident. The surpluses that this system produces have enabled individuals to experiment; to create new products, and market new ideas. These private surpluses are traded in a free market in direct competition with other buyers and sellers. Such competition is best represented by the efforts of two or more parties acting independently to…
Microeconomics
Over the last few years, it is evident that the airline industry in the U.S. has been experiencing long standing as well as novel challenges (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012). These includes the increase in the price of fuel, slowing demand for air travel and pressures to expand globally. Consolidation among various airlines across the country is the most common remedy that most of the airline firms are applying.
In April 2012, the U.S. Airways made an announcement to move and take over the American Airlines. American airline is the fourth largest airline in the United States while U.S. Airways is the fifth (Plane Buzz, 2013). This merger, therefore, will make the U.S. Airways- American the largest in the United States with a combined share of more than 21% (The American Antitrust Institute, 2012).
The merger is worth 11 billion U.S. dollars and will turn America into the largest…
References
Carlton, D.W., Landes, W.M. & Posner, R.A 1980 'Benefits and Costs of airline mergers, The
Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 65-83
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3003401?uid=2134&uid=2&suid=70&uid=4&sid=21101927848577
Raper, K.C, Love, A.H. & Shumway, R.C 2007, Distinguishing the Source of Market Power, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 89, No. 1 (Feb., 2007), pp. 78-90 Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4123564?uid=3738336&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101942783417
Independent dealers must sign a contract that sets forth the manner in which they will operate their rental centers. Often a small business owner will supplement their income be adding U-Hauls to their market mix. Independent contractors earn a commission on their sales.
Each division of AMERCO has it own president. All of them must report to a Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board and overall President is Edward Shoen, descendent of the original founders of the company. Many members of the Shoen family still control much of the company (Google Finance). Little information is available about the company, aside from their financial statements. Although they have a Board of Directors, the company continues to operate as a family-style operation, with the family members occupying many positions in upper management. The company structure is simple and little is available beyond basic information.
Purchasing Contract Analysis and the UCC…
Works Cited
Ceh v. UHaul International, Inc., 11th district court of appeals, No. 04-10031.
A www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200410671.pdf. Accessed January 22.
Company News; U-Haul's Parent Seeks Bankruptcy Protection." June 21, 2003. New
York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800EFDF173BF932A15755C0A9659C8B63 . Accessed January 23, 2007.
Of course, this is a good thing for customers on short-term, but is negatively affects other companies on the market. This is because smaller competitors and especially those that intend to enter the market addressed by IBM find it at least difficult to provide product prices in accordance with those provided by IBM. These smaller companies do not have the ability of reducing their production or operating costs, which does not allow them to introduce competitive prices on the market. This way, they are clearly disfavored by IBM's position and market power.
In addition to this, in a field like it, it is imperative to make continuous investments into the research and development activity. This requires significant capital amounts from these companies. The investment levels that IBM reaches cannot be reached by many of these companies. This makes it difficult for these companies to keep up with IBM and its…
Reference list:
1. Oates, J. (2009). IBM Faces EU Monopoly Probe. Enterprise. Retrieved November 14, 2010 from http://www.channelregister.co.uk/2009/01/20/ibm_eu_probe/ .
2. Annual Report (2010). IBM. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/000104746910001151/a2195966z10-k.htm .
3. Monopoly: A Brief Introduction (2006). Linux Information Project. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from http://www.linfo.org/monopoly.html .
4. O'Gara, M. (2010). EC Opens Two Antitrust Investigations of IBM. Retrieved November 15, 2010 from http://soa.sys-con.com/node/1478919.
Wireless although the performance of Cingular has been mediocre also. The new Cingular expects that the added network coverage from at & T. Wireless will assist in opposing that belief nearly from the very beginning. (FCC OKs Cingular, at&T Wireless Merger)
The merger is regarding placing two companies in unison that do not have the metrics to go for the optimum services. Whereas there is scanty reservations regarding the amalgamation gives Cingular instruments to perk up customer satisfaction, the company has to proceed very speedily. Since in excess of 170 million subscribers are at present using a mobile phone in the United States, the phenomenal surge in the recent years is sure of slowing down. Meanwhile, the customers of at & T. Wireless has been deserting at the rate of 3.5% per month during 2004 which is worrying given that rivals Verizon and Nextel Comunications Inc. has been losing their…
References
Cingular, att Wireless merge after clearing last hurdle. October 26, 2004 Retrieved at http://economy.news.designerz.com/cingular-att-wireless-merge-after-clearing-last-hurdle.html . Accessed on 22 November, 2004.
