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Architecture
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What is Architecture?

Architecture sits at the intersection of art, engineering, history, and culture, making it a rich subject across disciplines including art history, design theory, urban studies, and the humanities. Students engage with it in courses ranging from survey classes on Western art history to specialized seminars on phenomenology, postmodernism, and vernacular building traditions. The field rewards academic inquiry because architecture is never purely aesthetic — every building encodes decisions about function, materials, society, and meaning. Core theoretical debates, such as whether form follows function remains a viable principle, push students to think critically about how designed structures reflect and shape human life.

The papers archived on this topic take a wide range of approaches. Historical surveys trace the development of styles from the Romanesque period and French Renaissance to Postmodernism. Theoretical analyses examine the work of specific architects — Tadao Ando's use of light, Michelangelo's relationship to Mannerism, and Steven Holl's phenomenological practice all appear as focal points. Comparative and cross-disciplinary essays explore how textiles, nature, and early Islamic decorative arts influenced architectural form and design. Thinkers such as Laugier, Banham, Greenough, and Fathy serve as reference points for arguments about architectural principles and ethics.

A strong architecture essay establishes a clear, arguable thesis rather than simply describing a building or period. The most persuasive papers ground claims in specific formal evidence — spatial organization, materials, structural logic, and historical context — rather than general impressions. The most common pitfall is treating architecture as background rather than as the primary subject: every observation should connect back to what a design decision reveals about built form, cultural values, or theoretical principle.

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Essay Doctorate
The case for nurture over nature in human development
Nurture refers to personal experience, context, and environment (physical and social) with respect to what has a greater influence over a person's character as well as the general outcome of his/her life. It is a debate that has engaged those in the social sciences, such as sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists, as well as debated by political scientists and philosophers. Nurture may also be referred to as behaviorism or empiricism in the context of this debate. It is the position of the paper that though both nature and nurture have affective influence over each individual, nurture is the factor that ultimately wields more power over determining the type of person someone will be as well as the overall course of that person's life.
Paper Doctorate
Ed Benedict Park's design and urban recreational philosophy
This document includes a description of a specific park in the city of Portland, Oregon, called Ed Benedict Park. A very brief history of the park is given and the several different elements that make up the park as a whole are described. Reference is made to certain theories and statements on the aesthetics and the purpose an design elements of public parks.
Paper Undergraduate
The Farmery business plan: urban agriculture and retail integration
This paper is a business plan for the Farmery, which is a container based retail outlet that grows its own food in the containers. The plan includes product description, market analysis, demographics, marketing strategy, competition analysis, company organization, advertising plan, philosophy, personnel policies, training, manufacturing plan and financial pro formas.
Paper Undergraduate
Alcan's decentralized IT structure and enterprise system consolidation challenge
Alcan's continued revenue growth is the result of the combined success of increasing sales in four main business units, in addition to growth through acquisition. The cumulative effects of these two factors have served to create a profitable business and one where a highly decentralized organizational structure dominates (Chang, Wang, 2011). The catalyst of the organization becoming so decentralized is the continued revenue gains made across four businesses, each competing in market areas that face heavy pricing and commodity-like market conditions. Despite the heavily process-centric based approaches the industry takes to supply chain management, production and distribution, Alcan has been also able to profitably grow sales in the more mature markets they compete in. The senior management and IT departments credit the highly decentralized nature of the enterprise-wide systems that run the company. During the time period of the case, Alcan generated $23.6B in sales in 2006, and has 68,000 employees throughout its global operations that span 61 countries. The four major groups include Primary Metal, Engineered Products, Packaging and Bauxite & Alumina. Each of these business groups have their own Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system and IT infrastructure. They each also have their own maintenance contracts with enterprise software vendors including SAP who the company pays approximately $100M a year in maintenance fees to. There are also the costs of operating over 400 different pricing systems, many of which duplicate functions across divisions as well. The new CIO of the company, Robert Ouellette, enters into a challenging situation and one that will require a completely different IT and organizational structure to succeed. Organizational Environment The Alcan organizational environment is highly decentralized to the point of there being four separate companies in the same corporation, each with its own entire value chain and supporting functions. As with the value chain concept, each of the four divisions has created its own main and supporting functions, and no two business units or divisions are the same. From the initial supply chain management and supplier quality management processes and systems to the supplier qualification, new product development, production and fulfillment including logistics, each business unit is significantly different than the other. When information systems and processes become unique to a given organizational business unit or division, the information and intelligence shared redefines the identity and over time, the core competencies of a business unit (Boh, Yellin, 2007). This is exactly what's happening in the four business units of Alcan during the time period of the case study. The Primary Metal, Engineered Products, Packaging and Bauxite & Alumina have in effect become their own companies, each with its own ERP, Manufacturing Execution System (MES), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and myriad of pricing and distribution systems. The case states that there are over 400 different pricing systems in place across the four business units or divisions. CIO Robert Ouellette and other senior executives see the potential for consolidating all systems together and creating a centralized IT architecture. Creating a highly centralized IT architecture and framework would require the fundamental structure of the company to change significantly. It would also require an entirely new IT architecture, followed by redefinition of processes, systems and procedures throughout the company. As the information platforms or technologies of a business define not only the performance of divisions but the structure and performance of business models over time, Robert Ouellette and his staff must think strategically as to how they will modify the overall organizational structure.
Paper Doctorate
College education as opportunity for exploration and self-discovery
The focus of the article is to examine the purpose of college of my college experience and the extent of my major on that experience. The article examines how college provides a freedom that forces a person to develop a structure or individual experience through the irreplaceable variety created by courage. The other aspects addressed in the paper are the overall purpose of college education, liberating freedom of college, and the inadequacy of internship experiences.
Research Paper Doctorate
Using multiple intelligences theory to integrate art across the curriculum
The textbook explains many ways art can be worked into the larger curriculum. Such integration of art into the larger curriculum would do more than validate art as a field of study.
Research Paper Doctorate
Ancient Greek tombs on the islands of Amorgos and Antiparos
One of the ways in which the art, history and architecture of ancient cultures can be understood and investigated is through what is left behind to be examined. Some of the most permanent artifacts that are available…
Research Paper Doctorate
Santiago Calatrava's architectural design philosophy and revolutionary structures
Santiago Calatrava's name is synonymous with modern architectural design. This Spaniard architect single-handedly revolutionized our concept of modern, chic, futuristic yet functional architecture by giving putting some…
Research Paper Doctorate
The Great Depression: origins, causes, and economic theories
Since its earliest days, capitalism has been plagued by cycles of boom and bust. Nineteenth Century America frequently suffered "Panics" as stock markets temporarily declined, and industrial production experienced…
Research Paper Doctorate
John Ruskin's theory of freedom and architectural beauty
¶ … John Ruskin/s beliefs in a the Seven Lamps of Architecture. The author of this paper presents a general overview of the book and then narrows the paper's focus to include Ruskin's claim that free people can only…