Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science and art of developing machines that simulate human intelligence. AI is frequently used for routine tasks that would normally involve human skills, such as visual perception, speech-recognition, and decision making. o me, Apple's Siri application is a good example of commonly-used AI technology. AI is particularly useful in the medical field, as it has allowed for better monitoring of patients combined with a more efficient utilization of resources. One way that it has done so is by using AI to replace human beings in certain applications. For example, a very technical application of AI is in radiology and imaging, where computers can be used to read imaging reports, eliminating the risk of human error, and allowing diagnosis prior to when a human doctor could detect human abnormalities (AAAI, 2013). However, applications like that one could be accomplished through traditional programming that may or may…...

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The use of AI toys to alleviate loneliness in nursing homes or skilled living facilities is something that has already seen some success. For some time, the use of therapy dogs to elevate patient mood has been an accepted course of treatment for many elderly patients. However, there are some challenges, such as allergies and hygiene concerns, which can prohibit the use of therapy dogs for some people. The use of electronic dogs has been shown to offer many of the same benefits as actual live therapy dogs for those people. In fact, according to William Banks, a professor of geriatric medicine at Saint Louis University, "The most surprising thing is they work almost equally well in terms of alleviating loneliness and causing residents to form attachments" (Saint Louis University, 2008). In other words, electronic dogs can be a substitute for actual canine companionship.

Moreover, the benefit of these electronic pets goes beyond mere companionship; they can be helpful in scenarios where patients are experiencing more than loneliness. For example, the use of an AI toy seal named Paro to help patients in a nursing facility who were suffering from dementia showed not only an alleviation of loneliness, but also a general calming effect. Some of the patients developed strong relationships with the pet, acting almost like surrogate parents or grandparents in their treatment of the pet. Most notably, the affection was not dependent upon the toy's interaction with them, but would linger even after the toy powered-off (Harmon, 2010). Furthermore, while critics suggest that the robots would be limiting in such an environment, the anecdotal evidence suggests that the robots actually stimulate human interaction (Harmon, 2010). Finally, the patients benefitted from the companionship despite knowing that the animal was not actually alive.

Therefore, the AI tool suggested for use in the skilled nursing context is a toy marketed towards children, which is called a Furby. Furbys are small toys that interact with the user. They can interact with direct contact, as well as having related computer applications that can change their behavior. They speak to the user, and become more active after the user interacts with them on a regular basis. They speak a language called "Furbish," but will speak English after more communication. Perhaps most significantly, much of their behavior emulates that of a human infant. For example,

Artificial Intelligence
What if these theories are really true, and we were magically shrunk and put into someone's brain while he was thinking. We would see all the pumps, pistons, gears and levers working away, and we would be able to describe their workings completely, in mechanical terms, thereby completely describing the thought processes of the brain. But that description would nowhere contain any mention of thought! It would contain nothing but descriptions of pumps, pistons, levers!

Gottfried Willhelm Leibniz (1679).

Not even a century ago -- in fact, not even a half-century ago -- few people could have imagined the present-day world with computers operating most of the government and business processes and the Internet running in millions of homes. Thus it would have been nearly impossible to comprehend artificial intelligence (AI) and that scientists would try to create a machine (AI) to learn, adapt, reason, correct or improve itself. Whether or…...

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References

Copeland, B.J. (2000). "What is AI." Website visited 21 May, 2004.  http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/what_is_AI/What%20is%20AI07.html 

Freeman, D. (1990). "Common sense and the computer." Discover, 11 64-71.

Gershenfeld, N. (1999).When things start to think. New York: Henry Holt.

Kurzwell, R. (1999). Age of spiritual machines. New York: Penguin Press.

Artificial Intelligence and the Human Brain
Although artificial intelligence is not a new debate topic, until now, there is no exact evidence that proves that scientists and philosophies have been reaching an agreement about the existence of this feature in our world. Scientists still claim that artificial intelligence is possible to achieve and the next technology advancement would be able to release the creation. On the other hand, many parties persist with their disagreement on the creation of human-intelligent machine.