Cingular Completes at&T Wireless Takeover. October 26, 2004. Retrieved at http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/cingular.html . Accessed on 22 November, 2004.
Consumers Will Pay Big for Cingular/at&T Merger, Study Warns. May 27, 2004 Retrieved from ttp:/ / www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/att_merger_phoenix.html. Accessed on 22 November, 2004.
Customer Benefits. 2004. Retrieved at http://www.newcingular.com/c_benefits.html. Accessed on 22 November, 2004.
Microsoft Anti-Trust Case
Microsoft was charged with using its position as an industry leader in computer software to force buyers to buy products that were bundled with Internet Explorer. The claim was considered a breach of anti-trust laws which declared that a company cannot package two products together based on one's popularity or market position with the consumer (U.S. v. Microsoft, 2002-2006). Microsoft has denied such claims that they took an unfair advantage of the market and consumer in order to strengthen an already dominant position in the industry (Hemphill, 2004). Especially in the case of the product coming from a company that has domination over the software industry such as Microsoft.
The Internet Explorer browser was not sold but given as a free product with the purchase of the Operating System by Microsoft. This is done by many companies throughout the industry. However when Microsoft applied this marketing principle,…
References
Brick, R. (2001). U.S. appeals court overturns Microsoft anti-trust ruling . Retrieved June
16, 2011 from http://www. nytimes. com/2001/06/28/business/28WIRE-SOFT. html
Goldman, D. (2010). iPhone anti-trust law goes to class action. Retrieved June 16, 2011
from http://money. cnn. com/2010/07/12/technology/apple_att_lawsuit/index. htm
Private University is selling a share, or something else. At the outset of the Act, "security" is defined as "any note, stock, treasury stock, security future, security-based swap, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-trust certificate…" and many others are subject to the law. The key is that the security creates a share of income for the holder, whether in the form of debt or equity. Options for later purchase are also included in the definition of security.
The asset in question is a "share" that entitles the bearer to college credits in any school at the future date. A college credit is not a claim to a cash flow, nor it is claim to equity. Therefore, this is not a security. Rather, it is a coupon by which a product can later be acquired. There is no difference between this asset…
Works Cited:
FTC. (2013). The antitrust laws. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved May 2, 2013 from http://www.ftc.gov/bc/antitrust/antitrust_laws.shtm
FTC. (2013). Horizontal merger guidelines. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved May 2, 2013 from http://www.ftc.gov/os/2010/08/100819hmg.pdf
Securities Act of 1933. Retrieved May 2, 2013 from http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/sa33.pdf
Stewart, J. (2011). Antitrust suit is simple calculus. New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2013 from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/10/business/att-and-t-mobile-merger-is-a-textbook-case.html?pagewanted=all
separation of powers and federalism. How do these central architectural features of American government seek to support Thomas Jefferson's perspectives; "That government is best which governs least." Why from the view of many business executives is government "gridlock" good?
Separation of powers is that element of the American government designed to protect the nation from tyranny and to, as far as possible, keep the power of the nation decentralized. Federalism, while certainly not designed to promote tyranny, is designed to strengthen the power of the government to act and govern the nation, centralizing power into a strong formal national government. Each of these aspects of modern American government have different implications for business.
According to Thomas Jefferson, "That government is best which governs least." The separation of powers helps to assure that the different branches of the government balance each other sufficiently that no single branch can govern so much…
Grasso last year, contending that the $139.5 million payout that Mr. Grasso received in the summer of 2003 was exorbitant and in violation of New York's not-for-profit law, which states that executives at not-for-profit organizations, like the exchange, receive "reasonable" compensation. Mr. Spitzer has said he will seek more than $100 million back from Mr. Grasso. In his complaint, Mr. Spitzer cited the Webb report as crucial to his investigation. But until yesterday it remained confidential. The document describes some of the crucial points made in the complaint, among them that the board was misled about the size of Mr. Grasso's bonuses and that $13 million of his $139.5 million payment was vested when in fact it was not (THOMAS and Anderson 2005).
