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At theapy entails ceative pocedues that wok well with povision of a safe envionment, and tust, which allows patients with psychotic disodes to expess desiable emotions. Ceative pocedues pomote awaeness, expession as well as enhance insight hence pomoting an individual mental health. At theapy impoves quality of life and at the same time pomotes social functioning. To people with schizophenia, at theapy educes negative symptoms and help patients to build up new ways of connecting with othe people. In this egad, this pape evaluates an aticle based on the cost effectiveness and effects of goup at theapy to people with schizophenia. The pape highlights the aticle, pupose and hypotheses used by the eseaches. Additionally, this bief oveview highlights the eseach design, majo findings, stengths, weaknesses, and the value of the aticle in the field of psychology and to the aticle consume.
Killaspy, H., Baett, B., Patteson, S., & Tye, P.,…
reference list at the end of the paper. Moreover, the methods section is reasonably sectioned an aspect that enhances the understanding of the reader.
Value of Article to Field of Psychology
The article is of exceptional value to the field of psychology given that it touches on the importance and the cost effectiveness of art therapy to people with schizophrenia. Particularly, through the article, psychologists can gain knowledge with respect to reduction of negative effects of schizophrenia as well as in enhancing the relationship between a therapist and a patient. More so, the articles form a strong basis for integration of psychosocial and social intervention in treatment of schizophrenia.
Value of Article to You, as a Consumer and Trainee
As a consumer and a trainee in the field of psychology, this article offers more information on the significance of social activities in treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. I would use the information to enhance schizophrenia patient's health and improve their social functioning. With respect to research, the article has helped me understand the key constituents of a research such research design, study sample, ethical consideration to mention but a few. More so, the article has helped me understand the significance of literature review in the sense that it helps one ascertain gaps in literature, which consequently helps a researcher in determining a research topic.
Art Therapy a form of psychotherapy?
Since the middle of the twentieth century, artistic expression and creation have been seen as valuable assets in the context of therapy and rehabilitation. The impact that art therapy has had on the field of psychology is undeniable, and its influence has contributed to the development of various diagnostic tools and interventions used in psychotherapy. The practice of art therapy involves the process of image making and its resulting products, as well as the relationship dynamic between the client and the therapist in relation to the image and/or each other (Edwards, 2004). Specific definitions of the term 'art therapy' are conflicting and numerous (Edwards, 2004). Currently, the British Association of Art Therapists perceives art therapy as process of practitioners enabling psychological and emotional growth and change in clients through artistic creation, and the relationship between the client and the therapist is viewed as integral…
References
Case C. & Dalley, T. (Eds.) (1992). The Handbook of Art Therapy. London: Tavistock / Routledge.
Edwards, D. (2004). Art Therapy. London: Sage.
Hogan, S. (2001). Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Karkou, V. & Sanderson, P. (2006). Art Therapies: A Research-based Map of the Field. Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
It is perhaps for this reason that Natalie ogers' person-centered approach to art therapy is the preferred approach, as it allows for artistic expression in a multitude of ways -- art, dance, drama, etc. -- and it is the patient or "client" who decides what works best for them. Said Carl ogers of his person-centered techniques, and also his relationship with his clients:
the relationship with I have found helpful is characterized by a sort of transparency on my part, in which my feelings are evident; by an acceptance of this other person as a separate person with value in his [or her] own right; and by a deep empathetic understanding which enables me to see his private world through his eyes. (Sommers-Flanagan 121)
In other words, the key to successful art therapy is the therapist's acknowledgement and appreciation of the differences -- cultural, racial, and otherwise -- between himself…
References
Beavis, M. And Bull, S. (2008). Isobel's Images -- one woman's experience of art therapy. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37, 103-109.
Epp, K.M. (2008). Outcome-Based Evaluation of Social Skills Program Using Art Therapy and Group Therapy for Children on the Autism Spectrum. National Association of Social Workers.
Lewis, P. (1997). Multiculturalism and Globalism in the Arts and Psychotherapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, Vol. 24, No. 2, 123-127.
McGann, E. (2006). Color Me Beautiful: Racism, Identity Formation, and Art Therapy. Journal of Emotional Abuse, Vol. 6, No. 2-3, 197-217.
Art therapy is a growing field that needs to have more attention paid to it in order to fully appreciate its value. It helps children become more psychologically healthy by providing them with an outlet that allows them to express themselves in ways that they might not have been able to. In the end, what art therapy has demonstrated is that there are alternatives to the standard curriculum, and by implementing different choices for children, there will be emotional, mental, and psychological benefits.
eferences:
Junge, M.B. (2010). The Modern History of Art Therapy in the United States.
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher LTD. Print.
ubin, J.A. (2005). Child Art Therapy. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
Inc. Print.
Malchiodo, C.A. (2007). The art therapy sourcebook. New York, New York: Mc-
Graw Hill. Print.
Art Therapy For Children: Learn how and why therapists are using Art Therapy with children.…
References:
Junge, M.B. (2010). The Modern History of Art Therapy in the United States.
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher LTD. Print.
Rubin, J.A. (2005). Child Art Therapy. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
Inc. Print.
Children need special attention when dealing with traumas they might not fully understand. Thus art therapy has been proven to benefit the increasing number of children dealing with PTSD and other trauma related disorders creating fear and anxiety within the innocent child. Another major benefit of art therapy is that of the informal nature of the expression. Unlike language which is complicated through strict grammatical rules, artistic expression has the freedom to express complexities outside of language (Malchiodi 2006). In children, who do not yet have a full grasp and understanding of the complexities of language, art therapy allows certain emotions to come out which would have otherwise been unable to be expressed using a limited word bank and language ability, "Children do not have extensive vocabularies for describing their feelings and experiences, but they are generally comfortable with art as a natural way to communicate," (Malchiodi 2006:13). And so,…
References
Casura, Lily. (2008). Catharsis: art therapy, trauma, and PTSD. Healing Combat Trauma. Retrieved 19 Jan 2008 at http://www.healingcombattrauma.com/2008/08/art-therapy-trauma-and-ptsd.html .
Chapman, Linda M.; Morabito, Diane; Ladakakos, Chris; Schreir, Herbert; Knudson, M.
Margaret. (2001). The effectiveness of art therapy interventions in reducing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pediatric patients. Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association. 18(2):100-104.
Freeman, Chris. (2006). Psychological and drug therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry. 5(7):231-237.
Regardless of the type of loss, the child may experience feelings of emptiness, anger, confusion, desertion, and insecurity. In addition, he or she is almost certain to feel responsible, and guilty about the loss he or she has experienced." (nd) ehavioral manifestations of the inability to cope with feelings of grief include "angry outbursts, irritability, sleeping and eating disorders, and persistent questioning about the details of death." (Fiorini and Mullen, 2007) Frequent expression of grief in childhood and adolescence include "fear of personal fallibility, psychosomatic ailments, and difficulties with schoolwork, nightmares or sleep disorders, changes in eating patterns, temporary regressions and shock." (Fiorini and Mullen, 2007) Fiorini and Mullen note that four tasks were outlines by Fox (1985) in assisting children with understanding their grief, commemorating the loss and with moving on with their life. It is stated that interventions that have been successful in children who are dealing with…
Bibliography
Art Therapy (2008) National Standard - the Authority on Integrated Medicine. Online available at http://www.naturalstandard.com/index-abstract.asp?create-abstract=/monographs/alternativemodalities/patient-arttherapy.asp
Malachiodi, Cathy a. (2003) Using Creative Activities as Intervention for Grieving Children. Trauma and Loss: Research and Interventions Vol. 3 No. 1, 2003. The National Institute of Trauma and Loss in Children. Online available at http://www.tlcinstitute.org/creative.html
Fiorini, Jody J. And Mullen, Jodi a. (2007) Understanding Grief and Loss in Children - Article Seven.
Nabors, Laura, et al. (2004) a Pilot Study of the Impact of a Grief Camp for Children. Cambridge Journals Palliative and Support Care 2004 Vol. 2-19 Jul 2005. Online available at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=8DE0B69D35D46519FE4401EA5F569E1C.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=315560
Art Therapy for Abused Children
Art therapy is a psychotherapeutic discipline using plastic and graphic art expression as a means of expressing thoughts and feelings that an individual may be unable or unwilling to verbalize (Di Maria pp). Each client's diagnosis, needs, interests, and capabilities are formulated in the goals of the therapy (Di Maria pp). Art therapists encourage their clients to express personal concerns through the creation of art, and the work can be viewed as a tangible record of progress, as well as an indication of where further therapeutic interventions should take place (Di Maria pp). This art may server as a springboard for verbal communication and also a source of pride of accomplishment for the client (Di Maria pp). Audrey Di Maria says that children often come to their first art therapy session expecting to fail because they are afraid of messing up or that their work…
Work Cited
Di Maria, Audrey. What is Art Therapy? Retrieved October 17, 2005 from:
http://www.ldonline.org/article.php?max=20& ; id=516& loc=76
Drawings. Library Resources. Retrieved October 17, 2005 from:
http://ipt-forensics.com/library/images5.htm
Hope the readers found pleasure in reading the history i.e. The experiences of the former innovators.
eferences
Betensky, M.G. (1973). Self-discovery through self-expression. IL Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Case, C., & Dalley, T. (1992). The Handbook of Art Therapy. New York: outledge.