In the reality, computer scientists have made much progress with their machine improvement that follow the concept of artificial intelligence. The earlier generation had built computer as the assisting device to accomplish difficult mathematics calculation and completing time-consuming tasks. In the future, computer scientists expect that they would be able to create computer that would be able to make their own decision just like human being does, with extra points on the…...

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References

Chan, T.C. & Petrie, G.F. (1998). The Brain Learns Better in Well-Designed School Environments. In Classroom Leadership Online. Vol. 2, Number 3, November 1998. Retrieved May 19, 2003 from The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Web site: http://www.ascd.org/readingroom/classlead/9811/2nov98.html

Dunn, J.S. (2002). Thinking Machines. Retrieved May 18, 2003 from Washington State University. Web site:  http://www.wsu.edu/~honors/thesis/complete_thesis/fall_2002/Jeffrey_Dunn.pdf 

Harris, T. (2003). How Robots Work. Retrieved May 18, 2003 from HowStuffWorks.com Electronic - Gadgets. Web site:  http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/robot.htm 

IBM Announces Latest Supercomputer. Jun. 29, 2000. Retrieved May 19, 2003 from CBSNews.com. Web site:  http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/06/29/tech/main210684.shtml

Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn from and understand and interact with one's environment. Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and is a multidisciplinary field which involves psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience and computer science. It enables machines to become capable of doing those things which the human mind can do. Though the folklore of artificial intelligence dates back to a long time ago, it actually became available to people only after the development of the electronic computer. Today research in artificial intelligence is so highly invested in and the field has significantly advanced to such an extent that it has become a huge part of our lives and it is considered to be America's Next big thing.

Introduction:

If we look at the definition of intelligence, there are probably infinite ones. But if we put it into the most refined words, then intelligence is only ones…...

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References:

Bongard, Josh, Max Lungarella, and Fumiya Lida. 50 Years of Artificial Intelligence. 2007.

Hawkins, J., and S. Blakeslee. On intelligence. Owl Books, 2005.

Jones, Tim. AI Application Programming. Charles River Media, 2003.

Russell, Stuart. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 1. 1995.

Most significantly, the use of LSI technologies to create more effective insights into how to improve customer service as evidenced by the use of AI was part of Decision Support Systems (DSS) (Phillips-Wren, Mora, Forgionne, Gupta, 2009) is growing. Second, the creation of ontological databases that aligns to person's roles (Pinto, Marques, Santos, 2009) is also now possible. This translates into the use of AI to provide contextual guidance to decision makers based on their previous preferences and previous patterns of decisions, making DSS results optimized (Phillips-Wren, Mora, Forgionne, Gupta, 2009).
eferences

AnHai Doan, & Alon Y Halevy. (2005). Semantic-Integration esearch in the Database Community: A Brief Survey. AI Magazine, 26(1), 83-94.

Fortuna, C., & Mohorcic, M.. (2009). Trends in the development of communication networks: Cognitive networks. Computer Networks, 53(9), 1354.

Phillips-Wren, G., Mora, M., Forgionne, G., & Gupta, J.. (2009). An integrative evaluation framework for intelligent decision support systems. European Journal of…...

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References

AnHai Doan, & Alon Y Halevy. (2005). Semantic-Integration Research in the Database Community: A Brief Survey. AI Magazine, 26(1), 83-94.

Fortuna, C., & Mohorcic, M.. (2009). Trends in the development of communication networks: Cognitive networks. Computer Networks, 53(9), 1354.

Phillips-Wren, G., Mora, M., Forgionne, G., & Gupta, J.. (2009). An integrative evaluation framework for intelligent decision support systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 195(3), 642.

Pinto, F., Marques, A., & Santos, M.. (2009). Ontology-supported database marketing. Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management, 16(2), 76-91.