Question
The antitrust authorities should permit Microsoft to merge with Yahoo because it will be more profitable in the end. This is due to the fact that…
References
Eternal Reward: $10,000. retrieved March 7, 2008, at http://www.ericdsnider.com/snide/eternal-reward-10000/
2007). CRIMES and CORRUPTION of the NEW WORLD ORDER NEWS. Retrieved March 7, 2008, at http://mparent7777-2.blogspot.com/2007_01_07_archive.html
2007). Friends' getting too friendly. Retrieved March 7, 2008, at http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb07/jn.html
Gunderman, Robert and Hammond, John.(2007). Reexamination of the Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich. Retrieved March 7, 2008, at http://www.ipfrontline.com/depts/article.asp?id=14617&deptid=3
alt Disney Company Scenario
Scene: Fiscal Karat (FK), host of TV's Let's Talk Money, is seated at the center of an oak conference table. Let's Talk Money is a weekly PBS talk show that interviews business leaders and often finds government officials to debate certain ideas and programs. Tonight's episode features Mr. Michael McDuck (MM), CEO of alt Disney Company and Mr. Rigid B. Crat (RC), Senior Administrator for the U.S. Treasury's Anti-trust Division.
FK: Good evening and welcome to Let's Talk Money, your weekly adventure into provocative and interesting monetary topics ranging from mild to wild. Tonight, a special treat for the kid in us all -- Michael McDuck, CEO of alt Disney goes head to head with the Administration's Senior Anti-Trust Maven, Rigid B. Crat. elcome gentlemen!
First though, let's take a moment to establish a bit of background. The alt Disney Company is a multinational mass media…
Works Cited
Disney Vows to Investigate Claims of ABuse at Factories. (2005, June). Retrieved from SACOM: http://sacom.hk/archives/66
J&J, Walt Disney, Kraft Foods Top Rankgin. (2010, October 13). Retrieved from Environmental Leader: http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/10/13/jj-walt-disney-krafts-foods-top-csr-ranking/
Hearing: Are Government Contractors Exploiting Workers Overseas? (2011, November 2). Retrieved from Sparky - Keeping You Plugged In: http://mssparky.com/2011/10/hearing-are-government-contractors-exploiting-workers-overseas/
Areeda, P., & Hovenkamp, H. (2011). Fundamentals of Antitrust Law. New York: Kluwer Law.
The result is an increasing gap between the richest and poorest teams that would reinforce disparities around and earning power, concentrating productivity into monopolistic dominant teams with a concommitant reduction of competition in play and consumer price. The result is less competition for higher prices and restricted options for most employees.
Under a bargaining agreement negotiated with a players' union on the other hand, all employers could offer baseline salaries negotiated with players at various tiers, based on productivity, tenure or any legal conditions the teams collaborated to offer should the players agree, which could result in salary reductions, salary caps, various distribution of BI revenue and perhaps reduced 'frictional cost' of having to bid for talent every season (Feldman, 2012, p. 1233). This stability could reduce turnover and search cost and thus slow ticket price increases, and then if players agreed to additional free agent conditions in the negotiated…
References
Beck, H. (2011). N.B.A. reaches a tentative deal to save the season. New York Times 26 Nov.
2011. A1. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/sports/basketball/nba-and-basketball-players-reach-deal-to-end-lockout.html?pagewanted=all
Brandt, a. (2011). The big deal over BRI. NBA. ESPN.com. 5 Nov. 2011. Retrieved from http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/7194222/basketball-related-income-affects-nba-lockout-talks
Feldman, G. (2012). Antitrust vs. labor law in professional sports: Balancing the scales after
Unethical Business esearch Practices
What unethical research behavior was involved?
The antitrust case brought by Wal-Mart and other retailers against Visa and MasterCard in the U.S. Eastern District court, was settled in 2003 for $3 billion and primarily involved a dispute concerning the efficient pricing of access to payment information, including security data that confirmed or refuted the transactional identities of cardholders (oberds & Schreft, 2009). In their pleadings, Wal-Mart and other class action litigants argued that third-party providers such as Visa and MasterCard required them to accept both debit and credit cards issued by MasterCard but the interchange fees were higher for debit cards (Ulzheimer, 2012). In sum, the suit filed by Wal-Mart and other large retailers claimed that Visa and MasterCard "required all merchants who accept their credit cards to also accept their signature debit cards [which] constitutes an illegal tie-in in violation of antitrust law" (Peterson, 2002,…
References
An introduction to ISO 27001. (2012). The ISO2700 Directory. Retrieved from http://www.
27000.org/iso-27001.htm.
Azola, M. (2011). The Reconciliation Project: Separation and integration in business ethics research. Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 19 -- 36.