Detre, K.C., Frank, T., Kniazzeh, C.., obinson, M., ubin, J.A., & Ulman, E. (1983). oots of art therapy: Margerat Naumberg (1890-1983) and Florence Cane (1882-1952): A family portrait. American Journal of Art Therapy, 22, 111-123.
E.Scholt, C. (2008, August 21). Family therapy approaches. etrieved from MyShrink.com: http://www.myshrink.com/family-therapy-approaches.php
Handbook of Art therapy. (2003). New York: The Guilford Press.
Hogan, S. (2001). Healing Arts: The History of Art Therapy. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Junge, M.B., & Asawa, P. (1994). A history of art therapy in the United States. Mundelein IL: American Art Therapy Asscociation.
Kwiatkowska, H.Y. (1978). Family therapy and evaluation through art. IL Springfield: Charles C.
Lachman-Chapin, 2., Jones,…
References
Betensky, M.G. (1973). Self-discovery through self-expression. IL Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Case, C., & Dalley, T. (1992). The Handbook of Art Therapy. New York: Routledge.
Detre, K.C., Frank, T., Kniazzeh, C.R., Robinson, M., Rubin, J.A., & Ulman, E. (1983). Roots of art therapy: Margerat Naumberg (1890-1983) and Florence Cane (1882-1952): A family portrait. American Journal of Art Therapy, 22, 111-123.
E.Scholt, C. (2008, August 21). Family therapy approaches. Retrieved from MyShrink.com: http://www.myshrink.com/family-therapy-approaches.php
Self-harming Behavior and Young People
PART A
Young people engaging in self-harming behaviors is referred to as non-suicidal self-injury: this is deliberate, concerted harm to the physical body, without the desire to commit suicide (Klonsky, 2010). Young people often engage in these behaviors through the cutting of the top layer of the skin, hitting, or cutting. Many professionals within the field of mental health find this behaviour very distressing, as there’s such a clear connection to suicide. “Some argue that self-injury should constitute its own diagnostic syndrome in light of the behavior’s clinical significance and presence across multiple disorders” (Klonsky, 2010). Though it is worth noting that self-harming behaviors does manifest with a range of conditions, from eating disorders, to personality disorders, to drug addiction and anxiety issues (Klonsky, 2010). Self-harm is also referred to as “non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour” (NSSI) and the Center for Disease Control cites that suicide is…
References
De Silva, S., Parker, A., Purcell, R., Callahan, P., Liu, P., & Hetrick, S. (2013). Mapping the evidence of prevention and intervention studies for suicidal and self-harming behaviors in young people. Crisis.
Gladstone, G. L., Parker, G. B., Mitchell, P. B., Malhi, G. S., Wilhelm, K., & Austin, M. P. (2004). Implications of childhood trauma for depressed women: an analysis of pathways from childhood sexual abuse to deliberate self-harm and revictimization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1417-1425.
Greydanus, D. E., & Shek, D. (2009). Deliberate self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Keio journal of medicine, 58(3), 144-151.
Hilton, B. (2015, June). Scraping By-Self Care Writing for non-suicidal self-injury. Retrieved from https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/file/1740ead5-a3d5-4a31-8b24-92c5e861d36c/1/Hilton_2016_01Thesis.pdf
Klonsky, E. D. (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry research, 166(2-3), 260- 268.
Milia, D. (2000). Self-mutilation and art therapy: Violent creation. London, England: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Miner, C. L., Love, H. A., & Paik, S. E. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: addressing the function and the family from the perspective of systemic family therapies. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 44(4), 211-220.
Moran, P., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Olsson, C., Borschmann, R., Carlin, J. B., & Patton, G. C. (2012). The natural history of self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet, 379(9812), 236-243.
There are many instances of art acting as a means of enabling people back to health. This healing aspect of creativity is, I believe, due to the fact that we are liberated from the restrictions of the world in the process of creativity and because artworks are in a sense the residue of the experience of spiritual and expanded consciousness.
There are numerous clinical studies which show the effective of art therapy. For example, a number or art therapists have studied the affect of art therapy on people who have experienced loss. "Art therapists consistently observe the power and potential of art to help identify, cope with, and heal the pain experienced during the grief process..." (Hill, M.A.)
However, the healing process in creativity can best be explained by the deeper meaning of spontaneity.
Nachmanovitch asks the important question: "How does one learn improvisation?" The answer to this question is…
References
Hill M.A. Healing grief through art: art therapy bereavement group workshops. Retrieved 8 September, 2006, from Malinda Ann, M.A http://www.drawntogether.com/healing.htm
Nachmanovitch, S. (1990) Free play: The Power of Improvisation in Life and the Arts. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher.
Wordsworth W. LINES COMPOSED a FEW MILES ABOVE TINTERN ABBEY,
ON REVISITING the BANKS of the WYE DURING a TOUR. JULY 13, 1798. Retrieved September 7, 2006, at http://www.bartleby.com/145/ww138.html
As an example, I may state, "I'm painting while moving the brush in an up-and-down motion, at this easel."
In addition, I would incorporate rebus charts that illustrate the steps needed for the art project, for the students to refer to.
There will be no restrictions on how the materials or the tools could be used. If a child prefers to place their paper on the floor, instead of an easel, while painting, this would be allowed.
If a child would prefer to hold the paintbrush in their mouths as opposed to with their fingers, this would be allowed as well. Part of the instruction period would include demonstration of some alternative uses of materials and tools and encouragement of the children to try different things. And, lastly, the tools that are used will be adaptive for the children. Glue sticks will be used when possible, as opposed to the…
References
Dunlap, Linda. An Introduction to Early Childhood Special Education. MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1997.
Competence in AASEC Outcomes
Autobiography
Pesonal Educational Philosophy
AASEC-1 Knowledge Base (CE299-1)
AASEC-2 Child, Family, and Community elationships (CE299-2).
AASEC-3 Observation and Assessment (CE299-3).
AASEC-4 Learning Environments (CE299-4)
AASEC-5 Ethics and Professionalism (CE299-5)
AASEC-6 Individuality and Cultural Diversity (CE299-6).
Autobiography
Use your Unit 1 Project
I am 47-year-old individual who grew up in Brooklyn, New York, in the public school setting. I grew up in the projects and my mother was a teen mother since she was 14-years old when my twin brother and I were born. In addition to loving basketball, my twin brother and I generally grew up in a rough neighborhood or environment.
The educational setting in which I participated was
The educational setting or context in which I participated was similar to normal educational settings. This setting was known as PAL, an afterschool program that assisted me with my school work and playing sports, especially basketball.…
References
Cherry, K. (2014). What Is Art Therapy? Retrieved from about.com: http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/art-therapy.htm
Riley, S. (2001). Art therapy with adolescents. Western Journal of Medicine, 54 -- 57.
sjcshk.com. (2007). What is Art Therapy? Retrieved from sjcshk.com: http://www.sjcshk.com/Art%20Therapy.html
For example, the ethnic client who paints a huge red heart with an arrow piercing its center is communicating a universally understood message: I have been affected by love/passion/emotion.
Natalie Rogers, founder of the Person Centered Expressive Therapy Institute is a strong proponent of expressive art. In this form of art therapy, the ethnic client is encouraged to "express inner thoughts by creating outer forms."
When treating a client with art therapy, Ms. Rogers uses many techniques of expressive art: drawing, coloring, dancing, musical demonstrations, and the like.
Once these exercises are completed, the participants are encouraged to explore the nuances involved in the interaction: did communication occur? Was it a pleasant experience? Were boundaries an issue? Who led? Who followed?
Despite the fact that this work is not done solely with ethnically displaced clients, the premise remains the same; through expressive creativity, one's self may be realized, recognized, and…
Bibliography
Art Therapy, a Guide for Mental Health Professionals. New York: Brunner/Mazel,
Inc.
Burt, H. (1993). Issues in art therapy with the culturally displaced American Indian youth. Arts in Psychotherapy. 20: 143-151.
Cohen, B., Barnes, M., & Rankin, a. (1995). Managing Traumatic Stress Through Art. Maryland: Sidran Press.
The production of art should be viewed as a necessity for everyone, the rich or poor, smart or dumb, disturbed or not (Sweet pp). The contemporary tendency to diminish the importance of what used to be referred to as a "liberal arts education," and the downsizing of art and music classes in our grade schools, certainly underscores society's miscomprehension of the "basic need to know ourselves and the best means to exercise that knowledge" (Sweet pp). Joseph Campbell speculated that art and its creation were the only religion left in society, and De Tocqueville's Democracy in America suggests that art embodies the individual's power to combat the tyranny of the majority (Sweet pp).