Artificial Intelligence Bill of ights
This essay argues that the artificially intelligent (AI), non-biological machines correctly should have been granted legal status and personhood, and as such, were entitled to a Bill of ights for their equal protection under the law. Passage of the AI Bill of ights in 2015 represented a landmark victory in the history of civil rights.

AIs had not been always recognized as legal persons. In fact, the notion that a machine could be considered a person generated controversy when it was initially proposed. It was only in the early 2000s that a movement began to remove the artificial distinction between human, person, and property. Calverley (2005) laid the ground work for this radical change when he established a legal basis for non-biological machines to become legal persons. He analyzed the doctrine of intentionality, arguing that if a non-biological machine can form an intention and can act intentionally…...

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Reference List

Calverley, D. JD. 2005. Additional Thoughts Concerning the Legal Status of a Non-biological Machine. Retrieved on March 31, 2011 from  http://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Fall/2005/FS-05-06/FS05-06-005.pdf 

Kash, J. (n.d.). The Bill of Rights Explained. Retrieved on March 31, 2001 from  http://mrkash.com/activities/billofrightsexplained.html

Looking at other possibilities, however, the idea of creating a part organic, part mechanical computer holds much promise in the way for developing a human-like AI technology. Human brain processes ad functions that are unique to humans are many, and while every person has different life experiences, perceptions, genetics, and understandings, it is very difficult to understand exactly how they all incorporate themselves into everyday human life and decision-making.
Organic growth technologies would give current AI technologies a hybrid of organic functions as well as mechanical or digital functions (Floreano and Mattiussi, 2008). This is to say that organic computing allows the human brain to grow and learn from experiences as well as store memories wile culling the least used and least useful information. This helps make room for new learning as well as serving to de-clutter the brain itself (Wallach, Franklin, and Allen, 2010). Even these most basic processes…...

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References

Bostrom, N. (2009). "Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence." In Science

fiction and philosophy: from time travel to superintelligence. By Susan Schneider.

Wiley-Blackwell: Malden, MA. Pp. 277-284.

Ekbia, H.R. (2008). Artificial dreams: the quest for non-biological intelligence.

ibliography

Daniel Dennett (1998) rainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds. MIT Press, 1998.

Arthur R. Jensen (1998) Does IQ matter? Commentary, pages 20-21, November 1998.

John McCarthy (1959) Programs with Common Sense in Mechanisation of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the Symposium of the National Physics Laboratory, pages 77-84, London, U.K., 1959. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

John McCarthy (1989) Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense.

In Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Kluver Ac

John McCarthy (1990) Formalizing Common Sense: Papers by John McCarthy. Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1990.

John McCarthy (1996) Defending AI research: a collection of essays and reviews.

CSLI lecture notes: no. 49. Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1996.

A distributed by Cambridge University Press.

John McCarthy (1996) Concepts of Logical AI, 1996

Tom Mitchell (1997) Machine Learning McGraw-Hill, 1997.

Murray Shanahan (1997) Solving the Frame Problem, a mathematical investigation of the common sense law of inertia. M.I.T. Press, 1997.

Richmond Thomason (2003) Logic and artificial intelligence.

In…...

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Bibliography

Daniel Dennett (1998) Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds. MIT Press, 1998.

Arthur R. Jensen (1998) Does IQ matter? Commentary, pages 20-21, November 1998.

John McCarthy (1959) Programs with Common Sense in Mechanisation of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the Symposium of the National Physics Laboratory, pages 77-84, London, U.K., 1959. Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

John McCarthy (1989) Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense.

Artificial Intelligence Applications in Business
AI or artificial intelligence represents the part of the computer science field that deals with creation of machines, which can simulate human intelligence. Intelligent and optimal approaches to problem-solving are needed today in all sectors, irrespective of whether the issue is straightforward or complex. Developers and research scholars are constantly attempting to create increasingly more intelligent and efficient software and machines, and here's where AI plays a part, in the development of optimal and efficient search algorithm solutions/programs (Tabassum & Mathew, 2014).