Binning, D. (2012). Top five cloud computing security issues. ComputerWeekly. Retrieved from:
Industrial/Economic egulations
According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines economic regulations (industrial regulations) as "intervening directly in market decisions such as pricing, competition, market entry, or exit ("Economic regulations," 2002). The main reason for economic regulation is because it is permits the straightforward businessman to succeed in the economy and decrease business relations within the economy from being broken by the illegal activity that takes place (Black, 2010). However, within the economy the market has four different structures that industries are classified under that the government uses to help control the advantages and limitations of supply and demand. The goal of the four structures is to look at how it "affects the outcomes in the market with impacts on the motivations, opportunities, and decisions of economic buyers and sellers through their behaviors within market competition" states Fischer (n.d.). The OECD defines social regulations as an impact…
References
Black, W. (2010, January 11). Inside the fed's secret war on good regulation. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/23879_Page_1_19.pdf
Boyer, P. (2001). Federal regulatory agencies. The oxford companion to United States history. Retrieved May 18, 2011 from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O119FederalRegulatoryAgencies.html
Department of Trade, Federal Trade Commission. (2011). Ftc guide to the antitrust laws. Washington, DC: Government Website. Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/bc/antitrust/antitrust_laws.shtm
Economic regulations. (2002, July 31). Retrieved from http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=4639
Robert Slater
This report is based upon the book Titans of Takeover by Robert Slater. This book was originally published in 1987 by Englewood Cliffs, and then re-published and copyrighted in 1999 by Beard Books.
Introduction of the Author
The book Titans of Takeover was authored by Robert Slater, who is famous for his strong stand against President Ronald Reagan's attempts to make the U.S. marketplace a free economy by doing away with the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Laws. He proved to America that although such a move would appear to yield immediate benefits by putting the nation's economy on the map against the vibrant economies that gave no room to antitrust laws, it would, to an equally large extent, produce devastating outcomes on the economy in the long run. Slater has authored a couple of other bestselling business books and authored several articles on the Wall Street Journal, in…
orkers can increase their own value in the workplace by improving their work assets, through education, effort or tenure.
In addition, the U.S. economy would not necessarily benefit. A higher national minimum wage would distort the market for labor in some states that currently face conditions leading to lower wages. This disruption of the market could reduce demand for labor and could also result in a less efficient market. In addition, increases in production costs are often passed on to consumers. hile the minimum wage worker may earn more, inflation will increase, essentially transferring wealth from all consumers to a small group of workers. This does not imply the creation of new wealth, only a redistribution of it in a manner that increases economic inefficiency. In addition, a higher minimum wage entices workers into the job market to the detriment of other workers, and many minimum wage earners are young…
Works Cited:
Mui, Y. & Barnes, R. (2007). High court overturns century-old antitrust rule. Washington Post. Retrieved October 5, 2010 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/28/AR2007062802370.html
Gibson, M. (2010). A brief history of OPEC. Time Magazine. Retrieved October 5, 2010 from http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2019120,00.html
Garfield, R. (1996). The case against a higher minimum wage. Joint Economic Committee Report. Retrieved October 5, 2010 from http://www.house.gov/jec/cost-gov/regs/minimum/against/against.htm
Microsoft is a company that was found to be in violation of antitrust laws by both the U.S. Justice Department and the European Commissions. The reason behind such a finding, is that Microsoft acted in a manner that was found to be overly aggressive in regards to its operating systems and software. As the Weil and McMillan article wrote that it was "alleged that Microsoft harmed Netscape's browser business through anticompetitive practices related to the Windows operating system" (Weil, McMillan, 2003) while the United States vs. Microsoft article went even further by stating "critics contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and lying, put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software and used misrepresentative marketing tactics" (United States, 2002, 2006).