In June 2005, the International Society for Performing Arts' Board, which is supported by 210 delegates from 28 countries representing Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Africa, voted to endorse a statement urging the world's government…
Works Cited
Government Support for Cultural Activities. Retrieved August 31, 2005 at http://www.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/freedom2.html
ISPA Urges World's Leaders to Support the Arts. 2005 June 22.
International Society for the Performing Arts Foundation. Retrieved August 31, 2005 at http://www.ispa.org/gateshead/statement.html
Sweet, Robert Burdette. Creatures of the metaphor. (the importance of art and metaphor to society). The Humanist. 1995 November 01. Retrieved August 31, 2005 from HighBeam Research Library Web site.
Employment Letter
Creative Arts Therapist
Dear Department of Veterans Affairs,
I am writing to apply for the position of Creative Arts Therapist (Music), as advertised on the U.S.A. JOBS database (http://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/324855700). I am an American citizen and am compelled to treat those who have fought in the armed services. I also have a valid American driver's license, and would be available to relocate on short notice. It would truly be an honor and a privilege to assist the heroes who fight for our freedom.
I am currently receiving my associate's degree in Creative Arts Therapy. Although I do not possess substantial experience, my familiarity with both psychotherapy and dramatic arts ensures that I will provide outstanding service. I am talented in assembling pre-evaluation data, interpreting medical records, review prescriptions issued by the physician, conducting mental and physical evaluations, and finally, developing treatment plans. I have energy and compassion and will…
References
The New School For Public Engagement. (2012). Creative Arts Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.newschool.edu/continuing-education/creative-arts-therapy-certification/ .
USA Jobs. (2012). Creative Arts Therapist (Music). Retrieved from http://www.usajobs.gov/GetJob/ViewDetails/324855700 .
Perceptions are generally based on the present, and therefore, the need to explore the past by delving into it in great detail becomes totally unnecessary. Glasser felt that even if the person exhibited bizarre and extremely strange types of behavior at a particular time, it was because of an innate reason of trying and attempting to find the best solution in order to meet the person's needs at that particular time in his life, and therefore, it was logical and sane to him, if not to others who would sometimes label him as strange or insane. (the Use of eality Therapy in Guidance in second Level Schools) delinquent would make choices based on the best way to meet his basic needs at that time, and therefore, must not be criticized. This, in essence formed the theory of eality Therapy of William Glasser, wherein the concept of 'Choice Theory' was emphasized…
References
Hazelden, Paul. "Reality Therapy" Retrieved at http://www.hazelden.org.uk/gr01/art_gr003_reality_therapy.htm . Accessed on 30 November, 2004
Historic Overview of Psychiatric Care" Retrieved at http://www.jcjc.cc.ms.us/faculty/adn/jmcmillan/psychcl1.html. Accessed on 30 November, 2004
Lennon, Brian. "From Reality Therapy to Reality Therapy in Action" Retrieved at http://www.socc.ie/~wgii/articlebl.htm. Accessed on 30 November, 2004
Lennon, Brian. "The Use of Reality Therapy in Guidance in second Level Schools" Retrieved at http://www.ncge.ie/handbook_docs/Section1/Reality_Therapy_Guide_Sch.doc . Accessed on 30 November, 2004
Lowenfeld's Stages Of Artistic Development
The artistic development theory that most pertains to the work I did with my student for this assignment is Lowenfeld's stages of artistic development. One of the things that was most interesting about applying this theory to the student I worked with is that she appeared to be between stages. Subsequently, my observations of her work, my interactions with her, and her expectations for her artistic prowess were different from any of the stages expressly identified by this theory. Nonetheless, by combining different aspects of two of those stages, I was able to influence this student's artistic expectations and understand exactly where she was in her process of artistic development.
Prior to explicating the relevance of Lowenfeld's stages of artistic development, it is necessary to provide some background information about the student with whom I worked. She is 11 years old, and is of both…
References
Blos, P. (1962). On adolescence: A psychoanalytic interpretation. New York: The Free Press.
Derman-Sparks, P.G. & Ramsey, J. (2006). What if all the kids are white? Anti-bias multicultural education with young children and families. New York: Teachers College Press.
Herman, J.L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
Hurwitz, A. & Day, M. (1995). Children and their art. New York: Harcort Brace.
The therapist, who withholds judgment and criticism, ceases to be perceived in the mind of the prisoner like an adjunct of the guard or police, but as a facilitator of positive changes in the lives of the prisoners (p. 102).
Correctional practitioners often speak of "getting back to basics." eality Therapy and Choice Theory, which is an excellent tool for either classroom or self-study, is about just that. In the mid-1970s as a young juvenile correctional officer, I was trained in reality therapy as it was the cornerstone of treatment at the New Mexico Girls School. Since that time, many new approaches have been implemented, but if one closely examines all the "innovative juvenile treatment approaches," reality therapy is a basic component of each, and to this day, is the cornerstone of the most effective methods of working with youths. This process teaches youths to stop placing blame on others…
References
http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27985548
Brown, N.W. (1996). Expressive Processes in Group Counseling: Theory and Practice. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=27985548 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002544140
Clark, K. (2003). Bringing Back Compassion, Counseling and Mental Health: Featured Presenter Dr. William Glasser Discusses Choice Theory, the New Reality Therapy with Annals. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 6(2), 11+. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002544140 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104722137
Hardcastle, D.A., Powers, P.R., & Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104722138 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5007703291
Multiple studies support the use of cognitive behavioral approaches in individual therapy combined with group therapy sessions to support self-care behavior, self-efficacy and positive patient outcomes (Van der Ven, et. al, 2005; Bernard & Goodyear, 1002; Alterkruse & ay, 2000). Altekruse & ay (2000) also support the notion that group therapy may be interchangeable with individual therapy to promote positive outcomes among patients.
Conclusions
esults of the studies reviewed suggest a new approach to group therapy should include individual and group sessions that encourage patients to focus on their successes rather than failures. At this time the evidence supporting group therapy over individual therapy is conflicting. Much of the research suggests that both approaches may be equally effective. egardless many therapists still advocate group therapy as a primary modality for overcoming patient issues.
Pre-group training sessions may help members of the group adopt a new attitudes toward therapy that enables…
References
Altekrsue, M. & Ray, D. (2000). "Effectiveness of group supervision vs. combined group and individual supervision." Counselor Education and Supervision, 40(1):19.
Bernard, J., & Goodyear, R. (1998). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (2nd ed.).
Boston: Allyn & Bacon
Classen, C. (2000). "Group therapy for cancer patients: A research-based handbook of psychosocial care." New York: Basic Books.
Teaching in the Self-Contained Classroom
Music, Art and Phys. Ed. In Self-contained classroom
In 1996, the United States Department of Education mandated laws that required school districts to create inclusive programs to integrate students with various disabilities into the general school population.
However, a study conducted by the National Council on disabilities in 2000 showed that most school districts have not transitioned into full mainstream classes. Instead, an estimated 20% of children with disabilities continue to spend their schooldays in self-contained classrooms, apart from the general school population (right and right).
Proponents of the self-contained classroom, however, believe that such settings can be advantageous, particularly for students with hearing impairments, mental retardation and those with physical or learning disabilities.
This paper examines how students in total or semi-self-contained classrooms can benefit from instruction in art, music and physical education. It looks at the challenges of teaching such classes and how…
Works Cited
Boyer, Lynn and Christine Lee. "Converting Challenge to Success: Supporting a New Teacher of Students with Autism." The Journal of Special Education, 35(2). Summer 2001. Wilson Database.
MacDonald, Victoria and Deborah L. Speece. "Making Time: A teacher's Report on Her First Year of Teaching Children with Emotional Disabilities." The Journal of Special Education, 35(2). Summer 2001. ProQuest Database.
Shapiro, Deborah R. And L. Kristi Sayers. "Who Does What on the Interdisciplinary Team: Regarding Physical Education for Students With Disabilities?" Teaching Exceptional Children, 35(6). July/August 2003. Wilson Database.
Wexler, Alice. "Painting their Way Out: Profiles of Adolescent Art Practice at the Harlem Hospital Art Studio." Studies in Art Education, 43(4). Summer 2002. ProQuest Databse.
Person-Centered Therapy
I would imagine that being a co-therapist for W.M. using person-centered or ogerian technique would present some interesting difficulties. The first thought that occurs to me is instinctual: W.M. is a young man who has experienced some traumatic life events, but also uses (in Karen's words) "dark humor and attention-getting language" to express himself. My instinctive response is to wonder how to respond to W.M.'s humor within the context of ogers's famous "unconditional positive regard" shown by therapist to client (Corey 2013).