Expert systems

Individuals are valuable in the business domain, as they carry out important business-related tasks. A number of business tasks necessitate expertise, which is typically found in an individual's brain; also, this is the lone place in a company where it may be obtained. AI is able to offer organizations expert systems having the ability to capture expertise, thereby enabling its utilization by individuals who…...

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References

Bazghandi, A. (2012). Techniques, advantages and problems of agent-based modeling for traffic simulation. Int J Comput Sci, 9(1), 115-119.

Castle, C. J., & Crooks, A. T. (2006). Principles and concepts of agent-based modelling for developing geospatial simulations.

Chapter Four Outline (n.d.). Retrieved 3 April 2016 from http://www.mhlearningsolutions.com/columbia_southern/007138388/ch4.pdf

Hall, O. (2008). Artificial Intelligence Techniques Enhance Business Forecasts. Gradziado Business Report.

The bot is simply responding using patterns of human speech and is not producing its thoughts on its own. Artificial Intelligence will require original thought from the computer, as well as some sort of emotional response or desire to gain more information. It may be said that in the future even more advanced chatbots are going to be invented, ones that will be completely foolproof. Even these, however, will not provide us with enough evidence of intelligence or consciousness. Fooling human beings into thinking that the AI is intelligent is only part of proving its intelligence. The more important aspects are found in the careful studying of the artificial intelligence's behavior in order to find patterns that show an increasingly intelligence program as well as interaction with human beings that is prolonged and intelligent.
In conclusion, artificial intelligence and machine thinking is on the horizon, and will reshape the way…...

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Work Cited

Hayden, Ben. (2011, November 3). How Much Progress has Artificial Intelligence Made?. Retrieved from,  http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-decision-tree/201111/how-much-progress-has-artificial-intelligence-made 

Lohr, Steve. (2012, October, 30). IBM's Watson Goes to Med School. Retrieved from,  http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/i-b-m-s-watson-goes-to-medical-school/?ref=artificialintelligence .

Universitat Bonn (2012, October 30). New soccer robot has human-like agility. Retrieved from,  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121030142800.htm .

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Nigerian Legal SystemIntroductionThe world is undergoing major changes due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a critical driver of the major changes. AI has introduced the innovative adoption of deep learning and machine learning algorithms that have affected several industries. AI has been of major significance in the legal sector and has been considered a tool that may ease lawyers' bulk work. However, in Nigeria, the idea of AI has not been fully accepted in the legal industry. Nigerian's conservative nature has been a deterring factor to innovation. AI has been perceived as an innovation that contributes to unemployment and destabilizes the status quo. This paper aims at offering a pragmatic and legal perspective of AI in Nigeria. The focus will be on identifying the place of Artificial Intelligence (AI)) in the Nigerian Legal System and the potential effects…...

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REFERENCES

\\\\\\'LawPavilion set to release Nigeria\\\\\\'s first Artificial Intelligence Legal Assistant\\\\\\' (Vanguard News, August 23, 2018)  https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/lawpavilion-set-to-release-nigerias-first-artificial-intelligence-legal-assistant/ 

Achin (2020). What Is Artificial Intelligence | Artificial Intelligence Wiki. Data Robot. Retrieved January 29, 2020, from  https://www.datarobot.com/wiki/artificial-intelligence/ 

Adamolekun, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the Nigerian justice sector: A case for virtual dispute resolution retrieved on  https://www.thecable.ng/covid-19-and-the-nigerian-justice-sector-a-case-for-virtual-dispute-resolution 

Adeyoju, A. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Law Practice in Africa. Available at SSRN 3301937.

information systems risk, threats and related methods of risk mitigation. Specifically, we will examine systems based upon artificial intelligence (AI), including those for managing component content as well as document management. We will also consider newer systems designed to provide protection in emerging technology areas such as the internet, mobile communications and social networks, each of which presents unique challenges and threats requiring novel responses and methods of intervention.
In the Enterprise Information Management Institute (EIMI) model, managing information security involves the safeguarding of several key aspects of information assets against risk, namely confidentiality, privacy, and competitive advantage (EIMI, 2007). Information assets commonly occur in the form of documents, messages, images, maps, multimedia binaries, or other formats.