It is this author's belief that it does not matter if a company is 'capitalistic' or not, most companies would not have…
References
Aguilar, J.; Prato, F.; Bravo, C.; Rivas, F.; (2009) A multi-agent system for the management of abnormal situations in an artificially gas-lifted well, Applied Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 23, Issue 5, pp. 406 -- 426
United States v. Microsoft, (2002, 2006) Retrieved from http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_index.html
Weil, N., & McMillan, R. (2003, May 29). AOL, Microsoft settle Netscape suit. PCWorld. Retrieved from http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,110930,00.asp
It is surely an understatement to observe: "Competitors who rely on the same setup as Youube," said Heberger, "where it's all user-generated content, they might be in trouble facing a Google-Youube team." (Mills & Sandoval, 2006)
he impact of the federal government upon economic behavior in this instance is clear -- there may have been grounds to contest the merger of Google and Youube, especially as Google has its own video service already. he government's action or inaction has changed the future of the Internet. Moreover, although the market structure of providers is relatively concentrated, the social diversity of the users of the services of Google and Youube is unprecedented. Every person's lives are affected, provided they use the Internet
What is the downside for Google? On one hand, people could begin to lose interest in posting on Youube, as Youube is not a strictly essential service, like a business'…
The impact of the federal government upon economic behavior in this instance is clear -- there may have been grounds to contest the merger of Google and YouTube, especially as Google has its own video service already. The government's action or inaction has changed the future of the Internet. Moreover, although the market structure of providers is relatively concentrated, the social diversity of the users of the services of Google and YouTube is unprecedented. Every person's lives are affected, provided they use the Internet
What is the downside for Google? On one hand, people could begin to lose interest in posting on YouTube, as YouTube is not a strictly essential service, like a business' use of a computer mainframe like Windows. "Baked into all these predictions are the assumption that online video really is the next big thing in Internet content and that its popularity can translate into advertising sales. Certainly, Google's executives think that's the case and were willing to spend big on YouTube, despite having their own video service and a reputation for steering clear of major acquisitions," and banking on the continued ubiquity of YouTube and its synonymous nature with shared, online video content (Mills & Sandoval, 2006). "This is the first time in history where people can shoot, edit and distribute videos," and the technology is so new, the wave of public interest, industry insides speculate, is still cresting (Mills & Sandoval, 2006).
When YouTube first came out, there were fears that copyright legislation might inhibit the posting of television shows and advertisements, but rather than contest the questionable right of third parties to post such clips, many companies and artists seem to welcome the free added attention and buzz YouTube gives to their products. There also seems to be little downside for the consumer regarding this acquisition, presumably the reason the government allowed Google to make its move. The only downside is for Google's competitors Yahoo and Microsoft. Because other companies wish to compete with Google, and are unwilling to cede this particular market space, "now the value for every other video-sharing company is rising with the purchase of YouTube, said analysts" (Mills & Sandoval, 2006). This merger seems to be a win-win scenario in the short run, for everyone but Yahoo and Microsoft, but at least in the short-term, video-sharing companies are likely to remain in the news as Google's competitors attempt to generate interest about new sites.
Corporate Mergers and the Public Good
The United States of America, during the last years of the Nineteenth Century, witnessed a rash of corporate mergers. The Industrial Revolution had taken firm hold, and the nation was changing rapidly. Millions of Americans who had once been independent farmers or tradesmen now found themselves in the position of what some termed "wage slaves." At the mercy of their corporate employers, they worked long hours at low pay, and often under appalling conditions. The reasons for the merger mania of this period are many and complex, as are its effects upon the population as a whole. In breaking down the traditional vocational environment, the gigantic new conglomerates also transformed the entire social landscape. ork was no longer a family business shared by all generations. Communities no longer clung together for mutual protection and aid. Suddenly, the citizen of this new world was out…
Works Cited
Applebaum, Herbert. The American Work Ethic and the Changing WorkForce: An Historical Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998.
Aronowitz, Stanley. False Promises: The Shaping of American Working Class Consciousness. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Atack, Jeremy. (1985). "Industrial Structure and the Emergence of the Modern Industrial Corporation" Explorations in Economic History 22, 48.
Champlin, Dell P., and Janet T. Knoedler. "Corporations, Workers and the Public Interest." Journal of Economic Issues 37.2 (2003): 305+.