In some sense, W.M.'s dark humor is a bit of a trap for the ogerian therapist. Outside of a therapy session, humor is an important social mode for a 21-year-old male. Women his age will frequently say they are searching for a great sense of humor in selecting a boyfriend, and group dynamics among late adolescents frequently center around shared jokes. In some sense, not to…
References
Corey, G. (2013). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. (Ninth Edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Electromagnetic Therapy
A review of the existing scientific literature
The use of magnets in medicine is long-standing. "Physicians from ancient Greece, China, Japan, and Europe successfully applied natural magnetic materials in their daily practice" (Marko 2007). This is "based on the belief that an imbalance of the electromagnetic frequencies or fields of energy can cause illness. By applying electrical energy to the body, the imbalance can be corrected. Many electrical devices are available on the market to treat a variety of symptoms" (Electromagnetic Therapy, 2012, New York Presbyterian Hospital). "With the advent of the commercial availability of electricity during the last 20 years of the Nineteenth Century with a push by inventors and visionaries like Thomas Edison, an increase in experimentation and applied research by means of electromagnetic fields became more intense during the middle of the twentieth century" (Pretorious et al. 2011). However, the therapy's full incorporation into contemporary…
References
Battisti, E., Albanese, A., Bianciardi, L., Piazza, E., Rigato, M., Vittoria, A., & Giordano, N.
(2007). Efficacy and safety of new TAMMEF (therapeutic application of musically modulated electromagnetic fields) system in the treatment of chronic low back pain.
Environmentalist, 27(4), 441-445.
Cadossi, R., Setti, S., & Fini, M. (2011). Cartilage chondroprotection and repair with pulsed electromagnetic fields: I-ONE therapy. Environmentalist, 31(2), 149-154
Implications for ongoing research into genetic therapies and side effects/later developments are discussed at length.
Yannaki, E. & Stamatoyannopoulos, G. (2010). Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization strategies for gene therapy of beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1202: 59-63.
Though the clinical trial these two researchers are involved in does not yet have results that are ready for publication, the review of the risks they provide regarding the use of stem cell mobilization with G-CSF in patients with sickle cell is highly useful information. So, too, is the practice of pre-treating patients with hydroxyurea before administering the stem cell treatment, which the authors describe in detail and which forms the basis of the related clinical trial. Potential reduction of risks appears to be quite promising, though final results from the clinical trial and other supporting evidence will of course be required.
Ye, L.,…
Age/Grade Level of Children
Creative art forms like drawing, coloring, painting, and sculpting form a key constituent of toddler/ preschooler with special needs curriculum. Engaging in creating artworks supports child development over multiple domains besides facilitating development of small muscle control and coordination. This paper will deal with the planning of an art center for older toddlers with special needs (aged 2-3 years).
Number in Group
The class will comprise of 20 children with special needs aged 2-3 years, an easily manageable number. A maximum of 4 to 6 toddlers will be allowed into the center at a time to ensure smooth supervision. The toddlers with special needs may practice their cognitive skills through experimentation with color, band and texture, which offer self-discipline limits. Furthermore, art helps toddlers develop creativity (Aslin et al., 2014).
Goals of the Center
An art center for toddlers with special needs may aim at achieving…
History Of Occupational Therapy
Frame 1 - Introduction
Occupational therapy is an essential part of the recovery process. It allows the person to engage in meaningful activity that adds structure and purpose to their daily routine. Occupational therapy is now considered an essential part of the treatment process for those with long-term, or severe injuries. The role of the occupational therapist is to help the person we turn to a life where they can be independent and are in there and living, regardless of their condition. Occupational therapy helps a person to adjust to the changes in their lives as result of a severe illness or injury. This presentation will explore the history of occupational therapy with a focus on the changes in paradigm that took place during the 1950s and 1960s.
Frame 2 - Occupational therapy was first conceived in the early part of the 1900s. It was originally…
References
American Occupational Therapy Associaton. (2010). Occupational Therapist. Health Care
Careers Directory 2009-2010. Retrieved from 0 http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/40/tr01-occup-ther.pdf
Essentials of an acceptable school of occupational therapy. (1950). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 4, 126-128.
Kearney, P. (2004). The Influence of Competing Paradigms on Occupational Therapy Education:
Online Therapy Services
The first online therapy site that this paper will examine is the site known as Betterhelp.com. This site assists people in dealing with some of the obstacles and challenges that life presents them with. This site asserts that these issues can be tough for any individual to face alone, and offers support from professional counselors as a means of helping one create bigger changes. One of the ways that the site pitches itself to potential clients is by the fact that help is discreet and affordable.
The professionals involved are all licensed, accredited, and trained professionals in the field of mental health: there are psychologists, marriage and family therapists, social workers and professional counselors. All of them have graduate degrees in their field and are all certified by their state professional boards, having completed all the requirements for practice. In order to work on the site, the…
References
Betterhelp.com. (2014). Meet the Counselors. Retrieved from Betterhelp.com: https://www.betterhelp.com/about/
Breakthrough.com. (2014). Why online therapy? Retrieved from breakthrough.com: https://www.breakthrough.com/why
Virtualtherapyconnect.com. (2014). Privacy and Security. Retrieved from virtualtherapyconnect.com: https://virtualtherapyconnect.com/virtual-therapy/security-and-hipaa
personal theories about change and therapy as part of developing a personal therapeutic approach and process. The exploration begins with examining personal beliefs regarding health, normalcy, and change. The author also includes a discussion about the theoretical foundations influencing personal style of therapy. A description of a personal therapy process and culturally responsive therapy is also included in the article. The final section provides a theory of therapy diagram based on cognitive behavioral therapy.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Michael White and David Epston have played a crucial part in explaining family therapy for nearly two decades through contributing to the emergence of numerous concepts in textbooks and handbooks of family therapy (amey et. al., 2009, p.262). One of the concepts in family therapy is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which is used to treat people with several problems including mental health issues. The use of such theoretical approaches is based on the fact…
References
Beck, J. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://www.beckinstitute.org/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/#q-n-a-1773
"Cognitive Behavior Therapy." (n.d.). Beck Institute. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://www.beckinstituteblog.org/cognitive-behavioral-therapy/
Hays, P.A. (2012). Culturally responsive cognitive-behavioral therapy in practice. Washington,
D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy- A Case Study
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) Case Study
Case report
K is a forty-eight-year female who referred to Midlothian's clinical psychology psychosis service. K has a twenty-year history of mental health conditions. She first decided to contact mental health services because of the episodes of paranoia and severe depression she had experienced. During her initial contact with the mental health services she was diagnosed with schizo-affective disorder in 1996. When she was first referred to the mental health services department she was a single. She told of having only two close relationships in her past life. She however also said that she found these relationships challenging when it came to intimate contact. She also generally described that she found it somewhat difficult to form friendships or to trust people in her life. Despite the mental health conditions her general physical well-being was good. K was prescribed…
References
Bladek, M. (2014). Against memory: Acts of remembering in Jamaica Kincaid's My Brother. Retrieved from http://criticism.english.illinois.edu/2007%20Fall%20Documents/Affect%20Abstracts/Abstracts.htm
DeJong, P. & . Berg I.K (1998): Interviewing for solutions. Thomson: Brooks/Cole.
Drisko, J. (2014). Research Evidence and Social Work Practice: The Place of Evidence-Based Practice. Clin Soc Work J. 42:123-133 DOI 10.1007/s10615-013-0459-9
Freud, S. (1924) A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Boni & Liveright.
Music therapy involves incorporating music into therapist-patient relationship development for promoting the latter's physiological, psychological, emotional and social health. One can consider music therapy to be a part of creative arts treatment, clinical treatment, or supplementary treatment relative to the conventional medical model. It encompasses numerous techniques such as playing a musical instrument, singing a song, listening to music and improvisation (McCaffrey 42). Autism spectrum disorder represents a lasting developmental disability which evolves at different levels of severity. The condition has been marked by the following three key characteristics: challenges when it comes to forging social bonds; intense limited fanatic interests; and issues when communicating verbally and non-verbally (National Autistic Society 1)
The Benefits of Music Therapy for Children with Autism
Autistic kids depict greater sensitivity to anxiety as compared to non-autistic ones, since they cannot effectively filter out any triggering stimulus. Steady rhythmic music or classical songs are considered…
Works Cited
Autism Science Foundation. "Music Therapy May Help Children with Autism." ASF Blog. N.p., 30 Aug. 2013. Web. 27 June 2017.
Manfred, Theodoros. "Music Therapy for Autistic Children." HealthGuidance.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 27 June 2017.
McCaffrey, Triona. "Music Therapy Hits Right Note." Irish Medical Times, vol. 40, no. 49, 2006, pp. 42, Business Premium Collection.
National Autistic Society: National Autism Charities Join Forces to Fight for Autism during the General Election Campaign." M2 Presswire, Apr 18, 2005, pp. 1, Business Premium Collection.