The Committee on National Security Systems (CNSS) identifies the concept of Information Assurance (IA) isk Management, along with a holistic view and framework for national security inclusive of methods, processes and tools. The CNSS…...

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References

Bhattacharjee, P., Koner, C., Bhunia, C., & Ujjwal, M. (2010). Artificial Intelligence-Based Mutual Authentication Technique with Biometric Entities in 3-G Mobile Communications. International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering, 2(2), 205-210.

Gold, S. (2009). Infosecurity (USA) - AI superbots threaten information security. Retrieved September 9, 2011, from  http://www.infosecurity-us.com/view/2519/ai-superbots-threaten-information-security/ 

Grimes, J. (2009, February). Information Assurance Risk Management Policy For National Security Systems. Committee on National Security Systems. Retrieved from  http://www.cnss.gov/Assets/pdf/CNSSP-22.pdf 

Hentea, M. (2007). Intelligent System for Information Security Management: Architecture and Design Issues. Information and Beyond: Part I, 4, 29.

Ex Machina and the Fears Surrounding the Implementation of AI Technology
The 2015 film Ex-Machina, written and directed by Alex Garland is a futuristic/dystopian film that is set "ten minutes from now" according to the director. What he meant was that the technology to create lifelike AI is at hand and no one would be too surprised to find out that Google or Apple had already taken the next steps in this direction. However, as the film shows, there are a number of fears and problems associated with the concept of artificial intelligence getting out of control or taking on a life of its own (through the development of consciousness). In effect, Ava the AI robot in Ex-Machina becomes like Frankenstein's monster, seeking to grasp the notion of existence and life and to be the one who decides whether she lives or dies (is shutdown and rebooted or allowed to escape…...

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Bibliography

Garland, Alex (dir). Ex-Machina. LA: Universal, 2015. Film.

Khatchadurian, Raffi. "The Doomsday Invention," The New Yorker, 23 Nov 2015. Web.

9 Dec 2015.

Thompson, Clive. Smarter Than You Think: How Technology is Changing Our Minds

Should Artificial Intelligence (AI) Take Over the Decision-Making Process? Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in sensitive areas such as healthcare, the criminal justice system, and hiring processes. Courts today use AI systems to assess offenders’ risk of recidivism and the likelihood of flight for offenders awaiting trial. One such algorithm is the Arnold Foundation algorithm, which uses 1.5 million criminal cases to predict defendant’s behaviors during pretrial hearings (Zavrsnik, 2020). With such advancements, there is a growing debate on whether AI should fully replace human decision-making due to its ability to eliminate human bias. Sources have shown that contrary to popular belief, AI decisions are not always less biased than human systems. For instance, a 2016 investigation by ProPublica showed that data–driven AI used by courts to assess the risk of recidivism was biased against minorities and people of color (Silberg & Manyika, 2019). In the UK, a computer…...

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References

Lee, N., Resnick, P., & Barton, G. (2019). Algorithmic Bias Detection nd Mitigation: Best Practices nd Policies to Reduce Consumer Harms. Brookings Community. Retrieved from  

Silberg, J., & Manyika, J. (2019). Notes from the AI Frontier: Tackling Bias in AI (and in Humans). McKinsey Global Institute. Retrieved from  https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/artificial-intelligence/tackling-bias-in-artificial-intelligence-and-in-humans 

Zavrsnik, A. (2020). Criminal Justice, Artificial Intelligence Systems and Human Rights. ERA Forum, 20(1), 567-83.

https://www.brookings.edu/research/algorithmic-bias-detection-and-mitigation-best-practices-and-policies-to-reduce-consumer-harms/ 

Introduction
In today's fast-paced digital world, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized many industries, including journalism. AI technology has significantly transformed the way news is gathered, analyzed, and disseminated, ultimately changing the landscape of journalism.