U.S. Economy
The May 2007 economy presented a rosy picture: the lowest unemployment rate of the Bush Administration 4.4% (Bureau of Labor Statistics.gov. 2012. PP. 1), the peak of housing values, strong GDP growth of 3.6% (Trading Economics.com. 2012. PP. 1), a stable inflation rate of 2.2% (Trading Economics.com. 2012. PP. 1), and a normalized non-emergency FED Funds of 5.25% (Moneycafe.com. 2012. PP. 1). Yet, the collapse was imminent as the "Great Recession" began in the fourth quarter of 2007, decimating the economy and bringing the global financial system to a grinding halt. Now five years later the economy is regaining its footing in a ponderous yet upward trajectory which began in the second quarter of 2009. An espy of May 2012 presents a dramatically different story than of 2007: unemployment stands at 8.1% (Bureau of Labor Statistics.gov. 2012. PP. 1), housing values have plummeted; "Americans overall have lost almost…
One of the noteworthy aspects of the U.S. economy is that consumer spending
"accounts for 70% of economic activity" (Crutsinger, M. May 15, 2012. PP. 1). Business is on a never ending quest to create products, services, and pricing which will maximize revenue and increase profit. Price discrimination and segmentation are common in the marketplace (airline tickets as one of a plethora of examples); consumers may respond through indifference or anger towards the company, but are in the preponderance of economic activities likely to choose based on: perceived value, availability, rewards, or pricing options. Business can choose to discount products or services to entice certain groups: new customers, income sensitive customers, or competitor's customers.
The crux of the question on discounts for certain customers rather than others is really one of questioning the role government in the process. The government already chooses certain customers for assistance based on income, unemployment, opportunity, or other criterion. Food stamps have become plentiful over the last five years, a sign of a soft economy and one of an expanded government role. The qualifications are income-based which has struck many taxpayers as unfair because they are subsidizing a segment of the population. So too with unemployment benefits which in some cases have been
" (Schlossberg, 2004)
FERC analyzed while making a review of the electric utility mergers proposition, the transaction being proposed "likely effect" on (1) competition;
(2) rates; and (3) regulation. (Schlossberg, 2004)
There are stated to be "no antitrust exemptions for transactions subject to FERC review and such mergers are regularly reviewed by either the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) or the Division." (Schlossberg, 2004) The Securities and Exchange Commission had previously held jurisdiction for reviewing acquisitions of stock of electric utility companies however, the authority provided under the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed in 2005.
III. FORESEEAILITY DOCTRINE REHAILITATION
The work of Trujillo (2006) entitled: "State Action Antitrust Exemption Collides with Deregulation: Rehabilitating the Foreeseability Doctrine" states that a capitalist society that has policies which were established for the purpose of regulating "the promotion of competition in traditionally regulated industries such as the electrical market seems counterintuitive.…
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ewing, Saul (2007) FTC Complaint May Seek to Erode 'State Action' Immunity of Utilities. Staying Ahead Bulletin April 2007. Utility Law. Online available at: http://www.saul.com/common/publications/pdf_1285.pdf
Schlossberg, Robert S. (2004) Mergers and Acquisitions: Understanding the Antitrust Issues. American Bar Association 2004. Google, Books Online available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=JmcoRxfB1OsC
Trujillo, Elizabeth (2006) State Action Antitrust Exemption Collides with Deregulation: Rehabilitating the foreseeability Doctrine. Fordham Journal of Corporate & Financial Law. Online available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4048/is_200601/ai_n16410098/
, 93 F. 3d 1358 (CA7 1996) for its statement that "monopsony pricing is analytically the same as monopoly...pricing and is so treated by the law." ased on this determination that the two concepts are analytically similar, the Court thus concludes that therefore "similar legal standards should apply to claims of monopolization and to claims of monopsonization." Reasoning that predatory-pricing is fundamentally an act of monopolization and that predatory-bidding is fundamentally an act of monopsonization, and that both claims involve the deliberate use of unilateral pricing measures for anticompetitive purposes, the Court finds that the logically same legal standard should therefore govern actions brought on both.
ased on this reasoning, the Court concludes that "the general theoretical similarities of monopoly and monopsony combined with the theoretical and practical similarities of predatory pricing and predatory bidding convince us that our two-pronged rooke Group test should apply to predatory-bidding claims." Accordingly, under…
Bibliography
Bolton, Patrick, et. al. (2000): Predatory Pricing: Strategic Theory and Legal Policy. 88 Geo.L.J. 22239.
Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993).
Hovencamp, Herbert. (1994): Federal Antitrust Law Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice. Minneapolis: West Group Publishing.
Khan v. State Oil Company, 53 F.3d 1358 (CA7 1996).
U.S. laws
There are a number of different laws that govern fair, balanced and competitive practices. One major category is the antitrust laws. Antitrust laws seeks to create a competitive environment by preventing companies from obtaining the ability to abuse their market positions. Ensuring that each industry and market has a healthy amount of competition has been the work of a series of acts that govern antitrust practices.
The most significant piece of antitrust legislation is the Sherman Act, which was passed in 1890 in order to define antitrust activities. The act was passed in response to monopoly abuses on the part of a number of companies, and the recognition that a successful capitalist economy required at least enough market intervention on the part of government to prevent the formation of unnatural monopolies (FTC, 2014).