In addition to this situation, a variety of situations exist in which the spirit may influence illness. Asian philosophies often discuss the spirit's relation to the body and illness, suggesting that those who can maintain their spirits also do a service to their bodies. For example, the ancient art of Shiatsu teaches that the body, mind, and spirit are all connected by energy, and that the Hara, located in the abdomen, is the center of the body that connects it to the spiritual world. Thus, by "centering" oneself, illness, pain, and even mental anguish can be overcome. Asian medical and spiritual arts like Shiatsu have come to influence the modern movement based on what is termed the law of attraction. This theory suggests that all living things are made of energy, and so the creation of positive energy through positive thoughts and an open spirit leads to better health.
While…
e learn that art can indeed reflect life but it can also inspire it beyond what the human mind can dream.
orks Cited
Bailey, Thomas, et al. The American Pageant. Lexington D.C. Heath and Company, 1994.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York: Penguin, 1982.
Levernier, James a. "Frederick Douglass: Overview." Reference Guide to American Literature, 3rd ed. 1994. GALE Resource Database. Site Accessed August 3, 2006. http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com
Norton, Mary Beth, et al. A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.
Richard Powell. African-American Art. 2005 Oxford University Press. http://www.aawc.com
Rodriguez, Junius P.. "African-American Experience: Art." African-American Experience. 12 September, 2008. http://aae.greenwood.com
Norton, Mary Beth, et al. A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, (1990). 278.
Bailey, Thomas, et al. The American Pageant. Lexington D.C. Heath and Company, (1994). 69.
Norton, Mary Beth, et al. A People and a…
Works Cited
Bailey, Thomas, et al. The American Pageant. Lexington D.C. Heath and Company, 1994.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York: Penguin, 1982.
Levernier, James a. "Frederick Douglass: Overview." Reference Guide to American Literature, 3rd ed. 1994. GALE Resource Database. Site Accessed August 3, 2006. http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com
Norton, Mary Beth, et al. A People and a Nation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.
Dance and the Treatment of PTSD/Mental Illness
The first key concept of the article is the notion that "arts-based programming" is a positive and helpful way to treat PTSD. This theory aligns with classical psychology/philosophy -- namely, the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans, which was that the best way to cure the body and mind was to start by curing the soul. In order to do this, they used music, good environments, art, and other types of "cultural" productions to alleviate the stress in the individual's life and provide a better balance of confidence and ability in the person's psyche. This is the main idea of the study by the researchers ilbur et al. They elaborate on this idea by highlighting the effectiveness of dance as a treatment modality, stating that "dance is one of the most synchronized activities in which humans engage, and its neural substrates are…
Works Cited
Wilbur, Sarah, et al. "Dance for Veterans: A complementary health program for veterans with serious mental illness." Arts and Health, vol. 7, no. 2 (2015): 96-108.
The discipline or disciplines of various schools of psychology are continually evolving, and contrary to the idea that psychology looks to find excuses for behavior, psychology seeks to find ways to make life, and behaviors better. New therapies like Dialectical-Behavior Therapy (DBT), which stresses the replacement of negative coping mechanisms with positive coping mechanisms demands not extensive excavation of the past, one of the critiques of therapy, but aims to decrease patient behaviors that destroy the quality of their life such as self-harm. It helps the patient not focus on the past and live in the "present moment," with an almost Zen Buddhist like orientation of mindfulness (Sanderson, 1997). But it is also focused on setting practical life goals, and the therapy often has a fixed duration, in contrast to the assumption that psychotherapy is only available to the wealthy who have a great deal of free time. DBT offers…
Works Cited
Goldberg, Carl. (2000). "A Humanistic Psychology for the New Millennium."
Journal of Psychology. 134 (6). 677-682.
Marano, Hana. (2002). "Wrestling with bipolar disorder." Psychology Today.
Last reviewed Jun 2002. Revised 2005. Retrieved 16 Mar 2007 at http://psychologytoday.com/articles/index.php?term=pto-20&page=2
To use personal and later, cultural schemas in their most fruitful ways, the crayon and the magic market cannot be abandoned in favor of clicking a mouse, nor can arts education be relegated to second-class status, especially young children. Art teaches students motor skills, about space and depth, about using the world around them in a creative fashion, and helps them see things anew, as well as sharpens their realistic observational skills.
orks Cited
Popular magazine:
Dewan, Shalia. (2007, September 17). Using Crayons to Exorcise Katrina.
The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2009 at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/arts/design/17ther.html
Newspaper:
Geracimos, Ann. (2008, August 17). A box of possibilities: Children can learn a lot from colorful world of low-tech crayons. ashington Times, M.14. Retrieved March 21, 2009, from ProQuest Newsstand database. (Document ID: 1533647331).
ebsite:
Toku, Masami. (2002, Summer). Children's artistic and aesthetic development: The influence of pop-culture in children's drawings. Presented…
Works Cited
Popular magazine:
Dewan, Shalia. (2007, September 17). Using Crayons to Exorcise Katrina.
The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2009 at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/arts/design/17ther.html
Newspaper:
"
The author further explains that even though there are similarities between heterosexual and homosexual relationships as it pertains to reaction and the victim remaining in the relationship. Again the author explains "homophobia does not allow mainstream service providers to have an adequate conceptualization nor the development of preventive and remedial strategies for the people involved (Toro-Alfonso and Rodriguez-Madera, 2004)."
Therapy for those effected by domestic violence
Both perpetrators, victims and children exposed to domestic violence may require some type of therapy. In many cases anger management is often required and used to assist perpetrators in dealing with anger issues. In addition to anger management some professionals also utilize Art therapy to assist hose effected by domestic violence. Art therapy involves the use of the arts (music, panting writing) to assist people in eliminating violence from the household. According to Panzer et al. (2000) places such as shelters for battered…
Works Cited
"About Art Therapy." American Art Therapy Associationhttp://www.arttherapy.org/aboutart.htm
"Domestic Violence." National Institutes of Health. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/domesticviolence.html
McClennen, J.C.. (2005) Domestic Violence Between
Same-Gender Partners. Journal of Interpersonal violence. 20 (2), 149-154.
Bune's constuctivist theoy and the conceptual paadigms of Kolb's Expeiential Leaning theoy dawing on the associated theoies ae Kinesthetic and Embodied Leaning. As also noted in the intoductoy chapte, the guiding eseach question fo this study was, "What ae the caee paths fo teaching atists seeking to deploy into the field of community at and development?" To develop timely and infomed answes to this eseach question, this chapte povides a eview of the elevant pee-eviewed and scholaly liteatue concening these theoetical famewoks to investigate the diffeent caee paths teaching atists seek to deploy into the field of community at and development, including ceative community building and adult community centes such as woking with Alzheime's Disease and stoke victims.
Adult Leaning Theoies
Kolb's Expeiential Leaning Theoy. Thee ae a wide aay of theoetical models that can be used to identify and bette undestand teaching and leaning pefeences by educatos and students,…
references to improve coaching and athletic performance: Are your players or students kinesthetic learners? The Journal of Physical
Education, Recreation & Dance, 80(3), 30-34.
Fowler, J. (2013, March). Art rescue in a troubled world. Arts & Activities, 153(2), 36-39.
Kerka, S. (2002). Somatic/embodied learning and adult education: Trends and issues alert. ERIC
Kessler, R. (2000). The soul of education: Helping students find connection, compassion, and character at school. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum
opportunity to work at a nursing home, offering my support during physical, occupational, and speech therapy sessions. These sessions offered insight into diverse types of therapy. I worked with a range of different health care workers and specialists, lending insight into how each member of the health care team coordinates their efforts and communicates with each other as well as with patients and family. One of the types of therapy sessions that I supported at the nursing home was therapy with animals. We brought in several animals to assist with therapy, including dogs, cats, and exotic creatures. Therapy Dogs International (n.d.) provided the animals and sometimes the trainer.
The seniors responded well to these therapy sessions, and I intend to support such programs in the future by perhaps providing fund raising for organizations that offer animal therapy. I am also interested more in music and art therapy after performing and…
References
Brown, J.G. (1999). Physical and occupational therapy in nursing homes. Retrieved online: http://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-09-97-00122.pdf
Therapy Dogs International (n.d.). Retrieved online: http://www.tdi-dog.org/OurPrograms.aspx?Page=Nursing+Homes
Psychology Treatment
For most of U.S. history up to the time of the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, the mentally ill were generally warehoused in state and local mental institutions on a long-term basis. Most had been involuntarily committed by orders from courts or physicians, and the discharge rate was very low. Before the 1950s and 1960s, there were few effective treatments for mental illnesses like depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, which were commonly considered incurable. Only with the psycho-pharmacological revolution in recent decades and new anti-depressant and anti-psychotic medications has it been possible for the severely mentally ill to be treated on an outpatient basis through community mental health centers. Of course, as the old state hospitals have emptied many of the mentally ill have ended up homeless, since they are unable to hold maintain regular employment or continue on a medication regimen without supervision. According to present-day…
REFERENCES
Bacon. H. "Book Review: Jonathan Willows, Moving On after Childhood Sexual Abuse: Understanding the Effects and Preparing for Therapy in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. (15)1 January 2010, pp. 141-42.