AI has enabled journalists to sift through vast amounts of data quickly and efficiently, allowing them to uncover trends, patterns, and insights that would have been impossible to detect manually. Algorithms can now scan through social media platforms, news articles, and other sources to identify relevant stories and even predict future events.

One of the key benefits of AI in journalism is its ability to assist in fact-checking and verification. AI-powered tools can detect fake news and misinformation, helping journalists maintain the integrity and credibility of their reporting.

Another area where AI has made a significant impact is in personalized content delivery. By analyzing user behavior and preferences, AI algorithms can deliver tailored news content to individual…...

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References

1. \"AP’s \'robot journalists\' are writing their own stories now.\" Wired. Accessed 12th Mar 2023.

2. \"The age of robot journalists is upon us.\" The New Yorker. Accessed 13th Mar 2023.

3. \"How artificial intelligence changed investigative journalism.\" Columbia Journalism Review. Accessed 14th Mar 2023.

4. \"Factmata: AI for fact-checking?\" TechCrunch. Accessed 15th Mar 2023.

5. \"The New York Times and AI.\" NiemanLab. Accessed 15th Mar 2023.

6. \"Heliograf: The Washington Post’s AI reporter.\" The Washington Post. Accessed 16th Mar 2023.

7. \"Will AI replace journalists? The future of AI in the media industry.\" Forbes. Accessed 17th Mar 2023.

1. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Cybersecurity Measures
2. Ethical Hacking: Balancing Privacy and Security in the Digital Age
3. The Implications of Cybersecurity Breaches on National Security
4. Cybersecurity Threats and Challenges in the Healthcare Industry
5. The Impact of Cybercrime on Small Businesses and Ways to Mitigate Risks
6. Cybersecurity and the Internet of Things: Risks and Solutions
7. The Role of Government and Law Enforcement Agencies in Preventing Cybercrimes
8. Cybersecurity in the Age of Remote Work: Challenges and Best Practices
9. Cybersecurity Awareness and Education: Filling the Gap in Digital Literacy
10. Cybersecurity Regulations and Compliance: Balancing Security and Innovation
....

1. The importance of data governance in healthcare IT systems.
2. The role of data governance in ensuring patient privacy and confidentiality in health IT.
3. Challenges and solutions in implementing effective data governance strategies in healthcare organizations.
4. The impact of data governance on improving healthcare outcomes and patient care.
5. The role of data governance in ensuring data quality and integrity in health IT systems.
6. Ethical considerations in data governance for health IT data.
7. The role of data governance in facilitating interoperability and data sharing in healthcare.
8. The impact of data governance on healthcare analytics and predictive modeling.
9. Strategies for building a....

Certainly! Here are some science essay topic suggestions:

1. The impact of climate change on the environment.
2. The role of renewable energy sources in reducing carbon emissions.
3. Exploring the potential health benefits of genetic engineering.
4. The effects of plastic pollution on marine life and ecosystems.
5. The future of space exploration and its potential for human colonization.
6. The ethical considerations of using animal testing in medical research.
7. The development and implications of artificial intelligence in various fields.
8. The challenges and benefits of using nanotechnology in medicine.
9. Exploring the effects of deforestation on biodiversity and climate change.
10. The impact of technology on human....

Of course! Here are some essay topics that can help you practice writing an outline:

1. The effects of social media on modern society
2. The importance of mental health awareness
3. The impact of climate change on the environment
4. The role of technology in education
5. The benefits and drawbacks of remote work
6. The history of immigration in the United States
7. The significance of voting in a democracy
8. The rise of online shopping and its effects on traditional retail
9. The portrayal of women in the media
10. The challenges and opportunities of globalization

Feel free to choose any of these topics to create an outline....