There have been subsequent laws that have enhanced the Sherman Act, and refined it, largely…
References
DoJ (2014). Horizontal merger guidelines. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved November 25, 2014 from http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/guidelines/hmg-2010.html
FTC. (2014). The antitrust laws. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved November 25, 2014 from http://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/antitrust-laws
FTC. (2014, 2) Price discrimination: Robinson-Patman violations. Federal Trade Commission. Retrieved November 25, 2014 from http://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/competition-guidance/guide-antitrust-laws/price-discrimination-robinson-patman
OUSTR. (2014) Anti-dumping Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Retrieved November 25, 2014 from http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/wto-multilateral-affairs/wto-issues/trade-remedies/anti-dumping
A favorite target for conspiracists today as well as in the past, a group of European intellectuals created the Order of the Illuminati in May 1776, in Bavaria, Germany, under the leadership of Adam Weishaupt (Atkins, 2002). In this regard, Stewart (2002) reports that, "The 'great' conspiracy organized in the last half of the eighteenth century through the efforts of a number of secret societies that were striving for a 'new order' of civilization to be governed by a small group of 'all-powerful rulers.' The most important of these societies, and the one to which all subsequent conspiracies could be traced, is the Illuminati founded in Bavaria on May 1, 1776 by Adam Weishaupt" (p. 424). According to Atkins, it was Weishaupt's fundamental and overriding goal to form a secret organization of elite members of Europe's leading citizens who could then strive to achieve the Enlightenment version of revolutionary social…
References
American Psychological Association. (2002). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, J. (1981, 1723). The charges of a Free-Mason extracted from the ancient records of lodges beyond the sea, and of those in England, Scotland, and Ireland, for the use of the lodges in London: To be read at the making of new brethren, or when the master shall order it. Reprinted in The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans, by M.C. Jacob, 279-285. London and Boston: Allen & Unwin in Harland-
Jacobs at p. 237.
There have been several arguments with reference to the social impact of the Intellectual Property, and it has been observed that the Intellectual property law has been responsible for the promotion of the competitive forces in such a manner that 'antitrust law does not address, and may do so based on evidence that would be insufficient in an antitrust context' (Brinson, 1994). It is indeed a difficult practice related to the 'forced sharing to attain optimal competition' (Brinson, 1994), and it appear to be unwarranted 'in most antitrust contexts, and it is clear indication of the absent clear proof of market harm' (Thomas, 2006), although it is expected to 'constitute improved and comprehensive Intellectual Property policy, even in the presence of ambiguous evidence' (Brinson, 1994). The anti-trust law and the intellectual property law is expected to minimize the cost of three different things, which include, false positives, as per which…
References
Inigo Igartua Arregui. Refusals to Deal Involving Intellectual Property Rights. Law and Policy in International Business. Volume: 34. Issue: 4. 2003. Georgetown University Law Center.
J. Dianne Brinson, Mark F. Radcliffe. Intellectual Property Law Primer for Multimedia Developers. 1994. Law and Policy in International Business. Volume: 23.
Keith Eugene Maskus. Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy. Harvard University Press. 2003. pp. 176.
James B. Kobak. Intellectual Property Misuse: Licensing and Litigation. American Bar Association Publication. 2000. pp. 87.
Business and Society: The Microsoft Case
"Microsoft" is one of the most well-known and highly diversified computer software manufacturing organizations of the world, founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. Only after five years of its foundation, this company earned $8 million and this success has continued to date. It is still run by its founder and its success story continues, which has made it one of the most famous organization of the world.
Microsoft was the first company that introduced the first user friendly and affordable operating system for personal computers. It manufactures several products today including; windows family of operating systems for personal computers & servers, applications softwares that run on the windows family of operating systems, and the most famous and successful MS-Office Suite, which consists of ord, Excel, Power Point, Outlook and Access.
These applications are not only used by students and professionals but also by users…
Works Cited
Areeda, Phillip and Louis Kaplow. Antitrust Analysis, Aspen Law & Business, 1997.
Economides, Nicholas. United States v. Microsoft: A Failure of Antitrust in the New Economy, UWLA Law Review,
at http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/UWLA.pdf . 2001
Economides, Nicholas. The Microsoft Antitrust Case, A Case Study For MBA Students. Stern School of Business:
S. domestic carriers are at period in the industry's history when these factors are already beleaguered by downturns in the global economy, increasing competition from international carriers, and the aforementioned high costs of energy.