Bartels, S.J., A.D. van Citters and T. Crenshaw (2010). "Older Adults" in Levin, B.L., J. Petrila and K. Hennessy Mental Health Services: A Public Health Perspective. Oxford University Presss: 261-82.
Behar, E.S. And T.D. Borkovec. (2003). "Psychotherapy Outcome Research" in I.B. Weiner et al., eds. Handbook of Psychology: Research Methods in Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Carron, V.G. And K. Hull. (2009). "Treatment Manual for Trauma-Exposed Youth: Case Studies." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15(1) 13 November 2009, pp. 27-38.
Alter-Muri, S. (2002). Viktor Lowenfeld evisited: A eview of Lowenfeld's Pre-schematic, Schematic, and Gang Age Stages. American Journal of Art Therapy. 40:172-190 and Burton, J. (2009). Creative Intelligence, Creative Practice: Lowenfeld edux. Studies in Art Education. 50(4), 323-337
Both of these articles analyze works undertaken by Viktor Lowenfeld. On one hand, Alter-Muri (2002) reviews Lowenfeld's Pre-schematic, Schematic, and Gang Age Stages, and on the other, Burton (2009) reviews Creative Intelligence, Creative Practice: Lowenfeld edux. In both articles, the authors offer an extensive critique on the theory of creative intelligence that was introduced by Lowenfeld. This encompasses the notions of developmental phases, growth elements, and eventual outcomes. I am in agreement that creative activities and practices do offer ways of knowing and constructing the world that liven up understanding and awareness through acts of personal generativity. I do consider that the aspect of creativity is particularly necessary when it comes to…
References
Alter-Muri, S. (2002). Viktor Lowenfeld Revisited: A Review of Lowenfeld's Pre-schematic, Schematic, and Gang Age Stages. American Journal of Art Therapy. 40:172-190.
Bennink, J., Gussak, D. E., & Skowran, M. (2003). The role of the art therapist in a Juvenile Justice setting. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 30(3), 163-173.
Burton, J. (2009). Creative Intelligence, Creative Practice: Lowenfeld Redux. Studies in Art Education. 50(4), 323-337.
Burton, J. (1981). Developing minds: Ideas in search of forms. School Arts. 58-64
"The song was there before me, before I came along" Dylan answered. "I just sorta came down and just sorta took it down with a pencil, but it was all there before I came around…" (www.edlis.org)].
Meanwhile Ginger explains the practical application of Gestalt theory from the perspective of Fritz Perls: a) "we all know that each of us perceives the world from our own personal perspective…" and yet people look in vain for the objectivity that comes from science; b) we also know that the "how" is more important than the "why" and that the "spirit in which something is done is important… but we are still mostly interested in the 'bottom line'" (Ginger).
Conclusion
As alluded to earlier in this paper Gestalt has indeed been controversial and clearly it is misunderstood after years of its myriad applications. However, this paper supports the value that is Gestalt, in its…
Works Cited
Edlis. (1997). Ballad of Donald White. Retrieved September 3, 2011, from http://www.edlis.org/twice/threads/donald_white.html .
Feldman, Robert. (2009). Psychology and Your Life. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Ginger, Serge, (2007). Gestalt Therapy: The Art of Contact. London, UK: Karmac Books.
Melnick, Joseph, and Fall, Marijane. (2008). A Gestalt Approach to Group Supervision.
Advocacy Case Study
achel Faybyshev
Professional Issues and Ethics in Counseling
Dr. Aaron Lieberman
Identify the institutional and social barriers that impede access, equity and success for this client
Advocacy is defined as speaking on behalf of someone and helping him or her navigate when they cannot speak for themselves. Changes are driven by an awareness of inequities with intent to move humanity toward "enlightened world society." It is important to try to help those in need who cannot help themselves. Counselor's function as advocates when they use their skills in helping clients challenge institutional barriers that impede their personal, social, academic or career goals (Corey, G., p.471). In the case of Monique, she is a 16-year-old girl that has lost her way recently and is need of guidance.
Before, Monique was bright and driven, excelling in school. This changed four months ago. Over the past four months she has…
References
Corey, G., Corey, S. C, Corey, C., and Callahan, P. Issues and Ethics in the Helping
Professions (9th ed.). Stamford, CT.: Brooks/Cole.
Divorce on Children
Children of divorce can be negatively impacted by the separation of parents and the concomitant stress associated with the parents' relationship. These negative effects can range from mild cases to extreme, and can differ according to gender and age (i.e., development level of the child). External factors also play a part in the degree of the effect of the divorce, such as socioeconomic conditions of the family, integration in the community/society, the social behavior of the child, interaction with siblings/peers, and the level of continued involvement of the parents in the life of the child. Children of divorce can be assisted through various types of therapy, such as Art Therapy and Play Therapy, both of which help to facilitate cognitive and emotional skills within the child, as the two sides of the child's brain develop (the logical and the emotional side). Narratives are particularly helpful in that…
Art therapy is particularly useful with younger children. With children under the age of eight it can be difficult for them to grasp the concept of death, it can be equally as difficult for them to express the things they are feeling about the loss of a loved one (Shaw, 2000). Through the medium of drawing or painting a counselor may gain a better understanding of their patient's subjective experience of the loss as well as any unresolved emotions or unanswered questions remaining after the fact. Art therapy is also an effective means of determining the relative normality of a child's cognitive function following a traumatic event (Shaw, 2000).
Older children respond more effectively to client centered interviews (Shaw, 2000). A client centered interview is a psychoanalytic approach which encourages the patient to talk extensively guided minimally by questions or suggestions from the therapist. This approach might allow through the…
References
1. Tomita, T., & Kitamura, T. (2002). Clinical and research measures of grief: A reconstruction. Comprehensive psychiatry, 43, 95- 102.
2. Larson, D., & Hoyt, W. (2007). What has become of grief counseling? An evaluation of the empirical foundations of the new pessimism. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38, 347- 355.
3. Currier, J., Holland, J., & Neimeyer, R. (2007). The effectiveness of bereavement interventions with children: A meta- analytic review of controlled outcome research. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology, 36, 253- 259.
4. Forte, a., Hill, M., Pazder, R., & Feudtner, C. (2004). Bereavement care interventions: A systematic review. BMC Palliative Care, 1-14.
performed by a group of professionals that included: Dr. Xiao-Mei Li (Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing, egistered Nurse), dean and associate professor of the nursing department of Chinese university, Jiao tong University's College of Medicine; Kai-Na Zhou (Master of Science in Nursing, N), assistant researcher in the same department; Professor Dr. Hong Yan (PhD), public health department of same university's College of Medicine; Yin-Ping Zhang (PhD N), Associate Professor at the same department; and Professor Dr. Duo-Lao Wang (PhD) from Medical Statistics department, Faculty of Population Health and Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. The randomized clinical study was titled "Effects of music therapy on anxiety of patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy." The Care, Cure and Core model of Hall was used. A clinical trial of 120 women suffering from breast cancer was conducted between March and November 2009, using randomized controlled research design. Half…
Reference List
Avci, I. A., & Gozum, S. (2009). Comparison of two different educational methods on teachers' knowledge, beliefs and behaviors regarding breast cancer screening. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 13(2), 94-101.
Bruscia, K., Dileo, C., Shultis, C., & Dennery, K. (2009). Expectations of hospitalized cancer and cardiac patients regarding the medical and psychotherapeutic benefits of music therapy. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36(4), 239-244.
Chen, Y. X., Yang, X. M., Kuang, J. Y., & Han, B. X. (2009). Anxiety and depression status of patients with breast cancer and analysis of the related factors. Journal of Bengbu Medical College, 34(9), 840-842.
Clark, M., Isaacks-Downton, G., Wells, N., Redlin-Frazier, S., Eck, C., Hepworth, J. T., & Chakravarthy, B. (2006). Use of preferred music to reduce emotional distress and symptom activity during radiation therapy. Journal of Music Therapy, 43(3), 247-265.
clinical trial report regarding the effects of music therapy on female breast cancer patients following radical mastectomy. In this review, the article would be examined on the basis of its sampling unit, measurement methods, process of data collection and data analysis, researcher's interpretation of findings, the limitation of the study and its implication in clinical practice, its significance as well as the scope for further investigation.