Chapter 2: The Impact of Open Skies Agreements on Domestic and International Carriers
Under an open skies agreement, both signatories to the agreement enjoy open access to international airline routes between the two countries as well as eliminating virtually all domestic restrictions on international carriers (Lick, 1998). In an effort to develop more closely integrated pricing and route schedules, signatories to these agreements typically also seek to gain immunity from national antitrust laws (Commercial aviation: Legacy airlines must further reduce costs to restore profitability, 2004). The U.S. Department of Transportation reviews these types of airline alliances from an antitrust perspective and refuses to approval an alliance without a reciprocal open skies agreement with the foreign airline's…
References
Baker, C. (2004, March 1). Air France-KLM approved; competition regulators in Brussels have approved Air France's takeover of KLM, deciding the consumer comes out of the deal as a net winner. Washington also says it will not oppose the deal. Airline Business, 9.
Bilotkach, V. (2002). Asymmetric regulation and airport dominance in international aviation:
Evidence from the London-New York market. Southern Economic Journal, 74(2), 505-
Doganis, R. (2002). Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. London:
One of these is Chapter 2 of Title 15, ubchapter 1, ection 45. This ection regulates unfair methods of commerce and competition. These methods are declared as unlawful under the act. The ection specifically relates to national and local practices, as opposed to foreign trade, and therefore applies to our proposed partnership. "Unfair" practices are defined as those practices that are likely to cause some injury to other businesses within the United tates, or involving material conduct within the United tates. When businesses engage in unfair or deceptive acts of commerce, they are obliged by law to provide remedies to all injured parties, whether foreign or domestic.
The herman Act of 1890 and all its amendments should also be carefully scrutinized and implemented in our partnership ventures. This Act is the basis upon which most antitrust American laws are built. Generally, businesses are prohibited from creating unfair competition in terms…
Sources
American Antitrust Institute. (2007). Codes: Federal Antitrust Statutes & Regulations. http://www.antitrustinstitute.org/Antitrust_Resources/Antitrust_STATUTES/index.ashx
Legal Information Institute (2008). U.S. Code collection: Section 45. Unfair methods of competition unlawful; prevention by Commission. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/15/45.html
Title 15 (2001): Section 18a: Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade. http://www.ftc.gov/bc/docs/statute.pdf
Long-Term amifications of the Ma Bell Breakup
The old Ma Bell was far from perfect, but she deserved her good name. -- Tom Nolle, 2003
Given its prospects, the new Ma Bell looks an awful lot like the old Ma Bell. And that's not a good thing. -- Shannon M. Heim, 2005
The dichotomy of views exemplified by the epigraph above is reflective of the love-hate relationship that Americans have always had with their telephone service provider. Following the breakup of AT&T, or "Ma Bell" in 1982, one of the few legal monopolies in the United States, seven so-called smaller regional "Baby Bells" long-distance providers were created, four of which remain in operation today. After almost a century in operation, the breakup of Ma Bell was followed by a wave of deregulation and competition that profoundly affected the telecommunications industry in both short- as well as long-term ways. To determine…
References
Boudreaux, G. & Sloboda, B. (2000). "Broadband: A Primer on Telecommunications
Technology." Management Quarterly, 41(3), 2.
Chandler, J.W. & Cortada, J.W. (2000). A Nation Transformed by Information: How
Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Oxford University Press.
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A favorite target for conspiracists today as well as in the past, a group of European intellectuals created the Order of the Illuminati in May 1776, in Bavaria, Germany,…
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There have been several arguments with reference to the social impact of the Intellectual Property, and it has been observed that the Intellectual property law has been responsible for…
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Business and Society: The Microsoft Case "Microsoft" is one of the most well-known and highly diversified computer software manufacturing organizations of the world, founded in 1975 by Bill Gates.…
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S. domestic carriers are at period in the industry's history when these factors are already beleaguered by downturns in the global economy, increasing competition from international carriers, and the…
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One of these is Chapter 2 of Title 15, ubchapter 1, ection 45. This ection regulates unfair methods of commerce and competition. These methods are declared as unlawful under…
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Long-Term amifications of the Ma Bell Breakup The old Ma Bell was far from perfect, but she deserved her good name. -- Tom Nolle, 2003 Given its prospects, the…
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