The present study uses stratified random sampling, also known as proportional random sampling, of probability sampling technique wherein subjects are initially divided in groups on the basis of age, gender, condition etc. A final list or sub-group can then be chosen from the main group (as one hundred and twenty female patients suffering from breast cancer, aged between 25 to 65 years of age, have been chosen randomly here). The sample specifically took account of patients who required radical mastectomy, including modified radical mastectomy…
References
Boehm, K. Cramer, H. Staroszynski, T. & Ostermann, T. (2014). Arts Therapies for Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. New York: Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
Bos, J. V. D. (2007). Inclusion / Exclusion Criteria in Clinical Trials. Milliman. Retrieved 27 June 2016 from ***
Explorable.com (Oct 10, 2009). Probability Sampling and Randomization. Retrieved 27 June 2016 from https://explorable.com/probability-sampling?gid=1578
Li, X. M., Zhou, K. N., Yan, H., Wang, D. L. & Zhang, Y. P. (2012). Effects of Music Therapy on Anxiety of Patients with Breast Cancer After Radical Mastectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(5), 1145-1155. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05824.x
Mental Illness Interview
SWK 354 Midterm Interview Assignment
FACE SHEET
Name Age DOB SS# Religion Sex Race
George Tirebiter 35 Oct 17, 1975 - Roman Catholic M. White
Current Address Phone Permanent Address
1445 Fleming Walloon Blvd. - West Roxbury, Mass.
Education Level
Employment
None currently
Current Important Activities (school, community, etc.)
Wife and family; writing poetry
Financial Sources:
Spousal support
Important Medical Information
In Case of Emergency Notify: Relationship: Worker:
Wife: Ki-Sook Tirebiter
Diagnosed schizophrenic, April 2001
Treatment Plans (Do Not Complete)
Client Identification.
35-year-old adult white male George Tirebiter (see face sheet)
Person, Family and Household, and Community Systems.
Person system. I observed that George is extremely overweight and has difficulty moving around: he ascribes the weight gain to the medications he has been on for the past decade. George describes himself as an "artist" which seems to be his emphatic way of coping with a sense of…
Cave Paintings
Complementary and Alternative Medicine and CISM in Diverse Populations
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as often referred to as integrated medicine. This term refers to therapies used to enhance health that fall outside the realm of conventional or "western" medical therapies. Southern Medical therapies are often limited to pharmaceutical drugs, surgery, and other interventions that directly affect the body. CAM therapies can simply refer to culturally-based medical practices that are not part of mainstream medicine in the United States. ecently, the trend is toward using CAM therapies along with evidence-based Western medical practices. This research will explore CAM interventions for diverse populations within the scope of the CISM plan.
CAM Interventions for prevention of Stress and esilience
One of the most widely accepted areas for the use of CAM interventions is in the area of stress reduction, depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and other conditions that are common symptoms…
References
Ahn, A., Ngo-Metzger, Q., & Legedza, A. et al. (2006). Complementary and Alternative Medical
Therapy Use Among Chinese and Vietnamese Americans: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Effects of Patient -- Clinician Communication. American Journal of Public Health. 96 (2), 647-653.
GoodTherapy.org (2011). Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). Retrieved from http://www.goodtherapy.org/complementary-alternative-medicine.html
Kutch, M. (2010). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Treating Mental Health Disorders. Retrieved from http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/6044/1/etd.pdf
Stroke Hearing Impaired
Stroke Victims
Plan: Physical, Occupational, Speech, and Psychological Therapies
Implementation: Daily regimen, with one of the four core areas (physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and psychological therapy) emphasized or addressed on each day.
Evaluation: After each session, therapist will write a thorough evaluation of the patient including a progress report. After the end of each six-week period, a thorough progress report will be shared among the various members of the health care team in a collaborative setting.
The follow-up will consist of maintenance therapies in each of the four core areas.
Documentation of Actions and Activities: According to the National Stroke Association (2013), the activities and actions should begin immediately after the stroke. The Physical Therapy sessions will include yoga and other systematic movement interventions to improve coordination, balance, strength, and range of motion. Each week, the therapist will implement a unique type of movement therapy,…
References
Hetu, R., Jones, L. & Getty, L. (1993). The Impact of Acquired Hearing Impairment on Intimate Relationships: Implications for Rehabilitation. International Journal of Audiology 32(6).
National Stroke Association (2013). Rehabilitation therapy after stroke. Retrieved online: http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=REHABT
"Stroke Health Center," (2011). WebMD. Retrieved online: http://www.webmd.com/stroke/tc/stroke-rehabilitation-overview
Wharton, T. (2013). Utah firm: Loop helps hearing impaired at movies and more. The Salt Lake Tribune. 24 Oct, 2013. Retrieved online: http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/money/57001349-79/loop-hearing-system-technology.html.csp
These experiences strengthened my decision to pursue a career in health-related profession that mainly focused on serving the underserved community.
However it was not until I moved to California seven years ago that I realized that lack of cultural diversity in the field of psychology was actually hurting the victims from other ethnic backgrounds. For the past three years, I have been working with a minority group that helped me better understand the need for cultural diversity in this field. I have come to realize that there are strong traditional and cultural barriers that prevent patients of African-American background to open up and voice their feelings. They usually express their emotions believing that family issues and problems must remain within the family alone. A person from a different ethnic background may not be able to fully comprehend these psychological and cultural barriers and hence the need arises to have more…
Moreover, it is unclear whether Jim has attempted to reestablish any meaningful contact with his children; rather, his entire focus has been on becoming a better person. While there is certainly nothing wrong with that goal in and of itself (it is, after all, a universal human quality), he appears to have pursued this goal to the total exclusion of making any substantive reparations to his family. Finally, it is interesting that Jim somehow feels compelled to tell others -- including potential employers -- about his criminal past and his current status in treatment, as if this ongoing commitment to all-out honesty somehow absolves him from a deceptive and duplicitous history, or at least helps to explain it (which it does if one is interested). According to Jim, "Entering into society again was very difficult. I had lost my business, my friends and was now divorced. After leaving jail, I…
References
Black's law dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.
Bryant, J.K. (2009, June). School counselors and child abuse reporting. Professional School
Counseling, 12(5), 130-132.
Bryant, J. & Milsom, a. (2005, October). Child abuse reporting by school counselors.
Campus Violence for K-12 Setting
What measurable outcome do you choose to explain?
I wish to explain the effect that having martial arts-based classes offered as a regular regiment for students would have on the total number of violent incidents, as well as what the severity of this violence is, occurring on campus among students.
How would you measure the outcome?
School nurses, administrators, and teachers would all be asked to keep record of any witnessed or reported violent acts committed on campus at the school where the program would be implemented. The study would ideally take place over the course of an extended period of time so that the gradual changes and variations in data would be evident. The total number of violent incidents occurring each day, each week, each month, and each semester would be calculated, as well as how often medical attention was necessary for the involved…
Alzheimer's Disease currently affects more than four million Americans. Alzheimer's is a disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of areas within the brain, resulting in cognitive and physical decline that will eventually lead to death. It is important to emphasize that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not a normal part of aging. Although AD typically appears in those over sixty-five, it is a neurodegenerative disease, quite distinct from any aging-related cognitive decline. ecause Alzheimer's is eventually fatal, and because the decline typical of an Alzheimer's patient is so devastating, much research is currently being done to investigate potential treatments. With the elderly population the fastest growing segment of North American society, Alzheimer's threatens to be an even greater health concern in the future decades.
For patients exhibiting mild cognitive impairment, research is being done on ways to slow the disease's progression. The two main thrusts of Alzheimer's research are biological, which…
Bibliography
Cohen-Mansfield J. (2001). "Nonpharmacologic interventions for inappropriate behaviors in dementia: a review, summary, and critique." American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,
Cummings, J. (2004). "Alzheimer's Disease." New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1),
Gerdner L.A., & Swanson E.A. (1993). Effects of individualized music on confused and agitated elderly patients. Archive of Psychiatric Nursing, 7, 284-291.
Klunk, W. E et al. (2004). "Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease using the novel positron emission tomography tracer, Pittsburgh Compound-B." Annals of Neurology,
Both Existential and Transpersonal psychologies have this in common, a respect for and utilization of Eastern techniques to reach a state of stress-free maintenance of human psychological health.
But the differences lie in their origins. While Transpersonal psychologies are related to the Eastern or Western indigenous epistemologies, Existential-Humanistic psychologies have a Freudian origin, coming through Freud and his descendents. While Transpersonal psychology is considered to be a "fourth force" in psychology, psychoanalysis, behaviorism and humanistic psychologies are outside of the "transegoic" elements, ignoring insights from the world's contemplative traditions in both Eastern and Western religions. Labeled "Western," Existential and Humanistic psychologies are focused mainly on prepersonal and personal aspects of the psyche.
Existential and humanistic psychologies are based on the writings not only of Freud, but Kierkegaard, Nietzche, Heidigger, Sartre, Camus and other European intellectuals who had experienced European wars and chaos during the twentieth century. Important to them were…
References
Cortright, B. (1997). Psychotherapy and spirit: Theory and practice in transpersonal psychology. New York: State University of New York Press.
Daniels, M. (2005). Shadow, self, spirit: Essays in transpersonal psychology. Charlottesville, VA: Imprint Academic.
May, R. (1969) Love and Will, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Sartre, J.P. (1956). Being and nothingness (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). New York: Washington Square Press.
Deliberate self-harm (DSH) or self-injurious behavior (SI) involves intentional self-poisoning or injury, irrespective of the apparent purpose of the act. (Vela, Harris and Wright, 1983) Self-mutilation is also used interchangeably with self-mutilation, though self-mutilation is one aspect of DSH. Approximately 1% of the United States population uses physical self-injury as a way of dealing with overwhelming feelings or situations, often using it to speak when no words will come. There are different ways in which DSH is manifested: cutting, burning, and abusing drugs, alcohol or other substances. This occurs at times of extreme anger, distress and low self-esteem, in order to either create a physical manifestation of the negative feelings which can then be dealt with, or alternatively to punish yourself. Extremely emotional distress can also cause DSH -- this is sometimes linked with hearing voices, particularly as a way of stopping the voices.
DSH is also often called parasuicide,…
Bibliography
Vela, J., Harris, J., and Wright, J.K. "Self-Mutilation." Journal of Trauma 23 (1983): 165-67.
Favazza, A.R. "What Do We Know About Affective Disorders?" Am J. Psychiatry 143.10 (1986): 1328.
Why Patients Mutilate Themselves." Hospital Community Psychiatry 40 (1989): 137-45.
Pies, R.W., and Popli, A.P. "Self-Injurious Behavior: Pathophysiology and Implications for Treatment." J. Clin Psychiatry 56.12 (1995): 580-8.
In other words, counselor skill training may cause some counselors-in-training to become more sensitive to the social appropriateness of their counseling behaviors and effects of their presentation style on the counseling relationship. (Judith Crews, et al., 2005)
Functional Transferable Skills
Transferable skills are the skills you have learned by working with information, people, and things. These skills are very versatile and can be used in a variety of jobs and occupations.
Transferable skills are acquired through experience, can be understood using a more universal language, and function across jobs and fields.
Opportunities for counseling skills to be transferred are almost too numerous to list them all.
We'll get into specifics but just a few of the fields that utilize the many skills professional counselors have are: Education, Mental Health, Non-Profit, Law, Government, Health Care, usiness, and the ever-present and popular entrepreneurial arena of starting your own business.
One thing not…
Bibliography
Judith Crews, Michael R. Smith, Marlowe H. Smaby, Cleborne D. Maddux, Edil Torres-Rivera,
John a. Casey, Steve Urbani. (2005). Self-Monitoring and Counseling Skills-Based vs. Interpersonal Process Recall Training. Journal of Counseling and Development, Vol.
Bolles, R. (2009). What Color is Your Parachute? Berkeley, CA.: Ten Speed Press.
CAP. (n.d.). Counseling. Retrieved February 4, 2009, from Civil Air Patrol:
Letter of Intent: Personal Statement
To College of ____ Admissions Committee,
I am applying for the Master's degree in the School of Social Work, because I truly believe that it is my life's calling to make people's lives better by helping them with their daily struggles through practical help and techniques for self-empowerment. This is no easy task for either party, but I believe that if both parties are committed to the task of improvement and the task of making things better, then all things are possible. The strengths that I bring to this endeavor are a full commitment, a tremendous amount of empathy, and practical experience and theories under my belt to work for concerted improvements for other people.
Imagine that you have had the social work career of your dreams. Now, you have retired and written an autobiography.
I've been extremely blessed and fortunate to have a long…
..in an optimum range, between excessive denial and excessive intrusiveness of symptoms" (366); b) "normalizing the abnormal" (let the survivor know that it is perfectly normal to react emotionally to triggers that bring the trauma to mind; there is nothing wrong with the person, and indeed, the recurring symptoms are normal and just part of the healing process); c) "decreasing avoidance" (the person should be allowed to and encouraged to be open
PTSD - Dynamics & Treatments about the trauma, not to try to tuck it away or be in denial); d) "altering the attribution of meaning" (change the mindset of the victim from "passive victim" to "active survivor"); and e) "facilitating integration of the self" (371) (this is used primarily in coordination with hypnosis and "dissociation" in a strategy for "reintegrating" parts of the personality into the "self" - the theory being that PTSD tends to split apart components…
Another scholarly research article - published in the Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology (Reed, et al., 2006) weighs in on treatment strategies for spousal psychological abuse. The authors assert that presently there is a dearth of empirical evidence backing up the effectiveness for any existing treatments for the trauma a woman experiences when psychologically abused by her spouse or significant other. That said, the article suggests that "forgiveness therapy" (FT) is a "promising new area" (920) of treatment for this particular form of PTSD. The authors emphasize, however, that forgiveness therapy cannot be confused with "pardoning, forgetting...condoning or excusing" the wrongdoing that led to PTSD. The key concept in presenting FT is to have the woman examine "the injustice of the abuse," then give consideration to forgiveness as one possible option, and through compassion, make a choice to forgive or not to forgive. When a woman embraces FT, it certainly would be in sync with Christian values.
Finally, a recent article published in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training (Heckman, et al., 2007), presents a literature review of existing empirical studies of treatments for incarcerated persons suffering PTSD. There are over 2 million people in U.S. prisons - 93% of them male and 100,000 juveniles - and of those inmates, some 21% of males are victims of PTSD, 48% of females prisoners are PTSD victims, and up
PTSD - Dynamics & Treatments to 65% of juveniles suffer due to PTSD. The authors believe that "cognitive treatments" (such as relaxation training, psycho education, art therapy, anger management) deserve more study. Also worthy of more research are "exposure and desensitization" treatments (clients simultaneously focus on traumatic material and an "external stimulus using saccadic eye movements of alternating bilateral stimulation"). Among the offshoots of exposure and desensitization treatments - seemingly effective in a correctional institution setting - is "traumatic incident reduction" (TIR); this entails the PTSD survivor / victim being exposed to repetitive "guided imagery" of the event that originally caused the trauma. Seeing that event over and over can reduce the depression, anxiety, avoidance and intrusive thoughts that are associated with PTSD, the authors explain.
3. Comfortable Shelter and Dignified Accommodations. Although everyone would like to remain in their own homes as long as possible and live an independent lifestyle, age-related diseases and infirmities frequently require placement of the elderly in long-term care facilities that vary drastically in their quality of care. Some progressive facilities employ evidence-based interventions such as pet therapy, art therapy and music therapy that have been shown to be effective in promoting quality of life among the elderly, while others simply allow their residents to wither away, neglected, unnoticed and uncared for by family or friends.
4. Reasonable Assurances of Safety (freedom from crime, terrorist attacks, etc.). In the culture of fear that has emerged in the United States and elsewhere following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, older people, like anyone else, want to be assured of their physical safety as they go about their day-to-day lives.
5. Social…
correspondence bias and why might it occur? Are there cultural variations in the correspondence bias?
In the practice of social psychology, correspondence bias or also known as the theory of fundamental attribution error will refer to the over-valuing of explanations that are based from personality perspective under circumstantial situations. This process can lead into misunderstanding between one or two parties that include communities, societies, and groups that are living within the same area or different area. This can be considered as a form of stereotyping incidents for the reason that there are false beliefs and perceptions regarding a particular individual or group with respect to their daily routines and practices. There are cultural variations in the correspondence bias for the reason that discrimination regardless of age, race, and gender can be a perfect example for this case according with their demographical orientation and capabilities as pointed out by Bundel (2011).…
References
Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., and Akert, R.M., (2007). Social Psychology. 6th edition. Uppers Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Brandon, Emeralda (2008). Psychiatric Fundamentals. New York: Academic Press.
Bundel, Maison (2011). Fundamentals of Sociology and Psychology. Detroit: Lavemon Publications, 75, 78, 85-89.
Festinger, L., and Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58,203-210.
Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse
A psychoactive substance refers to any chemical which both impacts the central nervous system and the way the brain functions. Psychoactive substances refer to stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine), sedatives and analgesics (alcohol, heroin), hallucinogens (PCP, psychoactive mushrooms). As stated in the DSM-III "psychoactive substance abuse is given the definition of being "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused by the use [or by] recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous" (Nordegren, 2002, p.11).
Social Effects
The social impact of psychoactive substance use and abuse on widespread scale is enormously detrimental to society. "In a 2005 report issued by the Department of Health and Human Services indicated that alcohol was associated with 100,000 preventable deaths each year and that it cost taxpayers nearly $185…
References
Aspen. (2011). The Impact of Trauma On Teenage Addiction. Retrieved from Crchealth.com: http://aspeneducation.crchealth.com/articles/article-trauma/
Becvar, D. (2013). Handbook of Family Resilience. New York: Springer Science Publishing.
Dennison, S. (2011). Handbook of the Dually Diagnosed Patient: Psychiatric and Substance Use. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Dick, D., & Agrawai, A. (2008). The Genetics of Alcohol and Other Drug Dependence. Alcohol Research and Health, 111-118.